*** MAO THE BUTCHER MASSACRED TENS OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE *** Jai Maharaj posts
and/or www.mantra.com/jai
1. People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong's regime (1949-1975):
40 000 000 (Source [1])
* Agence France Press (25 Sept. 1999) citing at length from
Courtois, Stephane, Le Livre Noir du Communism:
o Rural purges, 1946-49: 2-5M deaths
o Urban purges, 1950-57: 1M
o Great Leap Forward: 20-43M
o Cultural Revolution: 2-7M
o Labor Camps: 20M
o Tibet: 0.6-1.2M
o TOTAL: 44.5 to 72M
* Jasper Becker, Hungry Ghosts : Mao's Secret Famine (1996)
o Estimates of the death toll from the Great Leap
Forward, 1959-61:
+ Judith Banister, China's Changing Population
(1984): 30M excess deaths (acc2 Becker: "the most reliable estimate
we have")
+ Wang Weizhi, Contemporary Chinese Population
(1988): 19.5M deaths
+ Jin Hui (1993): 40M population loss due to
"abnormal deaths and reduced births"
+ Chen Yizi of the System Reform Inst.: 43-46M
deaths
* Brzezinski:
o Forcible collectivization: 27 million peasants
o Cultural Revolution: 1-2 million
o TOTAL: 29 million deaths under Mao
* Daniel Chirot:
o Land reform, 1949-56
+ According to Zhou Enlai: 830,000
+ According to Mao Zedong: 2-3M
o Great Leap Forward: 20-40 million deaths.
o Cultural Revolution: 1-20 million
* Jung Chang, Mao: the Unknown Story (2005)
o Suppression of Counterrevolutionaries, 1950-51: 3M
by execution, mob or suicide
o Three-Anti Campaign, 1952-53: 200,000-300,000
suicides
o Great Leap Forward, 1958-61: 38M of starvation and
overwork
o Cultural Revolution, 1966-76: > 3M died violent
deaths
o Laogai camp deaths, 1949-76: 27M
o TOTAL under Mao: 70M
* Dictionary of 20C World History: around a half million
died in Cultural Rev.
* Eckhardt:
o Govt executes landlords (1950-51): 1,000,000
o Cultural Revolution (1967-68): 50,000
* Gilbert:
o 1958-61 Famine: 30 million deaths.
* Kurt Glaser and Stephan Possony, Victims of Politics
(1979):
o They estimate the body count under Mao to be
38,000,000 to 67,000,000.
o Cited by G & P:
+ Walker Report (see below): 44.3M to 63.8M
deaths.
+ The Government Information Office of Taiwan
(18 Sept. 1970): 37M deaths in the PRC.
+ A Radio Moscow report (7 Apr. 1969): 26.4M
people had been exterminated in China.
+ (NOTE: Obviously the Soviets and Taiwanese
would, as enemies, be strongly motivated to exaggerate.)
* Guinness Book of World Records:
o Although nowadays they don't come right out and
declare Mao to be the Top Dog in the Mass Killings category, earlier
editions (such as 1978) did, and they cited sources which are
similar, but not identical, to the Glaser & Possony sources:
+ On 7 Apr. 1969 the Soviet government radio
reported that 26,300,000 people were killed in China, 1949-65.
+ In April 1971 the cabinet of the government
of Taiwan reported 39,940,000 deaths for the years 1949-69.
+ The Walker Report (see below): between
32,2500,000 and 61,700,000.
* Harff and Gurr:
o KMT cadre, rich peasants, landlords (1950-51):
800,000-3,000,000
o Cultural Revolution (1966-75): 400,000-850,000
* John Heidenrich, How to Prevent Genocide: A Guide for
Policymakers, Scholars, and the Concerned Citizen: 27M death toll,
incl. 2M in Cultural Revolution
* Paul Johnson doesn't give an overall total, but he gives
estimates for the principle individual mass dyings of the Mao years:
o Land reform, first years of PRC: at least 2 million
people perished.
o Great Leap Forward: "how many millions died ... is
a matter of conjecture."
o Cultural Revolution: 400,000, calling the 3 Feb.
1979 estimate by Agence France Presse, "The most widely respected
figure".
* Meisner, Maurice, Mao's China and After (1977, 1999),
doesn't give an overall total either, but he does give estimates for
the three principle mass dyings of the Mao years:
o Terror against the counterrevolutionaries: 2
million people executed during the first three years of the PRC.
o Great Leap Forward: 15-30 million famine-related
deaths.
o Cultural Revolution: 400,000, citing a 1979
estimate by Agence France Presse.
* R. J. Rummel:
o Estimate:
+ Democide: 34,361,000 (1949-75)
# The principle episodes being...
* All movements (1949-58): 11,813,000
o incl. Land Reform (1949-53): 4,500,000
* Cult. Rev. (1964-75): 1,613,000
* Forced Labor (1949-75): 15,000,000
* Great Leap Forward (1959-63): 5,680,000 democides
+ War: 3,399,000
+ Famine: 34,500,000
# Great Leap Forward: 27M famine deaths
+ TOTAL: 72,260,000
o Cited in Rummel:
+ Li, Cheng-Chung (Republic of China, 1979):
78.86M direct/indirect deaths.
+ World Anti-Communist League, True Facts of
Maoist Tyranny (1971): 64.5M
+ Glaser & Possony: 38 to 67M (see above)
+ Walker Report, 1971 (see below): 31.75M to
58.5M casualties of Communism (excluding Korean War).
+ Current Death Toll of International Communism
(1979): 39.9M
+ Stephen R. Shalom (1984), Center for Asian
Studies, Deaths in China Due To Communism: 3M to 4M death toll,
excluding famine.
* Walker, Robert L., The Human Cost of Communism in China
(1971, report to the US Senate Committee of the Judiciary)
"Casualties to Communism" (deaths):
o 1st Civil War (1927-36): .25-.5M
o Fighting during Sino-Japanese War (1937-45): 50,000
o 2nd Civil War (1945-49): 1.25M
o Land Reform prior to Liberation: 0.5-1.0M
o Political liquidation campaigns: 15-30M
o Korean War: 0.5-1.234M
o Great Leap Forward: 1-2M
o Struggle with minorities: 0.5-1.0M
o Cultural Revolution: .25-.5M
o Deaths in labor camps: 15-25M
o TOTAL: 34.3M to 63.784M
o TOTAL FOR PRC: 32M to 59.5M
* July 17, 1994, Washington Post (Great Leap Forward 1959-
61)
o Shanghai University journal, Society: > 40 million
o Cong Jin: 40 million
o Chen Yizi: 43 million in the famine. 80 million
total as a result of Mao's policies.
* Weekly Standard, 29 Sept. 1997, "The Laogai Archipelago"
by D. Aikman:
o Between 1949 and 1997, 50M prisoners passed through
the labor camps, and 15,000,000 died (citing Harry Wu)
* WHPSI: 1,633,319 political executions and 25,961 deaths
from political violence, 1948-77. TOTAL: 1,659,280
* Analysis: If we line up the 14 sources which claim to be
complete, the median falls in the 45.75 to 52.5 million range, so you
probably can't go wrong picking a final number from this
neighborhood. Depending on how you want to count some of the
incomplete estimates (such as Becker and Meisner) and whether to
count a source twice (or thrice, as with Walker) if it's referenced
by two different authorities, you can slide the median up and down
the scale by many millions. Keep in mind, however, that official
Chinese records are hidden from scrutiny, so most of these numbers
are pure guesses. It's pointless to get attached to any one of them,
because the real number could easily be half or twice any number
here.
* Perhaps a better way of estimating would be to add up the
individual components. The medians here are:
o Purges, etc. during the first few years: 2M (10
estimates)
o Great Leap Forward: 31-33M (14 estimates)
o Cultural Revolution: 1M (13 estimates)
o Ethnic Minorities, primarily Tibetans: 750-900T (8
estimates, see below)
o Labor Camps: 20M (5 estimates)
o This produces a total of some 54,750,000 to
56,900,000 deaths. The weak link in this calculation is in the Labor
Camp numbers for which we only have 5 estimates.
* Notice that many early body counts (such as Walker)
completely miss the famine during the Great Leap Forward, which was
largely unknown in the west until around 1980. There are two
contradictory ways to assess those early estimates which ignore the
famine:
1. "If these are the numbers that they came up with
without the famine, imagine how high the true number will be once you
add the famine deaths."
2. "Can we trust any of these numbers? After all, if
they missed such a huge famine, they can't have known very much about
what was going on inside China."
* ... so this line of reasoning will get us nowhere. In
fact, the median of the 7 estimate that predate 1980 is 45.7M, which
is almost the same as the median of the 7 estimates that post-date
1980 -- 58M. (At this scale, a 12M difference counts as "almost the
same".)
2. Tibet (1950 et seq.): 600 000
* Chinese occupation. (For the most part, it's already been
included in the numbers above.)
o Free Tibet Campaign
[ http://www.freetibet.org/info/facts/fact1.html ]
+ Tibetans killed by the Chinese since 1950:
1,200,000
+ Died in prisons and labour camps between 1950
and 1984: up to 260,000
+ 1959 Uprising: 430,000 died
# K. in Reprisals: 87,000
o Our Times: 1,200,000
o Courtois: 600,000 - 1,200,000
o Walker, Robert: 500,000-1,000,000 (all ethnic
minorities)
o Rummel: 375,000 democides inflicted on etnic
minorities
+ ... incl 150,000 Tibetans
o Porter: 100,000 to 150,000.
o Eckhardt:
+ 1950-51 War: 2,000 civ.
+ 1956-59 Revolt: 60,000 civ. + 40,000 mil. =
100,000
o Harff and Gurr: 65,000 Tibetan nationalists,
landowners, Buddhists killed, 1959
o Small & Singer say that China lost 40,000 soldiers
in Tibet between 1956 and '59.
[1] http://www.anonym.to/?http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm#Mao
Jai Maharaj, Jyotishi
Om Shanti
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