What are Quasars made of?
Paul Hollister
Paul Hollister
at http://www.Origin-of-Universe.com
Bill Hobba
"Paul Hollister" <Holl...@Origin-of-Universe.com> wrote in message
news:cssa87$opm$1...@news-nth.ocn.ad.jp...
> What are isolated quasars made of? Do you have any idea?
>
> Paul Hollister
> at http://www.Origin-of-Universe.com
>
Checked out your link. It stated: 'One of the greatest mysteries in the
universe is the Origin of Hydrogen.'. Weinberg describes how it came about
in his classic The First 3 Minutes. In what way is his explanation
unsatisfactory?
Bill
Bill Hobba
"Bill Hobba" <bho...@rubbish.net.au> wrote in message
news:ijiId.128518$K7.5...@news-server.bigpond.net.au...
I found the following nice link about it -
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/bbang.html. Now exactly
what part do you consider a mystery?
Bill
Paul Hollister
affected the sequencing of events in the evolution of the universe. The a
priori acceptance of the preexistence of hydrogen has also had a profound
affect on scientific perceptions about galaxy evolution, such as the
relative ages of elliptical and spiral galaxies. Although hydrogen in
plasma, ionic, atomic and molecular form is clearly visible throughout all
space-time regions of the universe, scientists have stopped asking, and
stopped thinking, about where hydrogen comes from. The de facto acceptance
of hydrogen preexistence has also created a dilemma in which huge pieces in
the universe puzzle cannot be assembled into a seamless process that
accounts for atomic, stellar and galaxy evolution. Which came first, for
example, the galaxies or the stars? Nobody knows. Why did galaxies
divergently evolve into elliptical and spiral morphology? Nobody knows. What
are quasars made of and where did they come from? Nobody knows. Why are some
quasars located outside of galaxies and other quasars consistently located
in the nuclear center of galaxies? Nobody knows. Why are giant cosmic plasma
jets (the most powerful exploding forces in the universe) exploding out of
supermassive black holes (the greatest known gravitational densities in the
universe) in quasars and active galactic nuclei throughout all regions of
space-time in the surrounding universe? Nobody knows.
In what unfolds into an interesting story, I have come to realize that we
are witnessing the “big bang” process of hydrogen nucleosynthesis right in
front of our eyes, but the entire scientific world is blind to the
significance of what they are seeing because they are locked to the limits
of the Big Bang Theory and Space-Time Model of universe evolution.
Hydrogen is the only atom in the periodic table of atoms the origin of which
remains a mystery. From hydrogen onward, it is scientifically well
established that helium and atoms of higher atomic weight are formed by
nuclear fusion within the stars. I have demonstrated that hydrogen is formed
by an “Ongoing Big-Bang” process that is visibly in evidence within the
supermassive “black hole” density inside each quasar and active galactic
nucleus throughout the surrounding visible universe. From what is
astoundingly clear physical evidence, I have demonstrated that each active
galaxy materializes and grows from inside outward according to a consistent
pattern of growth and evolution, which for the first time in history clearly
defines the mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution. From this dawn of
realization, recognizing that galaxies grow from inside outward into their
range of visible morphologies, I was able to assemble the array of galaxy
forms into precisely aligned interrelated stages of galaxy growth and
evolution. Through step-by-step analysis of galaxy structure, I was then
able to assemble the stages of galaxy formation that clearly reveal the
sequence of galaxy evolution, which extends as an uninterrupted continuum
all the way from quasar to irregular blue dwarf to elliptical to spiral
galaxy formation. This becomes readily evident when you realize that the
explosive plasma jets and resulting massive clouds of radio-emitting
particle mass issuing from quasars and active galactic nuclei are composed
of hydrogen in plasma and ionic form.
Paul Hollister
http://www.Origin-of-Universe.com
Ahmed Ouahi, Architect
........... ...For the time being, Quasars are the most distant as
the most brightest objects in the universe. However, the brightest Quasar
usually shines 1.5 quadrillion times what does the brightness of the Sun.
........... ...Therefore, Quasars are Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources as
are the most mysterious objects. However, they are not a stars, whether
they can be the cores of a Young Galaxies, definitely as a matter a
fact!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!.............. ...
--
Ahmed Ouahi, Architect
Best Regards!
"Paul Hollister" <Holl...@Origin-of-Universe.com> kirjoitti viestissä
news:cssa87$opm$1...@news-nth.ocn.ad.jp...
Road Kill
Paul Hollister wrote:
> The widespread acceptance of the single Big Bang theory has profoundly
> affected the sequencing of events in the evolution of the universe. The
> apriori acceptance of the preexistence of hydrogen
woa horsey! where did you get this? sounds like a rush to imagine to speed
to proclamation to me.
George Dishman
"Paul Hollister" <Holl...@Origin-of-Universe.com> wrote in message
>
> "Bill Hobba" <bho...@rubbish.net.au> wrote in message
> news:gqiId.128529$K7.4...@news-server.bigpond.net.au...
>>
>> "Bill Hobba" <bho...@rubbish.net.au> wrote in message
>> news:ijiId.128518$K7.5...@news-server.bigpond.net.au...
>>>
>>> universe is the Origin of Hydrogen.'. Weinberg describes how it came
>>> about
>>> in his classic The First 3 Minutes. In what way is his explanation
>>> unsatisfactory?
>>>
>>
>> I found the following nice link about it -
>> http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/astro/bbang.html. Now exactly
>> what part do you consider a mystery?
>>
>>
> affected the sequencing of events in the evolution of the universe. The a
> priori acceptance of the preexistence of hydrogen has also had a profound
> affect on scientific perceptions about galaxy evolution, such as the
> relative ages of elliptical and spiral galaxies. Although hydrogen in
> plasma, ionic, atomic and molecular form is clearly visible throughout all
> space-time regions of the universe, scientists have stopped asking, and
> stopped thinking, about where hydrogen comes from.
Protons and electrons will naturally produce hydrogen
due to the opposing electrical charges, that part is
trivial. Other species are also produced in the BB:
http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/BBNS.html
http://aether.lbl.gov/WWW/tour/elements/early/early_a.html
What remains a mystery is where the protons, neutrons and
electrons came from. Search the term "baryogenesis" for
current research.
Are you sure they have "stopped asking and thinking':
http://www.umich.edu/~mctp/events/baryogenesis2003/talkschedule.html
George
Bill Hobba
"Paul Hollister" <Holl...@Origin-of-Universe.com> wrote in message
I have carefully gone over the linked timeline. Exactly where is the
preexistence of hydrogen assumed? - indeed it is not until the second last
phase than hydrogen actually forms - 7 earlier phases occurred. And if one
accepts inflation even earlier phases existed. The question would seem why
is there a slight excess of electrons over positrons. Modern theory points
to some kind of broken symmetry -
http://proxy.arts.uci.edu/~nideffer/Hawking/early_proto/weinberg.html
'The present gaps in our knowledge of the laws of nature stand in the way of
explaining the initial conditions of the universe, at 10-12 second after the
nominal beginning, in terms of the history of the universe at earlier times.
Calculations in the past few years have made it seem likely that the tiny
excess of quarks and electrons over antiquarks and antielectrons at this
time was produced a little earlier, at a temperature of about 1016 degrees.
At that moment the universe went through a phase transition, something like
the freezing of water, in which the known elementary particles for the first
time acquired mass. But we cannot explain why the excess produced in this
way should be one part in 1010, or calculate its precise value, until we
understand the details of the mass- producing mechanism'
Rest snipped
Bill
DavidBowman
high school kid who thinks about
this stuff intensely and (as Master
Yoda put it) "Never pays attention
to WHERE--HE--IS".
I was actually following you for a while,
mapping crude convcepts into
something more likely to be real.
Then I bumped into:
> This is a-Wakeup-bell!
>The whole physics of that region
> needs to be reworked.
Even Master Feynman didn't talk like that, and he really DID rework
physics!
Look kid, I had lots of
formal training in astronomy. There
are no big bangs inside black
holes or quasars, and the plasms jets emitted from active galactic
nuclei are not other universes, negative universes, inside-out
universes, new universes, ior whatever it was you were trying to say.
But modulo your minor ego-outburst , you have the right attitude for a
Scientist: intense!
But there's one other attitude just as important!
The only thing that seperates someone who's trying to figure things out
from a crackpot is that the crackpot can't say "Oops, I was wrong".
God knows, I've said it to myself enough in MY life! (see the PS for an
example).
But you need to learn all about your field before you can "rework
physics"! Go to college and use the intensity to understand what other
intense people have figured out already.
Good luck,
=[ d
PS
Put down the keyboard and books, and fuck girls now, or I promise you,
you'll wish you had. You want to be Master Hollister, not Master
Bates.
ooo...@hotmail.com
You might try
http://www.ScienceOxygen.com/astronomy.html
It does not provide the answer directly .
It is with a collection of links on this field.
You might as well just start from there...
jgr...@seol.net.au
DavidBowman wrote:
> Okay, I'm thinking of you as a really smart
> high school kid who thinks about
> Yoda put it) "never pays attention
> to WHERE--HE--IS".
>
> I was actually following your rap for a while,
> mapping interesting concepts into
> something more likely to be real.
>
> Then I bumped into:
>
> > This is a-Wakeup-bell!
> >The whole physics of that region
> > needs to be reworked.
>
> Even Master Feynman didn't talk like that, and he really DID rework
> physics!
>
> astronomy classes. There
> are no big bangs inside black
> holes or quasars, and the plasms jets
> emitted from active galactic
> nuclei are not other universes,
> negative universes, inside-out
> universes, new universes,
>
> But modulo your minor ego-outburst , you have the right attitude for
a
> Scientist: intense!
>
> But there's one other attitude just as important!
> The only thing that seperates someone who's trying to figure things
out
> from a crackpot is that the crackpot can't say "Oops, I was wrong".
>
> God knows, I've said it to myself enough in MY life! (see the PS for
an
> example).
>
> But you need to learn all about your field before you can "rework
> physics"! Go to college and use the intensity to understand what
other
> intense people have figured out already.
>
> Good luck,
>
> =[ d
>
> PS
> Put down the keyboard and books, and fuck girls now, or I promise
> Hollister, not Master Bates.
....and don't be confined to thinking in terms of minimum possible
sizes!
Neutrinos might be quite large compared to their components :-)
Hydrogen is probably produced by the combining of "very small"
particles, which may or may not have an EMR signature by which they
reveal themselves to us by present techniques.
NB: All EMR particles have mass, and therefore have their velocities
altered by gravity. When slowed/stopped from their emission speeds,
there is the window of opportunity for them to recombine, and build
back up to H
Jim G
c'=c+v
Ken S. Tucker
fuckin the law of conservation of Mass/Energy
by mere peer pressure. That SOB is well
qualified to be an SS guard in a concentration
camp. We need followers like him for gun-
fodder in the next war, indeed maybe that's
why we have wars. Shoot the Dinks.
Truly Yours
Ken
Steve Willner
"Paul Hollister" <Holl...@Origin-of-Universe.com> writes:
> The a
> priori acceptance of the preexistence of hydrogen has also had a profound
In case anyone is confused, standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis models
have hydrogen forming in the first several minutes after the big
bang, along with deuterium, helium-3, and helium-4.
> From hydrogen onward, it is scientifically well established that
> helium and atoms of higher atomic weight are formed by nuclear
> fusion within the stars.
Make that "carbon onward." As mentioned above, the standard picture
is that most helium-4 formed in the BB, though stars make a small
contribution. Helium-3 is destroyed in stars, as is deuterium.
Lithium and beryllium are formed by energetic cosmic rays breaking up
heavier atoms ("spallation").
While theories can be overturned by new evidence, all the evidence to
date is consistent with the standard picture of nucleosynthesis,
which does a pretty good job of explaining the observed abundances.
--
Steve Willner Phone 617-495-7123 swil...@cfa.harvard.edu
Cambridge, MA 02138 USA
(Please email your reply if you want to be sure I see it; include a
valid Reply-To address to receive an acknowledgement. Commercial
email may be sent to your ISP.)
Paul Hollister
news:41faa78f$1...@cfanews.cfa.harvard.edu...
> In article <cssn3h$9ko$1...@news-nth.ocn.ad.jp>,
> "Paul Hollister" <Holl...@Origin-of-Universe.com> writes:
>> The a priori acceptance of the preexistence of hydrogen has also had a
>> profound
>> affect on scientific perceptions about...
>
> In case anyone is confused, standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis models
> have hydrogen forming in the first several minutes after the big
> bang, along with deuterium, helium-3, and helium-4.
>
>> From hydrogen onward, it is scientifically well established that
>> helium and atoms of higher atomic weight are formed by nuclear
>> fusion within the stars.
>
Scientific perceptions about WHAT? You clipped my sentence and changed the
subject! That’s not fair. If you clip the object of a sentence, you alter
the meaning of the sentence by taking the subject out of context. I don’t
think you intended to alter the meaning of my sentence but that is exactly
what you’ve done. Allow me to rewrite the whole sentence and place the
words in their original context.
“The a priori acceptance of the preexistence of hydrogen has also had a
profound affect on scientific perceptions about galaxy evolution, such as
the relative ages of elliptical and spiral galaxies.”
Within the context of the standard Big Bang model, wherein the
nucleosynthesis of all hydrogen in the universe was completed within the
first several minutes of universe existence, the wording “preexistence of
hydrogen” applies specifically to the process and sequence of galaxy
evolution. In the context of the single Big Bang Theory, all the hydrogen in
the universe was in existence long before the appearance of the quasars and
galaxies. In the context of this new “Ongoing Big-Bang” Theory of galaxy
and universe evolution, the nucleosynthesis of hydrogen (baryonogenesis)
occurs within the quasar and jettison of hydrogen in plasma form by the
quasar results in the gradual growth and evolution of the galaxy. I think
this new paradigm is worthy of consideration because the theory accounts for
both quasar and galaxy evolution and fits the facts of what we see in the
surrounding visible universe, including the relative abundances and
distribution of the atomic elements.
This new paradigm defining the ignition of baryonogenesis (quark-gluon
fusion into atomic nucleus of hydrogen) is based on a Gravity
Implosion-Energy Explosion Model that, on a vastly larger scale, is similar
to the gravitational process of stellar formation that results in
thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium. I have shown in theory how
quark-gluon fusion into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen (baryonogenesis) can
potentially occur within the supermassive density conditions of the quasar,
and how the resulting jettison of hydrogen into surrounding space gives rise
regionally to the entire Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution. The
following sequence summarizes the process of galaxy and universe evolution
that is illustrated and defined in detail within the scientific treatise
(See Illustration under Galaxy Evolution on home page at
http://www.Origin-of-Universe.com):
1) Pre-Bang Universe composed of pre- and non-atomic particles is
gravitationally in evidence as dark matter.
2) Gravitational collapse of pre- and non-atomic particles within this
Pre-Bang Universe forms the supermassive gravitational density of the
Quasar!
3) Thermo-particle fusion of quark-gluon plasma into baryons within the
supermassive density of the quasar forms the atomic nucleus of hydrogen
(similar to quark-gluon fusion into baryons in the original big bang
theory).
4) “Ongoing Big-Bang” nucleosynthesis of hydrogen (comparable to ongoing
thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium in the stars) gathers as
proton-electron plasma into an equatorial torus around the quasar’s axis of
spin and is jettisoned into surrounding space as visible cosmic plasma jets.
5) This jettison of hydrogen as proton-electron plasma gradually encompasses
the quasar with an enlarging hydrogen milieu in plasma, ionic, atomic and
molecular form as it spreads into orbit in the cooler regions surrounding
the quasar, and is further jettisoned beyond the gravitational grip of the
quasar where it forms the vast regions of hydrogen observed in intergalactic
space.
6) Continuous jettison of newly formed hydrogen from this “Ongoing
Big-Bang” process gradually transforms the quasar (QSO) from a radio
quasar into an enlarging Radio Galaxy.
7) Hydrogen gathers into nebulae that give birth to first-generation stars
within the hydrogen rich region of the newly forming galaxy. Thermonuclear
ignition of first-generation stars within this hydrogen-rich milieu becomes
initially optically visible as an Irregular Blue Dwarf Galaxy.
8) Ongoing jettison of hydrogen and continuous expanding star formation
result in the formation and gradual growth in size and stellar age of the
Elliptical Galaxy (E0 to E8 Edwin Hubble classification).
9) Thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium and the systematic process
of stellar evolution leading to supernova explosions sequentially fuse atoms
of higher atomic weight, which accounts for atomic evolution and gradual
creation of the periodic table of atoms. Evolution of Hertzsprung-Russell
mainstream sequence stars to hydrogen-core depleted red giants to supernova
explosions all occurs within the regional space of each evolving galaxy.
10) The entire process of atomic and stellar co-evolution and resulting
populations of stars (metal poor and metal rich populations of stars) evolve
within the regional space of galaxy growth and evolution, which is defined
in detail in the treatise as the Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution.
11) Continuous atomic-molecular formation and amassment within the
circumnuclear torus around the quasar at galaxy center and visible dust
formation within the active galactic nucleus (AGN) region surrounding the
quasar remolds the enlarging galaxy from spherical to elliptical to spiral
form, accounting for the growing size and increasing centrifugal mass of the
rings, bars and spiral arms that form the Spiral Galaxy. (Sa to Sc and SBa
to SBc Hubble Classification)
12) This Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution progresses from isolated
Quasar to Radio Galaxy to Elliptical Galaxy to Spiral Galaxy as an
uninterrupted continuum! This regional process of quasar birth and galaxy
growth and evolution gives rise to the distribution of galaxy populations
that are seen within the clusters and superclusters that form the Large
Scale Structure of the Universe.
By looking at the quasars and evolution of the galaxies as an integrated
process through this “Ongoing Big-Bang” perspective, the evolutionary
relationship between Elliptical Galaxies and Spiral Galaxies unfolds clearly
into view! This direct evolutionary relationship between Elliptical Galaxy
and Spiral Galaxy morphogenesis has never before been recognized by the
scientific world and is truly worth a look. Chapter 13 (Galaxy Evolution
From Ellipse to Spiral: From Hydrogen to Helium to Dust and Us) shows how
the transition from Elliptical to Spiral Galaxy morphology is a continuum of
interrelated stages in a Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution!
CD Edition of the 340-page manuscript has been sent to three of your
colleagues at Harvard University who are cited as references within the
scientific treatise. Geller M. J., Huchra J. P., da Costa, L. A., Falco E.
E., Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics: CfA Redshift Survey and
mapping of large-scale structure of the universe (Chapter 18 - Large Scale
Unified Structure of Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universes).
As I want to be sure you receive this I've also send it by e-mail to the
address you indicated with a reply-to address enclosed.
Respectfully,
Paul Hollister
http://www.Origin-of-Universe.com contains the complete manuscript of Origin
and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory by Paul
Hollister, M.D.
Steve Willner
"Paul Hollister" <Holl...@Origin-of-Universe.com> writes:
> I don't
> think you intended to alter the meaning of my sentence but that is exactly
> what you've done. Allow me to rewrite the whole sentence and place the
> words in their original context.
Indeed I had no intention of changing your meaning; I just don't want
anyone to be confused about what the standard Big Bang model says.
If I was confused about what you were saying, other people might be
too.
> Within the context of the standard Big Bang model, wherein the
> nucleosynthesis of all hydrogen in the universe was completed within the
> first several minutes of universe existence, the wording "preexistence of
> hydrogen" applies specifically to the process and sequence of galaxy
> evolution. In the context of the single Big Bang Theory, all the hydrogen in
> the universe was in existence long before the appearance of the quasars and
> galaxies.
OK. We agree on this part of what the "single Big Bang Theory" says.
Do we also agree that the theory says that deuterium, helium-3, and
helium-4 were formed more or less at the same time as the hydrogen?
> In the context of this new "Ongoing Big-Bang" Theory of galaxy
> and universe evolution, the nucleosynthesis of hydrogen (baryonogenesis)
> occurs within the quasar and jettison of hydrogen in plasma form by the
> quasar results in the gradual growth and evolution of the galaxy. I think
> this new paradigm is worthy of consideration because the theory accounts for
> both quasar and galaxy evolution and fits the facts of what we see in the
> surrounding visible universe, including the relative abundances and
> distribution of the atomic elements.
It's fun to consider new theories. Does your theory say the Universe
was hotter and denser in the past or not? What abundances do you
derive for deuterium, helium-3, and helium-4, and how do those
abundances change with time? How do you account for the quasar
abundance peak at z=2? In your theory, does the stellar initial mass
function change with time, and if so, how? As you can see, I'm
searching for testable predictions of your theory and how those
predictions differ from those of the standard Big Bang model.
Paul Hollister
"Steve Willner" <wil...@cfa.harvard.edu> wrote in message
news:42110bf9$1...@cfanews.cfa.harvard.edu...
> In article <cu1ncp$jup$1...@news-nth.ocn.ad.jp>,
> "Paul Hollister" <Holl...@Origin-of-Universe.com> writes:
>> Within the context of the standard Big Bang model, wherein the
>> nucleosynthesis of all hydrogen in the universe was completed within
the
>> first several minutes of universe existence, the wording
"preexistence of
>> hydrogen" applies specifically to the process and sequence of galaxy
>> evolution. In the context of the single Big Bang Theory, all the
hydrogen
>> in
>> the universe was in existence long before the appearance of the
quasars
>> and
>> galaxies.
>
> OK. We agree on this part of what the "single Big Bang Theory" says.
> Do we also agree that the theory says that deuterium, helium-3, and
> helium-4 were formed more or less at the same time as the hydrogen?
Yes. I am not raising any issue about what constitutes the Standard Big
Bang
Theory. I am introducing an Ongoing Big-Bang Model which shows how the
supermassive gravitational density conditions of the quasar can be the
site
of baryonogenesis and how the quasar's nucleosynthesis and jettison
of
hydrogen (proton-electron plasma) regionally results in the mainstream
sequence of galaxy evolution. I then show step-by-step how atomic and
stellar co-evolution within the circumnuclear AGN region around the
quasar
and within its jettisoned hydrogen-rich regions conjointly give rise to
the
entire mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution, which evolves as an
uninterrupted continuum from Quasar to Radio Galaxy to Elliptical
Galaxy to
Spiral Galaxy.
>> In the context of this new "Ongoing Big-Bang" Theory of galaxy
>> and universe evolution, the nucleosynthesis of hydrogen
(baryonogenesis)
>> occurs within the quasar and jettison of hydrogen in plasma form by
the
>> quasar results in the gradual growth and evolution of the galaxy. I
think
>> this new paradigm is worthy of consideration because the theory
accounts
>> for
>> both quasar and galaxy evolution and fits the facts of what we see
in the
>> surrounding visible universe, including the relative abundances and
>> distribution of the atomic elements.
>
> It's fun to consider new theories. Does your theory say the Universe
> was hotter and denser in the past or not? What abundances do you
> derive for deuterium, helium-3, and helium-4, and how do those
> abundances change with time? How do you account for the quasar
> abundance peak at z=2? In your theory, does the stellar initial mass
> function change with time, and if so, how? As you can see, I'm
> searching for testable predictions of your theory and how those
> predictions differ from those of the standard Big Bang model.
1) Does your theory (Ongoing Big-Bang Model) say the Universe was
hotter and
denser in the past or not?
Formation of quark-gluon plasma and the threshold for quark-gluon
particle
fusion into baryons require the temperature and density conditions
defined
by the Standard Big Bang Model. As a particle-fusion process resulting
in
baryonogenesis, the temperature and density conditions of quark-gluon
plasma
that reaches the threshold of quark-gluon particle fusion into baryons
in
the Ongoing Big-Bang Model are the same as the quark-gluon particle
fusion
conditions of the Standard Big Bang Model. However, your question is
asked
from the perspective that the entire Universe began from a singular big
bang
(Standard Big Bang Model). Whereas the Standard Big Bang Model has the
nucleosynthesis of all the hydrogen in the universe occurring within an
extremely short period of time (within a few minutes!), the Ongoing
Big-Bang
nucleosynthesis of hydrogen within the supermassive density conditions
of
the quasar occurs as an ongoing process. This Ongoing Big-Bang particle
fusion into hydrogen within the quasar is comparable on another scale
of
magnitude to the gradual thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium
in the
stars. It is the thermal and density conditions within the star that
reach
the thermonuclear threshold of nuclear fusion. Likewise, on an
astronomically larger scale of magnitude, it is the thermal and
supermassive
density conditions within the quasar that reach the threshold of
quark-gluon
particle fusion into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen (baryonogenesis).
In
conceptual terms, the following hyperlink contains testable predictions
of
the Ongoing Big-Bang Theory. In Chapter 10 ? Evidence of Ongoing
Big-Bang in
Center of Every Galaxy, section ? Is Galaxy Center a Big Bang or Black
Hole?
(page 111, CD Edition)
(http://www.origin-of-universe.com/home/home-galaxy-center.htm) see the
bivalve illustration of Star/Quasar and corresponding description to
conceptually visualize how the quasar is the site of quark-gluon
particle
fusion into hydrogen and how this process results in the quasar's
circumnuclear torus and cosmic plasma jets composed of proton-electron
plasma. The following is a descriptive excerpt from the hyperlink:
"The Gravity Implosion---Energy Explosion Model integrates both sides
of
the process in each of these celestial orbs [Star and Quasar]. Using
stellar
evolution leading to thermonuclear fusion as a model, quasar evolution
leading to thermo-particle fusion (Big-Bang) can be precisely
formulated in
theoretical terms. Quasar is formed from and composed of pre- and
non-atomic
particles within a Pre-Bang supermassive gravitational density.
Quark-gluon
fusion into the proton nucleus of hydrogen strong-force binds the
particles
into stable proton condition. This strong-force separation of particle
(proton) and anti-particle (electron) creates an electromagnetic
polarity
that is the regional origin of electromagnetic force within the
universe (in
the form of an electron and proton, the subatomic elements of
hydrogen).
Within the supermassive density of quark-gluon plasma, hydrogen protons
and
their newly formed "anti-particle" electrons are propelled outward
from
the supermassive gravitational density conditions within the core of
the
quasar. At the surface of the quasar, the protons are channeled by
gravitational force into orbit as a torus of proton-electron plasma
whirling
around the equatorial plane of the quasar. Massive electromagnetic
force
generated by the orbiting torus forms the cosmic plasma jets. Within
the
supermassive gravitational conditions of the torus orbiting around the
equatorial plane of the quasar, accelerated nuclear fusion occurs that
gives
rise to the regional presence of atoms of higher and higher atomic
weight,
thereby accounting for the range of atomic elements evident around the
quasar" [including deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4].
In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the "universe" is indeed regionally
hotter
and denser at the site of baryonogenesis, just as it is in the Standard
Big
Bang Model. However, the "Universe" as a whole was not uniformly
hotter
and denser in the past because baryonogenesis is occurring locally
within
each quasar, rather than simultaneously throughout the "Universe"
as a
whole at one brief point in cosmos history. A comparison of the Mass
Density
and Thermal Scale of the "Original Big Bang" and "Ongoing
Big-Bang"
formation of hydrogen is illustrated in Chapter 7, The Big Bang With A
Cause: The Quasar!, hyperlink section Sparks, Stars and the Quasar
(page 74,
CD Edition) (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_7.htm).
Quasar evolution is also conceptually illustrated in Chapter 7,
hyperlink
section Quasar Evolution (page 75, CD Edition).
Whereas the Standard Big Bang Model is a unicentric process wherein all
the
hydrogen in the entire universe was theoretically created within less
than 3
MINUTES, the Ongoing Big-Bang Model is a multicentric "Big-Bang"
process
that occurs within each quasar, wherein hydrogen is locally massively
produced and jettisoned into surrounding regional space. The timing and
sequence of hydrogen evolution from plasma to ionic to atomic to
molecular
form are extremely important determinants for the timing and
circumstances
of stellar evolution. In the Standard Big Bang Model it is said to have
taken about 300,000 years before the universe cooled sufficiently for
hydrogen ions to combine with electrons to form atoms, and longer
before
hydrogen atoms assemble into hydrogen molecules that can
gravitationally
collapse within star forming nebulae. In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model,
the
cooling process following baryonogenesis becomes a function of local
distance in space from the hot finite supermassive density of the
quasar,
and the entire process of "Hydrogen Evolution" (regional transition
from
plasma to ionic to atomic to molecular form) is directly visible in
clearly
definable regions within the resulting radio galaxy. Rather than the
totality of space throughout in the universe simultaneously cooling
over
eons of cosmological time before hydrogen ions can assemble into
neutral
atoms and combine into hydrogen molecules that can gravitationally
collapse
into stars, the entire process of hydrogen and stellar evolution in the
Ongoing Big-Bang Model are within the direct range and reach of
scientific
investigation, because the entire Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy
Evolution is
within reach of the Hubble Space Telescope deep fields!
If Big Bang nucleosynthesis is an ongoing process within the quasar
(Ongoing
Big-Bang Model) rather than a singular event in universe history
(Standard
Big Bang Model), there would be ongoing Big-Bang fusion of quark-gluon
plasma into protons and a galactic River-of-Hydrogen (proton-electron
plasma) being jettisoned out of the supermassive "black hole"
(gravitational density conditions) of the quasar, jetting and spreading
ionic hydrogen and electrons into space, cooling in the distance into
atomic
and molecular hydrogen form, gathering into nebulae, giving birth to
stars---which is exactly what we see occurring in the galaxies! This
Ongoing
Big-Bang Theory, which includes scientific definition of both Pre-Bang
Universe and Post-Bang Universe, can be simulated as a theoretical
model if
the dark matter of the universe is composed of pre- and non-atomic
particles
that have the capacity to coalesce and gravitationally collapse into
the
supermassive gravitational density of the Quasar. The Ongoing Big-Bang
is
defined by the threshold of quark-gluon fusion into hydrogen. The pre-
and
non-atomic elements that precede the particle fusion of quark-gluon
plasma
into baryons comprise a Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles that
has
the potential to coalesce and gravitationally collapse into the
supermassive
density of the quasar. Whereas in the Standard Big Bang Model all pre-
and
non-atomic particles (including all the quarks and gluon that form the
baryonic structure of every atomic nucleus in the entire physical
universe!)
are all said to have materialized within ONE SECOND (Particle Era of
Standard Big Bang Model was from 10-10 to 1 second following the
mathematical point of beginning of Big Bang) before being strong force
fused
into baryons, this Ongoing Big-Bang Model is based on the preexistence
of a
Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles that is in evidence as dark
matter
throughout the surrounding coexisting Post-Bang Universe. The cosmic
microwave background radiation (CMB) can be viewed as a direct
manifestation
of this Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles. In the Standard Big
Bang
Model, CMB is viewed as the lingering embers of a single hot big bang
event
that occurred 10 to 15 billion years ago. In the Ongoing Big-Bang
Model, CMB
is potentially a direct manifestation of the Pre-Bang Universe that
contains
the pre- and non-atomic particles of dark matter that have the capacity
to
coalesce and gravitationally collapse into the supermassive "black
hole"
density of the quasar.
2) What abundances do you derive for deuterium, helium-3, and helium-4,
and
how do those abundances change with time?
Hydrogen accounts for 73 percent of the observed mass of the universe
and is
the most common element in the universe. Helium accounts for about 25
percent of the mass of the universe and is the second most common
element.
All mainstream sequence stars in the universe (Hertzsprung-Russell
diagram)
are predominantly composed of hydrogen. All newborn stars throughout
the
universe are ignited into visible existence by the thermonuclear fusion
of
hydrogen into helium. Throughout much of their life span (mainstream
sequence of stellar evolution), thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into
helium
continues to occur in the stars. In the Standard Big Bang Model, all
the
hydrogen and most of the deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4 in the
universe
were created within 3 MINUTES following the mathematical point of
beginning
of Big Bang. In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the nucleosynthesis of
hydrogen
is produced inside the supermassive thermal and gravitational density
conditions of the quasar. This Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis of
hydrogen
results directly in the formation of the quasar's circumnuclear torus
and
cosmic plasma jets of proton-electron plasma, as described under
Question #1
above. The circumnuclear torus surrounding the quasar is composed of
proton-electron plasma (hydrogen) under enormous temperature and
gravitational density conditions that result in accelerated nuclear
fusion
of deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4 and atomic elements that are in
evidence
immediately around the quasar and within the active galactic nucleus
(AGN)
region of the galaxy. The following hyperlink contains detailed
description
and testable predictions of this Ongoing Big-Bang process that results
in
atomic nucleosynthesis and AGN evolution: Chapter 12 ? Quasar and AGN
Evolution, section ? Ongoing Big-Bang Alignment of Quasars and
Circumnuclear
AGNs (page 149, CD Edition)
(http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_12.htm).
The following excerpt from the hyperlink describes how accelerated
nuclear
fusion immediately around the quasar forms atoms of higher atomic
weight and
gives rise to the active galactic nucleus (AGN) region of the galaxy:
"As the quasar matures, the environment around the quasar evolves
from two
separate but simultaneous and closely interrelated processes, each of
which
have their own unique regional rate of evolution: 1) The quasar's
radio
jets account for the accumulative formation of the galaxy's radio
structure
and hydrogen atmosphere that results in the starburst growth and
evolution
of the optical galaxy, as previously described, which accounts for the
evolution of the elliptical galaxy. 2) The quasar's plasma torus
accounts
for the evolution of the circumnuclear environment around the quasar,
which
over time evolves into the galaxy's visible active galactic nucleus
(AGN),
which in turn accounts for the massive materialization of circumnuclear
galaxy dust and morphological evolution of the spiral galaxy. The
astronomical temperature conditions and massive amounts of hydrogen
produced
by the Big-Bang process of quark-gluon fusion within the quasar account
for
the sequential formation of the circumnuclear plasma torus and
resulting
materialization and fueling of the AGN. Within the thermonuclear
inferno of
the AGN is where the massive amounts of higher atomic-molecular weight
dust
is formed that is responsible for gradually reshaping the galaxy from
spherical to elliptical to spiral form. Whereas the increasing volume
and
size of the elliptical stages of optical galaxy evolution are largely
due to
the radio jets and rain of hydrogenous matter throughout the space of
the
galaxy, the increasing ellipticity (E0-E7) of the galaxy and
transformation
from elliptical to spiral galaxy form (S0) and progressive increase in
the
total atomic-molecular dust and mass of the spiral stages (Sa-Sc) of
galaxy
evolution are primarily the result of events taking place in the
circumnuclear AGN."
I have stressed throughout the treatise that the quasar is the site of
hydrogen nucleosynthesis because this is the key to recognizing that
the
galaxies have materialized and grown from inside outward into their
range of
visible morphologies (Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution). Whereas
deuterium and helium can result from nuclear fusion within the
circumnuclear
region around the quasar, and within the AGN region, and within the
stars,
hydrogen nucleosynthesis can only occur within the quasar! This is the
key
by which I was able to define the mainstream sequence of galaxy
evolution:
Quasars make hydrogen! From this perspective, the origin of the
Intergalactic Medium and the Lyman alpha forest can be looked at in a
new
light. (To avoid any misunderstanding or confusion about what
constitutes
the Standard Big Bang Model perspective see Professor Bill Keel's
excellent
essay about Quasars, AGN and Lyman Alpha Forest at
http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/agn/).
Within the Intergalactic Medium, from Ongoing Big-Bang perspective, all
hydrogen can be traced directly to Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis
within
the quasar. Accelerated nuclear fusion of deuterium, helium-3 and
helium-4
can occur in the circumnuclear region around the quasar and AGN region
of
the galaxy. The presence of ionized helium (He II) within the Lyman
alpha
forest can be the result of intragalactic nuclear fusion or the result
of
helium being carried outward as a minor component of the jets. The
process
of baryonogenesis within the quasar and nuclear fusion within its
circumnuclear torus occurs in sequence from quark-gluon plasma to
hydrogen
to deuterium to helium-3 to helium-4. Whether or not a fractional
portion of
helium can be jettisoned into intergalactic space rather than confined
to
the circumnuclear torus and AGN region would depend in part on where
deuterium and helium nucleosynthesis begins in relationship to the
formation
of the quasar's circumnuclear torus and plasma jets. If helium
nucleosynthesis begins to occur after the formation of the plasma jets,
there should be no significant levels of intergalactic He II. If helium
nucleosynthesis begins to occur within the circumnuclear torus,
intergalactic jettison of He would be potentially possible. If helium
nucleosynthesis begins to occur proximal to the formation of the
circumnuclear torus, more He could be jettisoned into intergalactic
space.
3) How do you account for the quasar abundance peak at z=2?
>From Ongoing Big-Bang perspective, two factors account for the quasar
abundance peak at redshift z=2: first, space-time look-back reveals
universe
conditions at prior eras of time within the surrounding universe;
second,
local conditions within the Pre-Bang Universe define the site of quasar
formation. Although the speed of light dependably measures and
demarcates
distance in space-time terms, it does not need to be assumed that the
population density of quasars and galaxy types observed in distant
space
have evolutionarily given rise directly to the galaxy populations
within
local regional space. I have shown how each quasar initiates the
Mainstream
Sequence of Galaxy Evolution within its own respective regional space,
which
is illustrated and described at
http://www.origin-of-universe.com/#Galaxy_Evolution (click hyperlink
for
concise description of the process).
Each quasar within the quasar abundance peak at z=2 initiates this
Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution locally within its own regional
space. As the quasar is the site of quark-gluon fusion into the atomic
nucleus of hydrogen (Ongoing "Big-Bang" in the hyperlink
illustration),
the location of each quasar physically and geometrically demarcates the
relationship between the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe in
space.
The quasar abundance peak at redshift z=2 is the result of regional
gravitational events within the Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and
Particles
that give rise to the supermassive "black hole" density of the
quasar.
When looked at from a Locus of Vision on Planet Earth, the time
required for
light to travel from those quasars reveal the regional history of
universe
evolution at z=2. Reciprocally, from Ongoing Big-Bang perspective, if
our
Locus of Vision was situated at redshift z=2 looking back toward Planet
Earth, we would be seeing the region of the Milky Way Galaxy and Virgo
Cluster at a prior era of regional universe history, long before our
planet
was born.
In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the quasar abundance at z=2 is the
result of
local conditions within the Pre-Bang Universe. Local conditions within
the
Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles gravitationally give rise to
the
supermassive density of the quasar that reaches the particle-fusion
threshold of its visible "Big-Bang". The location of quasars and
their
active jets make it possible to demarcate and precisely map the
relationship
between the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe in space. The
supermassive "black hole" density of the quasar is formed by
gravitational
collapse of pre- and non-atomic particles of dark matter within a
Pre-Bang
Universe. The site of gravitational collapse is thereby a function of
conditions within the coexisting Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and
Particles.
The quasar as a result is a physical point of interface between the
Pre-Bang
and Post-Bang Universe. The Large Scale Structure of Universe is
characterized by a cell-like pattern consisting of superclusters of
galaxies
surrounding large voids of space. By correlating the distribution of
quasars
and their jets with the morphological characteristics of the Mainstream
Sequence of Galaxy Evolution, I was able to recognize a "Unit of
Universe"
pattern within the surrounding Large Scale Structure of Universe that
potentially integrates the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe as
a
unified system on a large scale.
Chapter 17, Representative Sample of Cosmos and Universe (pages
193-201, CD
Edition) (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_17.htm)
illustrates the relationship of the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang
Universe
within the Large Scale Structure of the Universe. The illustrated
"Unit of
Universe" pattern in 4-spatial dimensions shows how the Pre-Bang
Universe
and Post-Bang Universe can both be mapped in space as a structural and
functional unit that is within direct scientific reach in the
surrounding
Large Scale Structure of Universe.
Chapter 18, Large Scale Unified Structure of Pre-Bang and Post-Bang
Universes describes a methodology for scientifically investigating the
Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universe as a unified system.
4) In your theory (Ongoing Big-Bang Model), does the stellar initial
mass
function change with time, and if so, how?
If you take a few moments to model in your mind what the universe would
look
like if the quasar is the site of Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis and
jettison of hydrogen, the resulting process of stellar evolution
unfolds
into the morphological pattern of galaxies we see in the surrounding
universe. To visualize this, however, you must realize that the galaxy
materializes and grows from inside outward into its sequence of
morphological changes, which progress from Quasar jettison of hydrogen
to
Radio Galaxy reflection of massive hydrogen content to optically
enlarging
Elliptical Galaxy resulting from stellar evolution to centrifugal
molding of
Spiral Galaxy as a result of growing atomic molecular amassment within
its
disk and spiral arms. Hydrogen is continuously jettisoned and floods
into
surrounding space from the Ongoing Big-Bang process in the Quasar. The
expanding hydrogen atmosphere flooding into space from the jets
regionally
evolves from plasma to ionic (H+) to atomic (H0) to molecular (H2)
hydrogen
nebular form in the cooler regions surrounding the quasar at galaxy
center,
producing the optically quiet pre-stellar radio-loud galaxy (Radio
Galaxy).
Optical appearance of starburst activity begins at galaxy center and in
the
hydrogen rich atmospheres streaming into orbit from the plumes of
plasma
jets that extend thousands of light-years into space, giving optical
birth
to the irregular, blue dwarf galaxy (Irregular Blue Galaxy). Globular
clusters of first generation stars (Metal-Poor Population II Stars)
continuously form in the dense hydrogen atmosphere and spread into
orbit
around gravity-center main, and the galaxy gradually transforms from
irregular blue optical appearance into a homogeneous galaxy filled with
globular clusters of stars (Elliptical Galaxy). Continuous in-flooding
of
hydrogen from the ongoing Big-Bang process and its visible jets causes
the
elliptical galaxy to grow in size from small elliptical (E1) to medium
elliptical (E3) to large elliptical galaxy (E7). Stellar evolution
within
the enlarging elliptical galaxy causes its characteristic
transformation
from young blue star composition to old red star content as the galaxy
grows
in size and age. Active galactic nucleus stage of galaxy evolution
begins
with the appearance of massive star birth growth and evolution
occurring in
the vigorous central region around the quasar (AGN, Active Galactic
Nucleus). Stellar evolution and supernova explosions within the active
galactic nucleus region of the galaxy result in sequential nuclear
fusion of
atoms of higher atomic weight and their regional distribution within
galaxy
space. As the generations of metal-poor Population II stars pass
through
their lifecycle from Hertzsprung-Russell mainstream sequence stars to
hydrogen-core depleted red giants to supernova explosions, and as the
interstellar space within the galaxy becomes increasingly filled with
the
atomic products of thermonuclear fusion, interstellar dust begins to
form in
the center of the galaxy that contains atoms of higher atomic mass, and
metal-rich stars (Population I Stars) begin to be formed in the
resulting
metal-rich clouds of dust. This ongoing sequence accounts for why the
central bulge of galaxies at maturity contains both Population I and
Population II stars. The metal-poor Population II stars are
continuously
produced from the ongoing Big-Bang production of hydrogen and
metal-rich
Population I stars are continuously produced by stellar evolution, and
this
entire process and sequence of atomic and stellar co-evolution is
occurring
within the space of the galaxy. Vigorous AGN activity results in the
production of immense amounts of intragalactic dust that accumulates in
the
circumnuclear region of the galaxy. The increasing amounts of dust
progressively masks the brightness of the quasar at galaxy center until
it
can no longer be directly seen at optical wavelengths, but the presence
of
the quasar's enormous gravitational force ("Supermassive Black
Hole")
remains evident and its explosive jets remain clearly visible
throughout the
elliptical stage of galaxy growth and evolution. As intragalactic
atomic-molecular dust continues to form and accumulate within the
active
galactic nuclear region of the galaxy, visible rings of
atomic-molecular
dust appear and begin to spread centrifugally outward into a plane
perpendicular to the galaxy's axis of spin, which gradually
transforms the
shape of the galaxy from spherical (E0) to elliptical (E1?E7) to early
spiral form (S0). Within the AGN region at galaxy center, the atoms
assemble
into molecules; the molecules amass into visible rings of intragalactic
dust, and the growing amassment of visible galaxy dust accounts for the
remolding of the shape of the galaxy. As atomic-molecular amassment of
dust
continues to accumulate, the visible rings of dust become denser and
centrifugally spill outward into bars and growing spiral arms (Sa stage
of
spiral galaxy evolution). As the maturing spiral galaxy is in effect a
centrifuge that concentrates the metal-rich atomic-molecular clouds of
dust
in the galactic plane, this accounts for why the disk of the spiral
galaxy
contains only metal-rich Population I stars. As the disk of the spiral
galaxy grows in size, the recycling lifecycles of metal-poor Population
II
stars within the halo region gradually become incorporated into the
growing
spiral disk and the spiral bulge gradually decreases in size (Sb and Sc
stages of spiral galaxy evolution). The bulge and halo of globular
clusters
of stars in every spiral galaxy are the remnant of the elliptical
galaxy
that gradually reformed into the spiral disk, which accounts for why
the
globular clusters of stars in the halo of spiral galaxies are composed
of
metal-poor Population II stars.