This issue is now being tracked at
http://trac.sagemath.org/sage_trac/ticket/2693
As a workaround, you can instead do:
R.<x,y> = RR[]
p = x + y
q = x*y
p.polynomial(x).resultant(q.polynomial(x))
where p.polynomial(x) gives a univariate polynomial in x over the ring
RR['y']. Sage's univariate resultant implementation is more generic
than the multivariate implementation, and handles this case.
Carl