news:42110bf9$1@cfanews.cfa.harvard.edu...

Yes. I am not raising any issue about what constitutes the Standard Big
Bang
Theory. I am introducing an Ongoing Big-Bang Model which shows how the
supermassive gravitational density conditions of the quasar can be the
site
of baryonogenesis and how the quasar's nucleosynthesis and jettison
of
hydrogen (proton-electron plasma) regionally results in the mainstream
sequence of galaxy evolution. I then show step-by-step how atomic and
stellar co-evolution within the circumnuclear AGN region around the
quasar
and within its jettisoned hydrogen-rich regions conjointly give rise to
the
entire mainstream sequence of galaxy evolution, which evolves as an
uninterrupted continuum from Quasar to Radio Galaxy to Elliptical
Galaxy to
Spiral Galaxy.

1) Does your theory (Ongoing Big-Bang Model) say the Universe was
hotter and
denser in the past or not?

Formation of quark-gluon plasma and the threshold for quark-gluon
particle
fusion into baryons require the temperature and density conditions
defined
by the Standard Big Bang Model. As a particle-fusion process resulting
in
baryonogenesis, the temperature and density conditions of quark-gluon
plasma
that reaches the threshold of quark-gluon particle fusion into baryons
in
the Ongoing Big-Bang Model are the same as the quark-gluon particle
fusion
conditions of the Standard Big Bang Model. However, your question is
asked
from the perspective that the entire Universe began from a singular big
bang
(Standard Big Bang Model). Whereas the Standard Big Bang Model has the
nucleosynthesis of all the hydrogen in the universe occurring within an

extremely short period of time (within a few minutes!), the Ongoing
Big-Bang
nucleosynthesis of hydrogen within the supermassive density conditions
of
the quasar occurs as an ongoing process. This Ongoing Big-Bang particle

fusion into hydrogen within the quasar is comparable on another scale
of
magnitude to the gradual thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into helium
in the
stars. It is the thermal and density conditions within the star that
reach
the thermonuclear threshold of nuclear fusion. Likewise, on an
astronomically larger scale of magnitude, it is the thermal and
supermassive
density conditions within the quasar that reach the threshold of
quark-gluon
particle fusion into the atomic nucleus of hydrogen (baryonogenesis).
In
conceptual terms, the following hyperlink contains testable predictions
of
the Ongoing Big-Bang Theory. In Chapter 10 ? Evidence of Ongoing
Big-Bang in
Center of Every Galaxy, section ? Is Galaxy Center a Big Bang or Black
Hole?
(page 111, CD Edition)
(http://www.origin-of-universe.com/home/home-galaxy-center.htm) see the

bivalve illustration of Star/Quasar and corresponding description to
conceptually visualize how the quasar is the site of quark-gluon
particle
fusion into hydrogen and how this process results in the quasar's
circumnuclear torus and cosmic plasma jets composed of proton-electron
plasma. The following is a descriptive excerpt from the hyperlink:

"The Gravity Implosion---Energy Explosion Model integrates both sides
of
the process in each of these celestial orbs [Star and Quasar]. Using
stellar
evolution leading to thermonuclear fusion as a model, quasar evolution
leading to thermo-particle fusion (Big-Bang) can be precisely
formulated in
theoretical terms. Quasar is formed from and composed of pre- and
non-atomic
particles within a Pre-Bang supermassive gravitational density.
Quark-gluon
fusion into the proton nucleus of hydrogen strong-force binds the
particles
into stable proton condition. This strong-force separation of particle
(proton) and anti-particle (electron) creates an electromagnetic
polarity
that is the regional origin of electromagnetic force within the
universe (in
the form of an electron and proton, the subatomic elements of
hydrogen).
Within the supermassive density of quark-gluon plasma, hydrogen protons
and
their newly formed "anti-particle" electrons are propelled outward
from
the supermassive gravitational density conditions within the core of
the
quasar. At the surface of the quasar, the protons are channeled by
gravitational force into orbit as a torus of proton-electron plasma
whirling
around the equatorial plane of the quasar. Massive electromagnetic
force
generated by the orbiting torus forms the cosmic plasma jets. Within
the
supermassive gravitational conditions of the torus orbiting around the
equatorial plane of the quasar, accelerated nuclear fusion occurs that
gives
rise to the regional presence of atoms of higher and higher atomic
weight,
thereby accounting for the range of atomic elements evident around the
quasar" [including deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4].

In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the "universe" is indeed regionally
hotter
and denser at the site of baryonogenesis, just as it is in the Standard
Big
Bang Model. However, the "Universe" as a whole was not uniformly
hotter
and denser in the past because baryonogenesis is occurring locally
within
each quasar, rather than simultaneously throughout the "Universe"
as a
whole at one brief point in cosmos history. A comparison of the Mass
Density
and Thermal Scale of the "Original Big Bang" and "Ongoing
Big-Bang"
formation of hydrogen is illustrated in Chapter 7, The Big Bang With A
Cause: The Quasar!, hyperlink section Sparks, Stars and the Quasar
(page 74,
CD Edition) (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_7.htm).

Quasar evolution is also conceptually illustrated in Chapter 7,
hyperlink
section Quasar Evolution (page 75, CD Edition).

Whereas the Standard Big Bang Model is a unicentric process wherein all
the
hydrogen in the entire universe was theoretically created within less
than 3
MINUTES, the Ongoing Big-Bang Model is a multicentric "Big-Bang"
process
that occurs within each quasar, wherein hydrogen is locally massively
produced and jettisoned into surrounding regional space. The timing and

sequence of hydrogen evolution from plasma to ionic to atomic to
molecular
form are extremely important determinants for the timing and
circumstances
of stellar evolution. In the Standard Big Bang Model it is said to have

taken about 300,000 years before the universe cooled sufficiently for
hydrogen ions to combine with electrons to form atoms, and longer
before
hydrogen atoms assemble into hydrogen molecules that can
gravitationally
collapse within star forming nebulae. In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model,
the
cooling process following baryonogenesis becomes a function of local
distance in space from the hot finite supermassive density of the
quasar,
and the entire process of "Hydrogen Evolution" (regional transition
from
plasma to ionic to atomic to molecular form) is directly visible in
clearly
definable regions within the resulting radio galaxy. Rather than the
totality of space throughout in the universe simultaneously cooling
over
eons of cosmological time before hydrogen ions can assemble into
neutral
atoms and combine into hydrogen molecules that can gravitationally
collapse
into stars, the entire process of hydrogen and stellar evolution in the

Ongoing Big-Bang Model are within the direct range and reach of
scientific
investigation, because the entire Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy
Evolution is
within reach of the Hubble Space Telescope deep fields!

If Big Bang nucleosynthesis is an ongoing process within the quasar
(Ongoing
Big-Bang Model) rather than a singular event in universe history
(Standard
Big Bang Model), there would be ongoing Big-Bang fusion of quark-gluon
plasma into protons and a galactic River-of-Hydrogen (proton-electron
plasma) being jettisoned out of the supermassive "black hole"
(gravitational density conditions) of the quasar, jetting and spreading

ionic hydrogen and electrons into space, cooling in the distance into
atomic
and molecular hydrogen form, gathering into nebulae, giving birth to
stars---which is exactly what we see occurring in the galaxies! This
Ongoing
Big-Bang Theory, which includes scientific definition of both Pre-Bang
Universe and Post-Bang Universe, can be simulated as a theoretical
model if
the dark matter of the universe is composed of pre- and non-atomic
particles
that have the capacity to coalesce and gravitationally collapse into
the
supermassive gravitational density of the Quasar. The Ongoing Big-Bang
is
defined by the threshold of quark-gluon fusion into hydrogen. The pre-
and
non-atomic elements that precede the particle fusion of quark-gluon
plasma
into baryons comprise a Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles that
has
the potential to coalesce and gravitationally collapse into the
supermassive
density of the quasar. Whereas in the Standard Big Bang Model all pre-
and
non-atomic particles (including all the quarks and gluon that form the
baryonic structure of every atomic nucleus in the entire physical
universe!)
are all said to have materialized within ONE SECOND (Particle Era of
Standard Big Bang Model was from 10-10 to 1 second following the
mathematical point of beginning of Big Bang) before being strong force
fused
into baryons, this Ongoing Big-Bang Model is based on the preexistence
of a
Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles that is in evidence as dark
matter
throughout the surrounding coexisting Post-Bang Universe. The cosmic
microwave background radiation (CMB) can be viewed as a direct
manifestation
of this Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles. In the Standard Big
Bang
Model, CMB is viewed as the lingering embers of a single hot big bang
event
that occurred 10 to 15 billion years ago. In the Ongoing Big-Bang
Model, CMB
is potentially a direct manifestation of the Pre-Bang Universe that
contains
the pre- and non-atomic particles of dark matter that have the capacity
to
coalesce and gravitationally collapse into the supermassive "black
hole"
density of the quasar.

2) What abundances do you derive for deuterium, helium-3, and helium-4,
and
how do those abundances change with time?

Hydrogen accounts for 73 percent of the observed mass of the universe
and is
the most common element in the universe. Helium accounts for about 25
percent of the mass of the universe and is the second most common
element.
All mainstream sequence stars in the universe (Hertzsprung-Russell
diagram)
are predominantly composed of hydrogen. All newborn stars throughout
the
universe are ignited into visible existence by the thermonuclear fusion
of
hydrogen into helium. Throughout much of their life span (mainstream
sequence of stellar evolution), thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen into
helium
continues to occur in the stars.  In the Standard Big Bang Model, all
the
hydrogen and most of the deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4 in the
universe
were created within 3 MINUTES following the mathematical point of
beginning
of Big Bang. In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the nucleosynthesis of
hydrogen
is produced inside the supermassive thermal and gravitational density
conditions of the quasar. This Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis of
hydrogen
results directly in the formation of the quasar's circumnuclear torus
and
cosmic plasma jets of proton-electron plasma, as described under
Question #1
above. The circumnuclear torus surrounding the quasar is composed of
proton-electron plasma (hydrogen) under enormous temperature and
gravitational density conditions that result in accelerated nuclear
fusion
of deuterium, helium-3 and helium-4 and atomic elements that are in
evidence
immediately around the quasar and within the active galactic nucleus
(AGN)
region of the galaxy. The following hyperlink contains detailed
description
and testable predictions of this Ongoing Big-Bang process that results
in
atomic nucleosynthesis and AGN evolution: Chapter 12 ? Quasar and AGN
Evolution, section ? Ongoing Big-Bang Alignment of Quasars and
Circumnuclear
AGNs (page 149, CD Edition)

(http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_12.htm).

The following excerpt from the hyperlink describes how accelerated
nuclear
fusion immediately around the quasar forms atoms of higher atomic
weight and
gives rise to the active galactic nucleus (AGN) region of the galaxy:

"As the quasar matures, the environment around the quasar evolves
from two
separate but simultaneous and closely interrelated processes, each of
which
have their own unique regional rate of evolution: 1) The quasar's
radio
jets account for the accumulative formation of the galaxy's radio
structure
and hydrogen atmosphere that results in the starburst growth and
evolution
of the optical galaxy, as previously described, which accounts for the
evolution of the elliptical galaxy. 2) The quasar's plasma torus
accounts
for the evolution of the circumnuclear environment around the quasar,
which
over time evolves into the galaxy's visible active galactic nucleus
(AGN),
which in turn accounts for the massive materialization of circumnuclear

galaxy dust and morphological evolution of the spiral galaxy. The
astronomical temperature conditions and massive amounts of hydrogen
produced
by the Big-Bang process of quark-gluon fusion within the quasar account
for
the sequential formation of the circumnuclear plasma torus and
resulting
materialization and fueling of the AGN. Within the thermonuclear
inferno of
the AGN is where the massive amounts of higher atomic-molecular weight
dust
is formed that is responsible for gradually reshaping the galaxy from
spherical to elliptical to spiral form. Whereas the increasing volume
and
size of the elliptical stages of optical galaxy evolution are largely
due to
the radio jets and rain of hydrogenous matter throughout the space of
the
galaxy, the increasing ellipticity (E0-E7) of the galaxy and
transformation
from elliptical to spiral galaxy form (S0) and progressive increase in
the
total atomic-molecular dust and mass of the spiral stages (Sa-Sc) of
galaxy
evolution are primarily the result of events taking place in the
circumnuclear AGN."

I have stressed throughout the treatise that the quasar is the site of
hydrogen nucleosynthesis because this is the key to recognizing that
the
galaxies have materialized and grown from inside outward into their
range of
visible morphologies (Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution). Whereas

deuterium and helium can result from nuclear fusion within the
circumnuclear
region around the quasar, and within the AGN region, and within the
stars,
hydrogen nucleosynthesis can only occur within the quasar! This is the
key
by which I was able to define the mainstream sequence of galaxy
evolution:
Quasars make hydrogen! From this perspective, the origin of the
Intergalactic Medium and the Lyman alpha forest can be looked at in a
new
light. (To avoid any misunderstanding or confusion about what
constitutes
the Standard Big Bang Model perspective see Professor Bill Keel's
excellent
essay about Quasars, AGN and Lyman Alpha Forest at
http://www.astr.ua.edu/keel/agn/).

Within the Intergalactic Medium, from Ongoing Big-Bang perspective, all

hydrogen can be traced directly to Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis
within
the quasar.  Accelerated nuclear fusion of deuterium, helium-3 and
helium-4
can occur in the circumnuclear region around the quasar and AGN region
of
the galaxy. The presence of ionized helium (He II) within the Lyman
alpha
forest can be the result of intragalactic nuclear fusion or the result
of
helium being carried outward as a minor component of the jets. The
process
of baryonogenesis within the quasar and nuclear fusion within its
circumnuclear torus occurs in sequence from quark-gluon plasma to
hydrogen
to deuterium to helium-3 to helium-4. Whether or not a fractional
portion of
helium can be jettisoned into intergalactic space rather than confined
to
the circumnuclear torus and AGN region would depend in part on where
deuterium and helium nucleosynthesis begins in relationship to the
formation
of the quasar's circumnuclear torus and plasma jets. If helium
nucleosynthesis begins to occur after the formation of the plasma jets,

there should be no significant levels of intergalactic He II. If helium

nucleosynthesis begins to occur within the circumnuclear torus,
intergalactic jettison of He would be potentially possible. If helium
nucleosynthesis begins to occur proximal to the formation of the
circumnuclear torus, more He could be jettisoned into intergalactic
space.

3) How do you account for the quasar abundance peak at z=2?

abundance peak at redshift z=2: first, space-time look-back reveals
universe
conditions at prior eras of time within the surrounding universe;
second,
local conditions within the Pre-Bang Universe define the site of quasar

formation.  Although the speed of light dependably measures and
demarcates
distance in space-time terms, it does not need to be assumed that the
population density of quasars and galaxy types observed in distant
space
have evolutionarily given rise directly to the galaxy populations
within
local regional space.  I have shown how each quasar initiates the
Mainstream
Sequence of Galaxy Evolution within its own respective regional space,
which
is illustrated and described at
http://www.origin-of-universe.com/#Galaxy_Evolution (click hyperlink
for
concise description of the process).

Each quasar within the quasar abundance peak at z=2 initiates this
Mainstream Sequence of Galaxy Evolution locally within its own regional

space. As the quasar is the site of quark-gluon fusion into the atomic
nucleus of hydrogen (Ongoing "Big-Bang" in the hyperlink
illustration),
the location of each quasar physically and geometrically demarcates the

relationship between the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe in
space.
The quasar abundance peak at redshift z=2 is the result of regional
gravitational events within the Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and
Particles
that give rise to the supermassive "black hole" density of the
quasar.
When looked at from a Locus of Vision on Planet Earth, the time
required for
light to travel from those quasars reveal the regional history of
universe
evolution at z=2. Reciprocally, from Ongoing Big-Bang perspective, if
our
Locus of Vision was situated at redshift z=2 looking back toward Planet

Earth, we would be seeing the region of the Milky Way Galaxy and Virgo
Cluster at a prior era of regional universe history, long before our
planet
was born.

In the Ongoing Big-Bang Model, the quasar abundance at z=2 is the
result of
local conditions within the Pre-Bang Universe. Local conditions within
the
Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and Particles gravitationally give rise to
the
supermassive density of the quasar that reaches the particle-fusion
threshold of its visible "Big-Bang". The location of quasars and
their
active jets make it possible to demarcate and precisely map the
relationship
between the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe in space. The
supermassive "black hole" density of the quasar is formed by
gravitational
collapse of pre- and non-atomic particles of dark matter within a
Pre-Bang
Universe. The site of gravitational collapse is thereby a function of
conditions within the coexisting Pre-Bang Universe of Energy and
Particles.
The quasar as a result is a physical point of interface between the
Pre-Bang
and Post-Bang Universe. The Large Scale Structure of Universe is
characterized by a cell-like pattern consisting of superclusters of
galaxies
surrounding large voids of space. By correlating the distribution of
quasars
and their jets with the morphological characteristics of the Mainstream

Sequence of Galaxy Evolution, I was able to recognize a "Unit of
Universe"
pattern within the surrounding Large Scale Structure of Universe that
potentially integrates the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang Universe as
a
unified system on a large scale.

Chapter 17, Representative Sample of Cosmos and Universe (pages
193-201, CD
Edition) (http://www.origin-of-universe.com/chapters/chapter_17.htm)
illustrates the relationship of the Pre-Bang Universe and Post-Bang
Universe
within the Large Scale Structure of the Universe. The illustrated
"Unit of
Universe" pattern in 4-spatial dimensions shows how the Pre-Bang
Universe
and Post-Bang Universe can both be mapped in space as a structural and
functional unit that is within direct scientific reach in the
surrounding
Large Scale Structure of Universe.

Chapter 18, Large Scale Unified Structure of Pre-Bang and Post-Bang
Universes describes a methodology for scientifically investigating the
Pre-Bang and Post-Bang Universe as a unified system.

4) In your theory (Ongoing Big-Bang Model), does the stellar initial
mass
function change with time, and if so, how?

If you take a few moments to model in your mind what the universe would
look
like if the quasar is the site of Ongoing Big-Bang nucleosynthesis and
jettison of hydrogen, the resulting process of stellar evolution
unfolds
into the morphological pattern of galaxies we see in the surrounding
universe. To visualize this, however, you must realize that the galaxy
materializes and grows from inside outward into its sequence of
morphological changes, which progress from Quasar jettison of hydrogen
to
Radio Galaxy reflection of massive hydrogen content to optically
enlarging
Elliptical Galaxy resulting from stellar evolution to centrifugal
molding of
Spiral Galaxy as a result of growing atomic molecular amassment within
its
disk and spiral arms. Hydrogen is continuously jettisoned and floods
into
surrounding space from the Ongoing Big-Bang process in the Quasar. The
expanding hydrogen atmosphere flooding into space from the jets
regionally
evolves from plasma to ionic (H+) to atomic (H0) to molecular (H2)
hydrogen
nebular form in the cooler regions surrounding the quasar at galaxy
center,
producing the optically quiet pre-stellar radio-loud galaxy (Radio
Galaxy).
Optical appearance of starburst activity begins at galaxy center and in
the
hydrogen rich atmospheres streaming into orbit from the plumes of
plasma
jets that extend thousands of light-years into space, giving optical
birth
to the irregular, blue dwarf galaxy (Irregular Blue Galaxy). Globular
clusters of first generation stars (Metal-Poor Population II Stars)
continuously form in the dense hydrogen atmosphere and spread into
orbit
around gravity-center main, and the galaxy gradually transforms from
irregular blue optical appearance into a homogeneous galaxy filled with

globular clusters of stars (Elliptical Galaxy). Continuous in-flooding
of
hydrogen from the ongoing Big-Bang process and its visible jets causes
the
elliptical galaxy to grow in size from small elliptical (E1) to medium
elliptical (E3) to large elliptical galaxy (E7). Stellar evolution
within
the enlarging elliptical galaxy causes its characteristic
transformation
from young blue star composition to old red star content as the galaxy
grows
in size and age. Active galactic nucleus stage of galaxy evolution
begins
with the appearance of massive star birth growth and evolution
occurring in
the vigorous central region around the quasar (AGN, Active Galactic
Nucleus). Stellar evolution and supernova explosions within the active
galactic nucleus region of the galaxy result in sequential nuclear
fusion of
atoms of higher atomic weight and their regional distribution within
galaxy
space. As the generations of metal-poor Population II stars pass
through
their lifecycle from Hertzsprung-Russell mainstream sequence stars to
hydrogen-core depleted red giants to supernova explosions, and as the
interstellar space within the galaxy becomes increasingly filled with
the
atomic products of thermonuclear fusion, interstellar dust begins to
form in
the center of the galaxy that contains atoms of higher atomic mass, and

metal-rich stars (Population I Stars) begin to be formed in the
resulting
metal-rich clouds of dust. This ongoing sequence accounts for why the
central bulge of galaxies at maturity contains both Population I and
Population II stars. The metal-poor Population II stars are
continuously
produced from the ongoing Big-Bang production of hydrogen and
metal-rich
Population I stars are continuously produced by stellar evolution, and
this
entire process and sequence of atomic and stellar co-evolution is
occurring
within the space of the galaxy. Vigorous AGN activity results in the
production of immense amounts of intragalactic dust that accumulates in
the
circumnuclear region of the galaxy. The increasing amounts of dust
progressively masks the brightness of the quasar at galaxy center until
it
can no longer be directly seen at optical wavelengths, but the presence
of
the quasar's enormous gravitational force ("Supermassive Black
Hole")
remains evident and its explosive jets remain clearly visible
throughout the
elliptical stage of galaxy growth and evolution. As intragalactic
atomic-molecular dust continues to form and accumulate within the
active
galactic nuclear region of the galaxy, visible rings of
atomic-molecular
dust appear and begin to spread centrifugally outward into a plane
perpendicular to the galaxy's axis of spin, which gradually
transforms the
shape of the galaxy from spherical (E0) to elliptical (E1?E7) to early
spiral form (S0). Within the AGN region at galaxy center, the atoms
assemble
into molecules; the molecules amass into visible rings of intragalactic

dust, and the growing amassment of visible galaxy dust accounts for the

remolding of the shape of the galaxy. As atomic-molecular amassment of
dust
continues to accumulate, the visible rings of dust become denser and
centrifugally spill outward into bars and growing spiral arms (Sa stage
of
spiral galaxy evolution). As the maturing spiral galaxy is in effect a
centrifuge that concentrates the metal-rich atomic-molecular clouds of
dust
in the galactic plane, this accounts for why the disk of the spiral
galaxy
contains only metal-rich Population I stars. As the disk of the spiral
galaxy grows in size, the recycling lifecycles of metal-poor Population
II
stars within the halo region gradually become incorporated into the
growing
spiral disk and the spiral bulge gradually decreases in size (Sb and Sc

stages of spiral galaxy evolution). The bulge and halo of globular
clusters
of stars in every spiral galaxy are the remnant of the elliptical
galaxy
that gradually reformed into the spiral disk, which accounts for why
the
globular clusters of stars in the halo of spiral galaxies are composed
of
metal-poor Population II stars.

Respectfully,

Paul Hollister

http://www.Origin-of-Universe.com contains the complete manuscript of
Origin
and Evolution of the Universe, a Unified Scientific Theory by Paul
Hollister, M.D.