[Law 23, in part]
>> "could have been aware at the time of his irregularity that this
>> could well damage" the NOS.
On 2013-02-05 9:00 AM, Steve Foster wrote:
> "was aware" or "is aware" require divination, but "could have been
> aware" is a very broad target.
Yes, that part is broad and requires no divination. (I usually say
"mind reading.") Now take a look at the next part. The phrase "could
well" is quite different from "could." The latter is very general, but
the former is an idiomatic English phrase that means there has to be a
specific reason to expect the outcome. As someone else -- and I've now
forgotten who -- gave as an example: anyone now alive "could" die in the
next 24 hours, but only a person already very sick or otherwise in
danger "could well" die in the next 24 hours.
The basic purpose of Law 23 is to ban all forms of "Alcatraz Coup." It
catches the sweet old lady who innocently revokes because she can't tell
the hearts from the diamonds just as much as the sharpie who might have
done it on purpose. However, it's not enough that the OS gains in the
end; there must have been a reasonable expectation of gain at the time
of the irregularity. Adam gave a good explanation. Another example is
a player who wants to sign off at 4NT, but that would be taken as
Blackwood. No problem (absent L23): just make an insufficient bid,
barring partner, and then bid the 4NT you want. L23 takes care of that
and anything else of the kind.
As it happens, I can actually think of a specific hand type where I'd
apply L23 to an opening pass out of turn. It's a hand that has no
accurate bid, but if partner has some values and gambles 3NT, it's
likely to be successful. With that hint, you can probably figure it
out. I don't claim that's the only type, though it's the only one I can
think of, but when the initial passer has any normal hand, L23 has no
effect.