'INDIGENOUS INDIANS': GENETIC STUDIES *** Jai Maharaj posts
and/or www.mantra.com/jai
Friday, September 25, 2009
Indigenous Indians: genetic studies
Here are three genetic study reports. Two reports on Indian
population genetics appeared in *Nature* of 24 Sept. 2009 and another
on the origins of Zebu in South Asia in *Molecular Biology and
Evolution*, Sept. 21, 2009.
These studies throw light on the indigenous evolution of human
population and zebu cattle in ancient India.
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/12019127/nature08365
David Reich et al., Reconstructing Indian population history (Nature,
Vol. 461, 24 Sept. 2009)
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/12019195/Aravinda-Chakraborthy_Comment-on-Reich-et-al_Tracing-India's-invisible-threads
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/12019195/Aravinda-Chakraborthy_Comment-on-Reich-et-al_Tracing-India's-invisible-threads
Aravinda Chakravarti, Tracing India's invisible threads (Nature, Vol.
46, 24 Sept. 2009)
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/12019170/Chen-et-al_2009_MBE_
Zebu-cattle-are-an-exclusive-legacy-of-the-South-Asia-Neolithic
(Shanyuan Chen et al, Zebu cattle are an exclusive legacy of the
South Asian Neolithic, *Molecular Biology and Evolution*, OUP, Sept.
21, 2009). Zebu is depicted on Indus script (Sarasvati hieroglyphs)
and is often recognized as the signature-tune of Indian connections
in Mesopotamian civilization finds of the 4th-5th millennium BCE.
Earlier genetic reports include the following, detailing ongoing
genetic researches in many scientific institutions:
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/07/17/0810842106.abstract
http://www.pnas.org/content/<http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/07/17/0810842106.full.pdf+htmlearly/2009/07/17/0810842106
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/07/17/0810842106.full.pdf+htmlfull.pdf+html
http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/07/17/0810842106.full.pdf+html
Mirror: http://sites.google.com/site/kalyan97/palaeolithic
Dr. Petraglia (University of Oxford): "Today, humans are concerned with the
effects of burgeoning population size and climate change. By pulling
together an interdisciplinary and international group of scholars, we
address the correspondence between environmental change, population size
increase and technological innovations in prehistory. Our research
programme sets a new research agenda for those who wish to understand the
prehistory of India, but also to those investigating similar issues
worldwide. Our study, centering on archaeological sites across South Asia,
and includingnew field research in the Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh,
finds that microlithic technologies are much earlier than assumed, and go
back to at least 35,000 years ago. There are few better places to conduct
this research than in India. India is blessed with a rich archaeological
record that can be used to test many theories of human adaptation and
survival."
Dr. Gyaneshwer Chaubey (Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University
of Tartu, Estonia): The extremely interesting outcome of this research is
finding the same result by genetics, palaeoenvironmental as well as
archaeological researches. The high genetic diversity in South Asian
populations came from the large number of people who were already present in
the subcontinent 35 thousand years ago. It is also notable that the South
Asians have highest number of maternal lineages coming out directly from the
root. We observed that the most of such lineages have an emergence time
around 35 thousand years. The archaeological and palaeoenvironmental
findings reached to the same conclusions suggesting a population expansion
before LGM (last glacial maxima). It supports the indigenous South Asian
in-situ development of maternal genepool in to the subcontinent rather than
any major influx out of the subcontinent. This study stress the need of
interdisciplinary approach for reconstruction of the complex population
histories of South Asia, which needs to be resolved through the interaction
of genetics, anthropology, archaeology and linguistic approaches.
http://www.dc-epaper.com/DC/DCC/2009/03/02/ArticleHtmls/02_03_2009_001_020.shtml?Mode=0
Common genetic traits - Aryan theory demolished
An international team of genetic scientists has ruled out the theory of
Aryan invasion of the Indian sub-continent.
"The age old argument that there was an Aryan invasion of the sub-continent
is simply bunkum.
Scientific studies prove that there is no such thing as Aryan Indian or
Dravidian Indian. Genetic high resolution studies carried out by us prove
that all Indians are derived from same grandgrand parents who arrived here
60,000-70,000 years ago from Africa," Dr Gyaneshwer Chaubey, a scientist of
the team, told Deccan Chronicle.
Dr Chaubey, a member of the scientific community at the Instituteof
Molecular an d Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Estonia, said the research
also proved that all Indians had common genetic traits irrespective of the
regions to which they belonged.
"It took us four years to complete the study and we analysed 12,200 samples
to reach this conclusion," said Dr Chaubey.
"Genetic studies help us to establish relations between populations. We
focussed on the paternal (Y chromosomes) and maternal DNA genealogies. The
data which we generated does not support any major influx to the
subcontinent other than the earlier arrival of migrants from Africa," he
said.
"The present day caste/creed/religion is of indigenous origin," said Dr
Chaubey.
http://www.dc-epaper.com/DC/DCC/2009/03/02/ArticleHtmls/02_03_2009_001_020.shtml?Mode=0#
http://www.dc-epaper.com/DC/DCC/2009/03/02/ArticleHtmls/02_03_2009_001_020.shtml?Mode=0
Additional comments:
We all are aware on social endogamy and caste division of India and
this paper is a solid evidence that the sanatana dharma is deeply
rooted. It can be also true that there are two roots of major
civilizations.
But there are several shortcomings in the study reported in Nature of
24 Sept. 2009:
1) They have used population Santhal on the centre of "ancestral
South India" which is not correct. ASI should be recalculated keeping
real South Indian populations. Santhal is an East Indian population
which has a East Asian genetic input.
2) The main problem of this paper is showing the upper caste closer
to Central Asians and Europeans which is the same fault, which has
been done by Bamshad and Stoneking in their older papers on India!
The North Indian ancestry which they have misinterpreted as derived
from central Asians and Europeans is actually is the genetic
component of Indus people who have migrated from west to east after
drying up the river Sarasvati.
3) The dates of any founding lineage can't be calculated by the
method used in this paper becase SNP's don't give any algorithm to
calculate the time. Therefore, we think that south as well as north
ancestry is quite old and needs further exploration.
* * *
It is clear that the genetic studies consistently point to 1)
indigenous evolution of the present-day Bharatiya and 2) demolish the
Aryan-invasion/migration as a myth. This myth was indeed a creation
of indology, as Eurocentric academics sought to find their origins
and ended up in India and could not stomach the possibility that
India had an indigenously-founded and evolved civilization ca. 5th
millennium BCE which ran counter to their wrongly perceived 'white-
man's burden' of civilizing forest-dwellers and cattle-keepers who
could not even domesticate cultivation of food-crops.
Read on . . . http://sites.google.com/site/kalyan97/palaeolithic
S. Kalyanaraman
End of forwarded message from S. Kalyanaraman
Jai Maharaj, Jyotishi
Om Shanti
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