On Thursday, October 11, 2012 10:11:12 PM, M forever wrote:
>
> I am not as fixated on race and all that as you are, but now that you
> mention it, it occurred to me just how very little black people there
> are in American orchestras - and black people are after all 12% or so
> of the overall population.
Well, gee, it could have something to do with the fact that most African-Americans would rather be out there setting one global trend after the next in their own style rather than _sit_ in an orchestra surrounded by a bunch of whiteys playing old music by a bunch of dead whiteys. That said, there are some notable classically-trained black American musicians out there. Quincy Jones comes to mind — golly, he even married a German!
> The people in American orchestras are almost exclusively white and
> Asian. They don't have a really diverse cultural heritage either. Most
> Americans don't even speak the languages of their ancestors even
> when their parents were first generation immigrants.
Really, is that so? Again, I would like to invite you Boyle Heights to speak with some 'personal friends' of mine. Please let me know when to expect you.
> Speaking of German orchestras, you must never have heard of the
> Berliner Philharmoniker. Now that is a truly diverse and very
> international orchestra - and at the same time one which carries on a
> very long and deep tradition. Music does transcend cultural boundaries
> - except in America where there is no real culture, just a homogenized
> and cheapened down sauce of the lowest common denominators.
Yes, the Berlin Philharmonic. And the Vienna Philharmonic? I saw them last year, twice. Great orchestra. All white, almost all male, and very 'exclusive'. Good ol' boys could pick them fiddles!
<< In response to international protests and wide-spread, negative
media coverage, the Vienna Philharmonic nominally ended its policy of
excluding women in 1997. The orchestra allowed its harpist, Anna
Lelkes, who had performed with them for 26 years in an associate
position, to become an official member. Unfortunately, the changes
stopped there. For the next ten years (1997-2006), no further women
were given membership, except for Ms. Lelkes’ replacement, the harpist
Charlotte Balzereit.
By 2007, the Vienna Philharmonic once again faced protest and negative
media because it had reneged on its promise to hire women. To
counter these problems, the orchestra allowed five women to become
members between 2007 and 2011.
• Charlotte Balzereit (harp, 2004)
• Ursula Plaichinger (viola, 2007)
• Isabelle Ballot (first violin, 2008)
• Daniela Ivanova (viola, 2010)
• Olesya Kurylak (first violin, 2011)
• Albena Danailova (concertmaster, 2011)
Even with these additions, the Vienna Philharmonic still has the
lowest ratio of women members in the world – 121 to 6. And not
surprisingly, during the 14 years since it agreed to admit women, it
has hired them at a lower rate than any other orchestra.
The Vienna Philharmonic also functions as the Vienna State Opera
Orchestra. To enter the Philharmonic, musicians must first be hired
by the Vienna State Opera and complete a tenure period which is
usually about three years. Only one member of the Opera Orchestra has
not been given membership in the Philharmonic after completing a
tenure period, the cellist Ursula Wex, who was hired in 2003. For the
last eight years, she has been denied membership in the Vienna
Philharmonic because she took maternity leave while a member of the
State Opera Orchestra.
The Vienna State Opera Orchestra has not hired any new women members
in the last four years, so aside from Ms.Wex whose situation is
unlikely to change, there are currently no further women in the
orchestra who can be tenured into the Philharmonic. (Exceptions might
exist if the Opera Orchesrtra has hired women with contracts beginning
in this season, i.e. September 2011. The State Opera is often a few
months behind in updating its website, which is what I use to monitor
the new hires.) Even if a woman is hired in 2012, she will not be
eligible for membership in the Philharmonic until at least 2015. This
means that for at least the next three years, the rate of increase for
women in the Vienna Philharmonic will be 0%. (And if any women have
been engaged for the beginning of the current season, they would
probably also not be tenured into the Philharmonic until 2015.)
This also means that in the 18 years between 1997 and 2015, the
Philharmonic will have given only six women membership, even though
over half of the orchestra’s personnel will have been replaced during
this period. The Vienna Philharmonic thus lags far behind
international norms. Below is a table showing the total percentages
of women in seven comparable major orchestras, and the increase in the
membership of women during the four years from 2005 to 2009:
Orchestra
% of women
% increase 2005-09
• Gürzenich Orchester (orchestra of the Cologne Opera) 37.50% 9.27%
• New York Philharmonic 48.91% 8.32%
• Philharmonisches Staatsorchester Hamburg 37.21% 7.21%
• Orchester der Deutschen Oper Berlin 27.50% 6.53%
• Chicago Symphony 34.34% 6.46%
• Opera Orchestra of Zurich 45.22% 6.43%
• Concertgebouworkest 35.04% 6.09%
In only four years, the ratio of women in these major orchestras
increased by up to 9%, while the Vienna Philharmonic will have only
increased its membership of women to 4.7% in the 18 years from 1997 to
2015.
In major orchestras, musicians work on average about 30 years before
retirement. In an average sized orchestra, this creates about a 4.3%
yearly turnover for their personnel. (There is a variable margin of
error in this number, since some musicians work longer than 30 years,
and some leave sooner due to deaths or jobs such as professorships.)
The Vienna Philharmonic averages about 130 members, so this comes to
about 5.2 musicians per year that need to be hired as replacements for
retirees. This allows us to reasonably estimate the m/f ratios for
new hires in the Vienna Philharmonic as shown in the table below:
VPO By Year
Est. number of new men hired
New women hired
% of women among new hires
1997-2006 52 1 1.96%
2007-2011 21 5 19.23%
2012-2015 15 0 0%
Even accounting for a large margin of error in the estimates for men
hired, we see radical variations in the ratio of women among new hires
during these three periods. After the Philharmonic agreed to admit
women in 1997, the intense media scrutiny of the orchestra and the
protests against it dropped off considerably. The Vienna Philharmonic
was thus allowed to continue its discrimination and not hire any women
aside from one woman harpist for the next ten years.
In 2007, scrutiny of the Philharmonic increased after I published a
widely read article documenting the continued exclusion of women, and
combined it with a case study about the orchestra’s abuse and firing
of a recently hired woman violinist. To counter the renewed
controversy, the Philharmonic gave membership to five women in the
next five years (2007-2011), including a woman concertmaster. This
raised the ratio of women among new hires during this five year period
to about 19.23% — which approaches international standards for major
orchestras in the German-speaking world. It also raised the overall
membership of women in the Vienna Philharmonic during this five year
period by 0.78% per year which is slightly above the international
standard of 0.71% per year.
The State Opera’s employment of a woman concertmaster, Albena
Danailova, was a media sensation and improved the orchestra’s image.
This is consistent with sociological models which suggest that
isocratic organizations resist change by placing outsiders in key
positions to justify and rationalize the same group’s exclusion in the
rank and file. As expected, protests and media scrutiny were once
again greatly reduced, which allowed the State Opera Orchestra to not
hire any additional women for the next four years (2008-2011).
Since no new women have been hired by the State Opera Orchestra in
four years, there are currently none waiting to be tenured into the
Philharmonic (except Ms. Wex whose status is unlikely to change).
Even if a woman is hired in 2012, she will have to wait at least three
years before becoming a member. The ratio for women among new members
in the Philharmonic will thus reflect the Staatsoper's reduction and
drop to 0% for at least the next three years. >>