simple question about guna in ashtadhyayi

[Vasu Srinivasan]

namaste |

the sutram adenguNaH tells a, e and o are guNa.

then the sutram aad guNaH (aci pare) tells guNa should be applied when an ac follows "a/A". 

which sutram specifically says that a, i and u's guna are correspondingly a , e and o ? is it sthAne antaratamH ? 

specifically where is the mention of i and u in the sutram aad guNaH ?

--
dhanyavaadaH,
Vasu Srinivasan

[धनंजय वैद्य <deejayvaidya@yahoo.com>]

Correspondence of i to e; u to o : you are correct, sthanentaratamaH.

Mention of vowel to effect in sutras prescribing guNa : iko
guNavRddhii 1.1.3
GuNa or vRddhii is prescribed to i, u, R, vowel-l
So any sutra prescribing guNa or vRddhii prescribes it to i,u,R,vowel-
l

Dhananjay

[Nityanand Misra]

The sutra is "iko gu.nav.rddhii" which says that the gu.na happens to ik, that is i, u,  .r and .l (not to a, i, u). Then "sthaane antaratama.h" implies that gu.na of i is e, of u is o, of .r and .l is a. By "ura.n rapara.h" the gu.na of .r and .l become ar and al.

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[Hnbhat B.R.]

namaste |

the sutram adenguNaH tells a, e and o are guNa.

then the sutram aad guNaH (aci pare) tells guNa should be applied when an ac follows "a/A". 

which sutram specifically says that a, i and u's guna are correspondingly a , e and o ? is it sthAne antaratamH ? 

specifically where is the mention of i and u in the sutram aad guNaH ?

Both are correct in a way. Precisely the rule adenguNaH simply mentions that technical term guNa denotes the short "a" and e, o vowels. In that Vasu is correct.

Next the rule also prescribes when a is followed by any ac, in saMhitA, guNa substituted for both a+i. This is the precise meaning for the rule. guNa is substitute for a+i, a+u. a+R - ar

This is what you see in the examples. sthAnE'ntaratamaH makes the substitute obligatory  for the substitution the qualities prayatna closer to the that they are substituted. Here, there are a single guNa vowel is applied in the place of two vowels - a + i, a+u. So the guNa should have the prayatna-s of both a+ i, and a + u respectively. Of the three guNa-s, only first and second have the prayatna-s of both and "e" is substituted for the first and "o" is substituted for the second as they are having the prayatna-s of both. This is what makes them respectively apply to the saMhitA. The other vowels are covered in the next rules, which exclude these cases of guNa. limiting to i, u R and lR. 

vRddhir eci, akaH savarNe dIrghaH.

Our friend Vaidya is also correct in that guNa and v

Riddhi are spplicable to i, u, R, L [k] but needs some more modification. 

And iko guNavRddhI directs the substitution where guNa vRddhi are prescribed without prescribing any specific sthAni. vowel and simply mentioning "sici vRiddhiH". In this case, the sthAni is specifically directed as "ekaH pUrvaparayoH" which makes guNa applicable for ar and al for the vowels a+R and a+LR. and hence "iko guNavRuddhI" does not apply here as Nityanandaji has suggested. There are no other vowels left and when other vowels are the pUra and para, vRddhi, and savarNa dIrgha are prescribed both both in the subsequent sUtra-s which invalidates the application of the rule for guNa in those cases. 

Now finally, it makes the "prayatna" of the guNa-s which is applicable to which according to the combination of the efforts of both vowels as required by the rule "sthAne'ntarama".

 

--
Dr. Hari Narayana Bhat B.R. M.A., Ph.D.,
Research Scholar,

Ecole française d'Extrême-OrientCentre de Pondichéry

16 & 19, Rue Dumas

Pondichéry - 605 001

[Nityanand Misra]

Bhat Ji

Thank you for pointing this out, इको गुणवृद्धी indeed does not apply in the case of एकादेश गुण सन्धि.

आद्गुणः (6.1.84) is what is called an उत्सर्गविधिसूत्र which instructs a normal rule. Then the following अपवादविधिसूत्रs like वृद्धिरेचि (6.1.85), उपसर्गादृति धातौ (6.1.86), अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः (6.1.97) are the exception rules which restrict the domain of आद्गुणः to the case where अ/आ are followed by इ/उ/ऋ/ऌ.

इको गुणवृद्धी is applicable in other cases like जेता, नेता, जुहोति, भर्त्ता.

Regards, Nityanand

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Nityānanda Miśra
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|| आत्मा तत्त्वमसि श्वेतकेतो ||
(Thou art from/for/of/in That Ātman, O Śvetaketu)
     - Ṛṣi Uddālaka to his son, Chāndogyopaniṣad 6.8.7, The Sāma Veda

[अभ्यंकरकुलोत्पन्नः श्रीपादः]

नमो नमः श्रीमन् "नित्यानन्द मिश्र"-महोदय !
अस्ति भवता निर्दिष्टं "अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः (6.1.97) are the exception rule अपवादविधिसूत्र"मिति । अस्मिन् सूत्रे मह्यं तु न कश्चिदपवादः दृश्यते ।
(१) अकः = "अ इ उ ऋ लृ" एते स्वराः "अ इ उ ण् । ऋ लृ क् ।" एतयोः शिवसूत्रयोः आधारेण ।
ते सर्वे स्वराः सवर्णे दीर्घाः भवन्त्येव, यथा अ + अ = आ; इ + इ = ई, इत्यादयः ।
"अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः (6.1.97) इति सूत्रं स्वर-संधि-नियमः एव इति मे मतिः ।
(२) वृद्धिरेचि इति अन्यं सूत्रम्, यतः
एचि = "ए ओ ऐ औ" एते स्वराः "ए ओ ङ् । ऐ औ च् ।" एतयोः शिवसूत्रयोः आधारेण ।
एतेषां स्वराणां दीर्घत्वं न संभवति । ते प्लुताः भवन्ति केवलं विशिष्टे उच्चारणे । न तु संहितासु । संहितासु तेषां वृद्धिरेव । अतः "वृद्धिरेचि" इति सूत्रम् ।
(३) "अदेङ्गुणः" एतस्मिन् सूत्रे -
अदेङ्गुणः = अत् + एङ् --> गुणः
अत् = "अ"-इति स्वरः ।
एङ् = "ए ओ" एतौ स्वरौ "ए ओ ङ् ।" शिवसूत्रस्याधारेण ।
अदेङ्गुणः = "अ, ए ओ"-स्वराः गुणरूपेण वर्तन्ते ।
(४) "आद्गुणः" एतस्मिन् सूत्रे -
आत् = "आ"-इति स्वरः
आद्गुणः = "आ"-स्वरः गुणरूपेण वर्तते ।
(५) "इको गुणवृद्धि:" एतस्मिन् सूत्रे -
इको = "इ उ ऋ लृ" एते स्वराः = "इ"-तः "क्"-पर्यन्ताः वर्णाः "अ इ उ ण् । ऋ लृ क् ।" एतयोः शिवसूत्रयोः आधारेण ।
इको गुणवृद्धि: = "इ उ ऋ लृ" एते स्वराः गुणरूपेण वृद्धिरूपेणापि भवन्ति ।

• शिवसूत्रेषु "ई ऊ दीर्घ-ऋ दीर्घ-लृ" एते स्वराः न निर्दिष्टाः । परन्तु पाणिनिना "इको गुणवृद्धि:"-सूत्रेण ते स्पष्टीकृताः ।

(६) सारांशतः -
अ, आ - गुणरूपेणैव; (सूत्राधारः - अदेङ्गुणः, आद्गुणः)
इ उ ऋ लृ - गुणरूपेण वृद्धिरूपेणापि (सूत्राधारः - इको गुणवृद्धि:)
ए ओ - गुणरूपेण वृद्धिरूपेणापि (सूत्राधारः - अदेङ्गुणः, वृद्धिरेचि)
ऐ औ - वृद्धिरूपेणैव (सूत्राधारः - वृद्धिरेचि)
(७) "इ उ ऋ लृ ए ओ" एते स्वराः कदा गुणरूपेण भवन्ति, कदा वृद्धिरूपेण भवन्ति अस्य किञ्चिद्विवरणम् "स्थानेऽन्तरतमः" इति सूत्रेण ।
कथमिदम् ?
सस्नेहम्
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[Nityanand Misra]

श्रीपादमहोदय

The terms used are उत्सर्गसूत्र and अपवादसूत्र or बाध्यसूत्र and बाधकसूत्र. The definition is निरवकाशो विधिरपवादः. To illustrate

आद्गुणः says अ/आ + any vowel (अचि) results in गुण एकादेश.

वृद्धिरेचि says अ/आ + ए/ऐ/ओ/औ results in वृद्धि एकादेश. As it is a more specific/restricted domain compared to the domain of , it is an exception to the former rule. Even भट्टोजी दीक्षित while commenting on this सूत्र in लघुसिद्धान्तकौमुदी says "गुणापवादः", i.e. it is an अपवाद (exeception) to गुणसन्धिः.

Similarly, उपसर्गादृति धातौ says that अ/आ + ऋ results in वृद्धि एकादेश if अ occurs at the end of a prefix and ऋ occurs at the beginning of a root. So this is a more specific case

The case is similar for एङि पररूपम्.

अकः सवर्णे दीर्घः is the बाधक/अपवाद of आद्गुणः in the case of अ/आ + अ/आ as the former's domain is more restricted. In the case of इ/ई+इ/ई, उ/ऊ+उ/ऊ, ऋ/ॠ + ऋ/ॠ, it is a बाधकसूत्र for इको यणचि.


You may refer the following for more details on how वृद्धिरेचि et cetera are अपवादसूत्र for आद्गुणः et cetera.

1. पण्डित ईश्वरचन्द्र (2004). पाणिनिविरचिता अष्टाध्यायी - चन्द्रलेखा हिन्दीव्याख्यायुता. देहली: चौखम्भा संस्कृत प्रतिष्ठान. पृष्ठ 9.
2. गोविन्द प्रसाद शर्मा (2007). लघुसिद्धान्तकौमुदी - श्रीधरमुखोल्लासिनीहिन्दीव्याख्यासमन्विता. वाराणसी: चौखम्भा सुरभारती प्रकाशन. पृष्ठ 45-66.