One World One Dream
Palash
Troubled Galaxy Destroyed Dreams: Chapter 41
Palash Biswas
http://troubledgalaxydetroyeddreams.blogspot.com/
History of China
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The recorded history of China began in the 15th century BC when the
Shang Dynasty started to use markings that evolved into the present
Chinese characters. Turtle shells with markings reminiscent of ancient
Chinese writing from the Shang Dynasty have been carbon dated to as
early as 1500 BC.[1] Chinese civilization originated with city-states
in the Yellow River (Huang He) valley. 221 BC is commonly accepted to
be the year in which China became unified under a large kingdom or
empire. In that year, Qin Shi Huang first united China. Successive
dynasties in Chinese history developed bureaucratic systems that
enabled the Emperor of China to control increasingly larger territory
that reached maximum under the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty and Manchurian
Qing Dynasty.
The conventional view of Chinese history is that of a country
alternating between periods of political unity and disunity and
occasionally becoming dominated by foreign peoples, most of whom were
assimilated into the Han Chinese population. Cultural and political
influences from many parts of Asia, carried by successive waves of
immigration, expansion, and assimilation, merged to create the Chinese
culture.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China
Maoism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Maoism, variably and officially known as Mao Zedong Thought
(traditional Chinese: ?????; simplified Chinese: ?????; pinyin: Máo
Zédong Sixiang), is a variant of Marxism derived from the teachings of
the late Chinese leader Mao Zedong (Wade-Giles Romanization: "Mao Tse-
tung"), widely applied as the political and military guiding ideology
in the Communist Party of China (CPC) from Mao's ascendancy to its
leadership until the inception of Deng Xiaoping Theory and Chinese
economic reforms in 1978. It is also applied internationally in
contemporary times. Maoist organizations exist in Peru, India, and
most prominently, Nepal. Its basic tenets include a revolutionary
struggle of the vast majority of people termed a People's War
involving peasants, and its military strategies essentially involved
guerrilla war tactics focused on surrounding the cities from the
countryside with a non-professional, popular armed forces.
In its post-revolutionary period, Mao Zedong Thought is defined in the
CPC's Constitution as "Marxism-Leninism applied in a Chinese context",
synthesized by Mao Zedong and China's first-generation leaders. It
provided the CPC's first comprehensive theoretical guideline with
regards to how to continue socialist revolution, the creation of a
socialist society, socialist military construction, and highlights
various contradictions in society to be addressed by what is termed
"socialist construction". The ideology survives in name today on the
Communist Party's Constitution; it is described as the guiding thought
that created "new China" and a revolutionary concept against
imperialism and feudalism.[1]
Maoism generally discredits the socialist framework of the Soviet
Union under Nikita Khrushchev and dismisses it as Communist
revisionism. Some critics claim that Maoists see Joseph Stalin as the
last true socialist leader of the Soviet Union, although allowing the
Maoist assessments of Stalin vary between the extremely positive and
the more ambivalent.[2] whereas some political philosophers have seen
in Maoism an attempt to combine Confucianism and Socialism - what one
such called 'a third way between communism and capitalism' [3]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maoism
Mao Zedong
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mao" redirects here. For other uses, see Mao (disambiguation).
This is a Chinese name; the family name is ? (Mao).
Mao Zedong
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Chairman of the Communist Party of China
In office
1945 - 1976
Preceded by Zhang Wentian
Succeeded by Hua Guofeng
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
1st Chairman of the People's Republic of China
In office
1954 - 1959
Preceded by None
Succeeded by Liu Shaoqi
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Born December 26, 1893(1893-12-26)
Hunan, Great Qing
Died September 9, 1976 (aged 82)
Beijing, People's Republic of China
Nationality Chinese
Political party Communist Party of China
Spouse Yang Kaihui (1920-1930)
He Zizhen (1930-1937)
Jiang Qing (1939-1976)
Religion Atheist
Mao Zedong pronunciation (help·info) (Simplified Chinese: ???;
Traditional Chinese: ???; Pinyin: Máo Zédong; Wade-Giles: Mao Tse-
tung); December 26, 1893-September 9, 1976 was a Chinese military and
political leader who led the Communist Party of China (CPC) to victory
against the Kuomintang (KMT) in the Chinese Civil War, and was the
leader of the People's Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment
in 1949 until his death in 1976.
Regarded as one of the most important figures in modern world history,
[1] and named by Time Magazine as one of the 100 most influential
people of the 20th century,[2] Mao is still a controversial figure
today, over thirty years after his death. He is generally held in high
regard in China where he is often portrayed as a great revolutionary
and strategist who eventually defeated Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek
in the Chinese Civil War, and transformed the country into a major
power through his policies. However, many of Mao's socio-political
programs such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution
are blamed by critics from both within and outside China for causing
severe damage to the culture, society, economy and foreign relations
of China, as well as the deaths of 44.5 to 72 million people.[3] The
majority of these deaths were result of famine, and his direct
involvement remains controversial[citation needed].
Although still officially venerated in China, his influence has been
largely overshadowed by the political and economic reforms of Deng
Xiaoping and other leaders since his death.[4][5] Mao is also
recognized as a poet and calligrapher.[6]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong
China`s official name is People`s Republic of China.
The Chinese Parliament is the People`s parliament.
The Chinese army is called People`s liberation Army.
The Newspaper is named as People`s daily.
China has successfully sent a message to the rest of the world that
the Beijing Olympics happens to be an affair of the People from the
word Go! And it is contrary to worldwide media speculations!
Beijing Olympics has sent the message to the Resistance Worldwide that
the Corporate US Imperialism and Post Modern Galaxy Manusmriti
Apartheid Hindu Zionist White world order are not the final words
predestined!
I dare to pronounce my friends that this event is going to be proved
an effective Act of Anti Imperialism Movement worldwide.
They declared, ` History is dead!'
Has China disassociated from its roots? It`s History? It`s legacy?
It`s tradition? It`s Philosophy?
They have concluded,`Ideology is dead!'
Is it?
China is no more a Forbidden land , true!
China has signed the Nuke Deal, true!
True is the Tibetan Insurrection!
It is also true that China has opted for Open Market and it has made
it`s way in globalisation ways?
Economic Times reports from BEIJING: Activists wrapped themselves in
Tibetan flags on Saturday and lay down in Tiananmen Square in a
protest that was angrily rejected by Chinese onlookers who followed
the group and shouted ``Get out!"
It is also true!
We may not deny the objective realism of Tiananmen Square and the
Massacre associated!
We know the history of cultural revolution.
They claim that China has opted for Capitalism!
Is it?
China has not departed from Socialism, Beijing Olympics has expressed
it very well with perfect Ten exposure of Human Resources full of
people`s Power and almost secure disciplined Nationalism! Technology
is there but Human Formation s was the last word in the Opening
ceremony!
Long Live Mao! Long live Maoism!
Is not the message after all?
They declared , ` Genre is dead! Culture is dead! Literature is dead'!
They could say so after the demise of USSR! Was USSR intact before
disintegration! Did it represent the World communist Movement and the
inherent Internationalism? Did USSR continue the burning questions of
Nationality?
What was cold war, then?
Was not it a Blind Arm Race? A dogfight for dominance in the sky? What
accommodated the Star wars?
Did USSR respect its Human Resources as China does? I am asserting
these words and I am aware of the SEZ drive in China. i am aware of
the Peasants` Insurrections in China! I am also aware of the growth of
Capitalism in china. But the fact remains, China tried its best to
streamline it`s indigenous production system and economy what was
never done in USSR.
What about the socialist Imperialism represented by USSR to encounter
USA? What has been the result? What about the role of USSR in Middle
East? In Palestine? In Iran? In Iraq? And finally in Afghanistan?
What has been the role of USSR in East Europe? In South Asia?
In third world countries? Was not USSR converted the nation into a War
Economy as USA has done? If the War economy has disintegrated USSR,
would it spare the United State of America?
I am afraid that the foreign ministries in Third world countries, the
leaders and policy makers and our most revered Post Modern
Intelligentsia have not cared enough to address these Unpleasnt
questions and linked Socialism to the failure of USSR! They never
dared to link the demise of USSR to the fall of Nazis, decay of
British empire and future of USA!
China has never tried to emerge as a Super Power! It never aspired to
have alliance with Zionist White imperialism and the Global ruling
Class. It is opposed to apartheid!China is not sick with inherent
inequality and injustice as we Indian are! Rather China has the spices
of India Origin Buddhism with Confucius! We have lost our legacy and
history as well as our traditional geopolitics!
China strives for Job opportunities in Mother language and we rape our
Mother languages!
China has not bartered away its Natural resources! While we have sold
our natural resources and MNCs rule India! We have poisoned our water
resources! We have deforested our Himalayas! We have crushed
nationalities and Identities! We have launched Indiscriminate
industrialisation and urbanisation drive to annihilate indigenous
communities!
We have adopted the Russian Model of development and discarded it
opting for Neo Liberalism tagged with US Corporate imperialism and
virtually have converted the nation as a US Colony. We have now
strategic relations with United states of America. But we never tried
to study or understand the Chinese Phenomenon! We have neglected the
Mighty neighbour and enjoyed either Soviet or US favour to flood the
Swiss Bank accounts with Arms Deal anti national!
The India-China Relationship:
File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML
s India and China work to improve their relationship, a .... India-
China relations. China's long history of collaboration with ...
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Sino-Indian relations - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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relations, .... Varadarajan, S. India, China and the Asian Axis of
Oil, January 2006 ...
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30 Jul 2007 ... ''India's Interests at Stake in Relationship with
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What are the changes in US-India relationship? Why are these changes
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AFP Reports fromLONDON:
The press was united Saturday in declaring the spectacular Beijing
Olympics opening ceremony the best ever and a stunning display of
China's new-found confidence.
Yet most front pages reflected that as the Olympics opened to scenes
of fireworks and brilliantly choreographed dancers in the Chinese
capital, conflict broke out in Georgia's breakaway South Ossetia
region.
"08.08.08 -- day of war and peace" was the front page headline of The
Guardian.
"The ceremony that opened the 29th Olympic Games last night outdid all
of its predecessors in numbers, colour, noise and expense,
demonstrating to the world that the new China intends to make its
presence felt," said the accompanying article.
The Daily Telegraph headlined its front page: "Beijing wows the
world... Moscow sends in the tanks".
A second headline, "China marches on to world stage", topped a
photograph of hundreds of Chinese dancers wearing feather headdresses
to represent the age of Confucius at the opening ceremony.
The paper said China had flexed its muscles to the world leaders in
the stadium and to a television audience of billions.
It wrote: "One Olympic ideal -- the separation of sport and politics
-- died in the Chinese night.
"This was the choreographed demonstration of might the like of which
the Olympics has never seen; a rebuke to George W. Bush and Nicolas
Sarkozy, vocal critics of Chinese foreign and domestic policy sitting
in the audience."
The tabloid Daily Mail's front page also contrasted the fireworks in
Beijing with a photograph of a blazing Georgian tank, but splashed
colour photographs of the opening ceremony over six inside pages.
The paper said: "The age of Chinese power dawned in a spellbinding and
futuristic curtain-lifter which featured 15,000 different types of
costume and 14,000 performers, 9,000 of them on loan from the People's
Liberation Army.
It continued: "To say these Games would be a landmark in world
politics was no idle claim. Last night proved it."
Hollywood, the paper added, "will study the DVD for years to come and
plunder Beijing's visual tricks".
Olympic medal count
Gold Silver Bronze Total
1. China 2 0 0 2
2. United States 1 1 1 3
3. South Korea 1 1 0 2
The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
- 8 Aug Official site. Contains fact sheets, athlete profiles,
cultural information, and news.
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Ticket Info
Olympic Spirit
Fun Page News
Torch Relay
Volunteers
Media Operations
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Paralympic Logo ...
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INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC COMMITTEE
Play the official online mini game of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games
and embrace the competitive spirit of the world's most prestigious
sporting event. ...
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Beijing Olympic Games 2008
Private Weblog about the preparations for the Olympic Games 2008 in
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UN helps launch Beijing Olympics campaign about HIV/AIDS. 1 August
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and Features - 6 Aug 2008
Citizen The Road To Beijing
CBS News, NY - 3 hours ago
If anyone is more concerned than the Chinese Communists that the
Beijing Olympics come off without disturbance, it is Western
businessmen, who have invested ...
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CBC.ca Manipur association to boycott National Games
Hindu, India - 6 hours ago
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Calgary Herald Beijing Games declared open
Irish Times, Ireland - 17 hours ago
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which China ...
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National Post China selected as permanent host of Beijing Olympics
Oregon Commentator, OR - 11 hours ago
The International Olympic Committee, after long discussion, has
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Pingpong diplomacy set China on road to Olympics
Economic Times, India - 8 Aug 2008
The Beijing Olympics can trace its origins to the ``pingpong
diplomacy'' of 1971 when China signaled its desire to rejoin the
international community by ...
Financial Post China Heightens Security as Olympics Kick Off
ToTheCenter.com, NY - 10 hours ago
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Macau Daily Times
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Washington Post 'Mr Rogge . . . come just once to Beijing No 2 Prison
to see what ...
Irish Times, Ireland - 7 Aug 2008
"Today marks the 100th day before the Beijing Olympic Games, and I am
writing this letter in the hope that I might use the Olympics as a
'catalyst' to ...
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Beijing ...
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"This is the Olympic Games, man, the greatest show on earth so I did
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there. ...
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guardian.co.uk, UK - 1 hour ago
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People's Republic of China
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
For the Chinese civilization, see China.
"PRC" redirects here. For other uses, see PRC (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan.
The People's Republic of China (simplified Chinese: ???????;
traditional Chinese: ???????; pinyin: Zhonghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó listen
(help·info)), commonly known as China, is the largest country in East
Asia with Beijing as its capital city. It is a single-party socialist
republic comprising of twenty-two provinces, five autonomous regions,
four municipalities, and two Special Administrative Regions.
The country is vast, stretching for 5,000 km across the East Asian
landmass, and has a diverse landscape. In the north, near China's
borders with Mongolia and Russia's Siberia, the Gobi Desert and forest
steppes dominate the dry expanse while lush subtropical forests grow
along its southern borders with Vietnam, Laos, and Myanmar. The
terrain in the west is rugged and high altitude with the Himalayas and
the Tian Shan mountain ranges forming China's natural borders with
India and Central Asia. In contrast, China's eastern seaboard is low-
lying and has a 14,500-km long coastline bounded on the southeast by
the South China Sea and on the east by the East China Sea beyond which
lies Korea and Japan. At 9.6 million km2 and with more than 1.3
billion people (a fifth of humanity), the People's Republic of China
(PRC) is the third or fourth largest country by area and the most
populous in the world.[4]
The fertile region along the Yellow River that flows through the North
China Plain is home to the ancient Chinese civilization - one of the
world's earliest. For the past 4000 years, China was ruled by
hereditary monarchs or dynasties beginning with the Xia until the Qing
that finally ended in 1911. The first half of the 20th century saw
China plunged into a period of disunity and civil wars that divided
the country into two main political camps - the Nationalist Kuomintang
(KMT) and the Communist Party of China (CPC). The war ended in 1949
with the establishment of the People's Republic in mainland China by
the victorious Communists while the retreating Nationalists set up the
Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan. As of 2008, the PRC is still
involved in a dispute with the ROC over issues of sovereignty and the
political status of Taiwan.
The PRC is a major power[5][6] holding a permanent seat on the UN
Security Council and memberships in APEC, East Asia Summit, and
Shanghai Cooperation Organization. China is a nuclear state as well as
having the world's largest standing army and fourth largest defense
budget. It is a fast-growing economic power[7][8][9][10] having the
world's fourth largest GDP in nominal terms or second largest in
purchasing power and consuming as much as a third of the world's steel
and over a half of its concrete.[11] China is also the world's second
largest exporter[12] and the third largest importer.[13] Since the
introduction of market-based economic reforms in 1978, poverty rate in
China has gone down from 53% to 8% by 2001.[14] However, China is now
faced with a number of other economic problems including a rapidly
ageing population, a widening rural-urban income gap, and rapid
environmental degradation.[15
Foreign relations
Main article: Foreign relations of the People's Republic of China
Hu Jintao with US President George W. Bush.The People's Republic of
China maintains diplomatic relations with most major countries in the
world. Sweden was the first western country to establish diplomatic
relations with the People's Republic on the ninth of May 1950.[29] In
1971, the PRC replaced the Republic of China as the sole
representative of China in the United Nations and as one of the five
permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[30] It is
considered a founding member of the UN, though the PRC was not in
control of China at the time. The PRC was also a former member and
leader of the Non-Aligned Movement.
Under its interpretation of the One-China policy, the PRC has made it
a precondition to establishing diplomatic relations that the other
country acknowledges its claim to Taiwan and severs official ties with
the Republic of China (ROC) government. The government opposes
publicized foreign travels by former and present Taiwanese officials
promoting Taiwan's independence, such as Lee Teng-hui and Chen Shui-
bian, and other politically controversial figures, such as Tenzin
Gyatso, the Dalai Lama of Tibetan Buddhism, in an official context.
China has been playing an increasing role in calling for free trade
areas and security pacts amongst its Asia-Pacific neighbors. In 2004,
China proposed an entirely new East Asia Summit (EAS) framework as a
forum for regional security issues that pointedly excluded the United
States.[31] The EAS, which includes ASEAN Plus Three, India, Australia
and New Zealand, held its inaugural summit in 2005. China is also a
founding member of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), with
Russia and the Central Asian republics.
Much of the current foreign policy is based on the concept of China's
peaceful rise. Conflicts with foreign countries have occurred at times
in its recent history, particularly with the United States; e.g., the
U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade during the Kosovo
conflict in May 1999 and the U.S.-China spy plane incident in April
2001. Its foreign relations with many Western nations suffered for a
time following the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, though they have
since recovered. The relationship between China and Japan has been
strained at times by Japan's refusal to acknowledge its war-time past
to the satisfaction of the PRC, e.g. revisionist comments made by
prominent Japanese officials and in some Japanese history textbooks.
Another point of conflict between the two countries is the frequent
visits by Japanese government officials to the Yasukuni Shrine.
However, Sino-Japanese relations have warmed considerably since Shinzo
Abe became the new Japanese Prime Minister in September 2006. A joint
historical study to be completed by 2008 of WWII atrocities is being
conducted by China and Japan.
Equally bordering the most countries in the world alongside Russia,
the PRC was in a number of international territorial disputes. China's
territorial disputes have led to localized wars in the last 50 years,
including the Sino-Indian War in 1962, the Sino-Soviet border conflict
in 1969 and the Sino-Vietnamese War in 1979. In 2001, the PRC and
Russia signed the Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship,[32] which paved
the way in 2004 for Russia to transfer Yinlong Island as well as one-
half of Heixiazi to China, ending a long-standing Sino-Russian border
dispute. Other territorial disputes include islands in the East and
South China Seas, and undefined or disputed borders with India,
Tajikistan and North Korea.
While accompanying a rapid economic rise, the PRC since the 1990s
seeks to maintain a policy of quiet diplomacy with its neighbors.
Steadying its economic growth and participating in regional
organizations and cultivating bi-lateral relations will ease suspicion
over China's burgeoning military capabilities. The PRC has started a
policy of wooing African nations for trade and bilateral co-operations.
[33]
Population policy
Main article: One-child policy
Population of China from 1961-2003With a population of over 1.3
billion, the PRC is very concerned about its population growth and has
attempted, with mixed results,[34] to implement a strict family
planning policy. The government's goal is one child per family, with
exceptions for ethnic minorities and flexibility in rural areas, where
a family can have a second child if the first is a girl or physically
disabled. The government's goal is to stabilize population growth
early in the twenty-first century, though some projections estimate a
population of anywhere ranging from 1.4 billion to 1.6 billion by
2025. Hence the country's family planning minister has indicated that
China will maintain its one-child policy until at least the year 2018.
[35]
The policy is resisted, particularly in rural areas, because of the
need for agricultural labor and a traditional preference for boys.
Families who breach the policy often lie during the census.[36]
Official government policy opposes forced sterilization or abortion,
but allegations of coercion continue as local officials, who are faced
with penalties for failing to curb population growth, may resort to
forced abortion or sterilization, or manipulation of census figures.
The decreasing reliability of PRC population statistics since family
planning began in the late 1970s has made evaluating the effectiveness
of the policy difficult.[37] Estimates by Chinese demographers of the
average number of children for a Chinese woman vary from 1.5 to 2.0.
The government is particularly concerned with the large imbalance in
the sex ratio at birth, apparently the result of a combination of
traditional preference for boys, and family planning pressure, which
led to the ban of using ultrasound devices for the purpose of
preventing sex-selective abortion.
Human rights
Main article: Human rights in the People's Republic of China
The Unknown Rebel - This famous photo, taken on 5 June 1989 by
photographer Jeff Widener, depicts a protester faced by a column of
tanks during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.While economic and
social controls have been greatly relaxed in China since the 1960s,
political freedom is still tightly controlled by both central and
local governments. The Constitution of the People's Republic of China
states that the "fundamental rights" of citizens include freedom of
speech, freedom of the press, the right to a fair trial, freedom of
religion, universal suffrage, and property rights. However, these
provisions do not afford significant protection against criminal
prosecution by the State.
Censorship of political speech and information is openly and routinely
used to silence criticism of government and the ruling Chinese
Communist Party.[38] In particular, press control is notoriously
tight: the controversial organization Reporters Without Borders
considers the PRC one of the least free countries in the world for the
press.[39] The government has a policy of limiting some protests and
organizations that it considers a threat to social stability and
national unity, as was the case with the Tiananmen Square protests of
1989. The Communist Party has had mixed success at controlling
information: a very strong media control system faces very strong
market forces, an increasingly educated citizenry and cultural change
that are making China more open. In some cases, especially on
environmental issues,[40][41] China's leaders see expressions of
public dissatisfaction as a catalyst for positive change.
A number of foreign governments and NGOs routinely criticize the PRC,
alleging widespread human rights violations including systematic use
of lengthy detention without trial, forced confessions, torture,
mistreatment of prisoners, restrictions of freedom of speech,
assembly, association, religion, the press, and labor rights.[38]
China leads the world in capital punishment, accounting for roughly
90% of total executions in 2004.[42] Human rights issues are one of
the factors driving independence movements in Tibet and Xinjiang. In
the Reporters Without Borders' Annual World Press Freedom Index of
2005,[39] the PRC ranked 159 out of 167 places. PRC journalist He
Qinglian in her 2004 book Media Control in China[43] documents
government controls on the Internet and other media in China.
The PRC government has responded by arguing that the notion of human
rights should take into account a country's present level of economic
development, and focus more on the people's rights to subsistence and
development in poorer countries.[44] The rise in the standard of
living, literacy and life expectancy for the average Chinese in the
last three decades is seen by the government as tangible progress made
in human rights.[45] Efforts in the past decade to combat deadly
natural disasters, such as the perennial Yangtze River floods, and
work-related accidents are also portrayed in China as progress in
human rights for a still largely poor country.[44]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Republic_of_China
Republic of China
Main article: History of the Republic of China
Frustrated by the Qing court's resistance to reform and by China's
weakness, young officials, military officers, and students--inspired by
the revolutionary ideas of Sun Yat-sen (???,???)--began to advocate the
overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and creation of a republic.
Slavery in China was abolished in 1910,[24] although the practice
apparently still continues unofficially in some regions.[25][26]
A revolutionary military uprising, the Wuchang Uprising, began on
October 10, 1911 in Wuhan (??,??). The provisional government of the
Republic of China (????,????) was formed in Nanjing on March 12, 1912
with Sun Yat-sen as President, but Sun was forced to turn power over
to Yuan Shikai (???), who commanded the New Army and was Prime
Minister under the Qing government, as part of the agreement to let
the last Qing monarch abdicate (a decision he would later regret).
Yuan Shikai proceeded in the next few years to abolish the national
and provincial assemblies and declared himself emperor in 1915. Yuan's
imperial ambitions were fiercely opposed by his subordinates, and
faced with the prospect of rebellion, Yuan abdicated and died shortly
afterwards in 1916, leaving a power vacuum in China. His death left
the republican government all but shattered, ushering the warlord era
when China was ruled by shifting coalitions of competing provincial
military leaders.
In 1919, the May Fourth Movement (????,????) began as a response to
the insult imposed on China by the Treaty of Versailles ending World
War I, but quickly became a protest movement about the domestic
situation in China. The discrediting of liberal Western philosophy
amongst Chinese intellectuals was followed by the adoption of more
radical lines of thought. This in turn planted the seeds for the
irreconcilable conflict between the left and right in China that would
dominate Chinese history for the rest of the century.
In the 1920s, Sun Yat-Sen established a revolutionary base in south
China, and set out to unite the fragmented nation. With Soviet
assistance, he entered into an alliance with the fledgling Communist
Party of China (CPC, ?????,?????). After Sun's death from cancer in
1925, one of his protégés, Chiang Kai-shek (???,???), seized control
of the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party or KMT, ???,???) and succeeded in
bringing most of south and central China under its rule in a military
campaign known as the Northern Expedition (??). Having defeated the
warlords in south and central China by military force, Chiang was able
to secure the nominal allegiance of the warlords in the North. In
1927, Chiang turned on the CPC and relentlessly chased the CPC armies
and its leaders from their bases in southern and eastern China. In
1934, driven from their mountain bases such as the Chinese Soviet
Republic (????????,????????), the CPC forces embarked on the Long
March (??,??) across China's most desolate terrain to the northwest,
where they established a guerrilla base at Yan'an in Shanxi Province
(??????).
During the Long March, the communists reorganized under a new leader,
Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung, ???,???). The bitter struggle between the
KMT and the CPC continued, openly or clandestinely, through the 14-
year long Japanese invasion (1931-1945), even though the two parties
nominally formed a united front to oppose the Japanese invaders in
1937, during the Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945) portion of World War
II. The war between the two parties resumed following the Japanese
defeat in 1945. By 1949, the CPC occupied most of the country. (see
Chinese Civil War)
Chiang Kai-shek fled with the remnants of his government to Taiwan in
1949 and his Nationalist Party would control the island as well as a
few neighboring islands until democratic elections in the early 1990s.
Since then, the political status of Taiwan has always been under
dispute.
[edit] Present
Main article: History of the People's Republic of China
See also: People's Republic of China and Political status of Taiwan
With the proclamation of the People's Republic of China (PRC)
(???????,???????) on October 1, 1949, Taiwan was again politically
separated from mainland China. However, the actual political and legal
status of Taiwan is disputed. Since the 1990s, the Republic of China
government that governs Taiwan along with associated islands as well
as some small islands off the coast of Fujian has been pushing to gain
greater international recognition, while the People's Republic of
China opposes involvement by third parties, and insists that foreign
relations not deviate from the One-China policy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_China