Arindam Banerjee
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> > It's well known by physicists that Newton's third law of
> > action=reaction doesn't generally apply in the case of magnetic forces
> > between conductors carrying currents at an arbitary angle wrt one
> > another.
> Which is why, the third law needs updating.
> After all, when we walk on a smooth horizontal surface, hold anything
> between our fingers, etc. or any movement sans thrusting back mass as
> in a rocket or pushing against the earth like a sprinter from a
> starting block, we are violating the Third law of motion.
> The beauty of this is that we can easily have electrical engines that
> will continuously accelerate, beyond the speed of light - for example,
> like a stone thrown in a well.
> I had explained all this long before, in my book "To the Stars!" way
> back in 2000.
> Cheers,
> Arindam Banerjee.
It is strange how the great-great physicists have not updated the
most
basic issues relating to motion - namely, about touch, walking,
seeing, etc.
In Newton's time and up till now, motion is considered impossible
without friction, and rightly so. But friction was thought to be
something mechanical. Like, indentations in the surfaces take place
with application of pressure, there is a "locking" of matter, like a
zipper or something. When the push-back is given, all these
indentations that are vertical (shall we say) push back the pusher,
like so many minute starting-blocks for a sprinter. In other words,
pressure creates numerous "starting blocks" and they if they are
rigid
enough as starting blocks should be, provide the equal and opposite
reaction for motion. Such is the conventional explanation,theory, or
conjecture. And it is certainly workable, plausible, and most useful
in all engineering applications. Thus, if our mass is M, and we
direct an internal force F down our feet at angle t to the horizontal
on a flat surface of frictional coeff f, then the force that will
impel us forward will be:
F*cost(t)
while the force upon the earth will be
F*sin(t)
The total force upon the ground will be
Mg + F*sin(t).
Because of friction, the horizontal force from the above will be
f*(Mg + F*sin(t))
If f=0 (perfectly slippery surface) then there will be no horizontal
force to push the body. With non-zero f, we will have the relation
F*cos(t) >= f*(Mg + F*sin(t))
while the acclerating force AF acting upon the body will always be
AF = f*(Mg+F*sin(t))
These two equations explain a lot! Like, floundering on slippery
surfaces, etc.)
However now with our atomic theory we know that every atom is
surrounded by a shell of electrons. Indeed our most powerful
microscopes show blobs, for atoms, so the atomic theory is no longer
a
theory. Matter is indeed composed of atoms - and atoms are made of
charges. The negative charges are electrons surrounding the atom.
Thus, when matter is pressed together, what is happening is that the
electron layers from two surfaces are being pressed together. Let us
state again - everything, every speck of matter, is actually covered
with electrons. When matter collides, electrons are squeezed, they
move from their normal positions.
Now, lots of interesting things happen when electrons move.
The most fundamental formula for electricity and force is:
vector of forceF = chargeQ*velocity_of_ChargeV (cross product of)
magnetic_fieldB, or
F=qv X B
Now, with touch of surfaces, electron movement happens, Velocity V is
nonzero. Changing electric fields at the surface also happen, as
there is a disorientation from the normal positions due to the
electrons' distortion. (Not as much as charges actually hitting the
atoms as in electric current causing light, but nevertheless,
distorting them sufficiently to create small local changing electric
fields). And with changing electric fields, there have to happen
changing magnetic fields as well. So the term B is also nonzero.
Thus, F=qV(cross product)B is a non-zero force vector, naturally
happening with touch of any two surfaces. Greater the squeeze,
greater
this force - as we know from experience.
This holding electromagnetic force is normal to the plane of v and B.
IT IS CAUSED BY THE FORCE NORMAL TO IT AND IS THUS VIOLATING NEWTON'S
THIRD LAW. It is a part of overall frictional force coefficient
(which
naturally takes into account the direct reactions form the matter
indentations of the standard friction theory).
Cheers,
Arindam Banerjee