> OK, I have a solution: if I patch the function

>  render_view(context, request, name='', secure=True)

> in my .../pyramid-1.3.2-py3.2.egg/pyramid/view.py file
> by replacing

>  return ''.join(iterable)

> at the end with the following if-then-else code

>  if isinstance(iterable[0], str):
>      return ''.join(iterable)
>  else:
>      return b''.join(iterable)

> then everything works as expected, but I'd certainly not
> want to do this forever / would very much appreciate, if
> someone could have a closer look at the problem.

> -Andreas

> Andreas Reuleaux <reule...@web.de> writes:

>> OK, not having gotten any feedback, I guess my problem description was
>> to vague.

>> I have therefore prepared a little sample program, that should be easy
>> to extract and run from this e-mail: when running it with python2 I have
>> no problems, when running it with python3 I get the aforementioned byte
>> vs. string problems (also shown below once more).

>> While I roughly know, what has changed between python2 and python3
>> concerning strings/bytes, I am kind of stuck in this situation: I don't
>> know what to do in this case and I would hope that someone will try out
>> this sample program and point me in the right direction.

>> To make the installation experience easier, I have avoided to use to
>> many different python/configuration files: the whole program lives in
>> one file sample.py, which make use of a couple of templates.

>> To try out the program, you should therefore extract from this e-mail

>> * the file sample.py

>> * as well as the templates page.pt, home.pt, other.pt, and notfound.pt
>>  (note that only page.pt is a complete html page, the others are
>>  just html snippets)

>> steps to install/run the program on python2

>> create the environment
>> $ virtualenv foo
>> $ cd foo
>> $ ./bin/easy_install pyramid
>> $ ./bin/easy_install pyramid_viewgroup

>> copy the python script and the page templates to your foo env
>> $ cp .../simple.py .
>> $ cp .../page.pt .
>> $ cp .../home.pt .
>> $ cp .../other.pt .
>> $ cp .../notfound.pt .

>> adjust the path to the templates in simple.py, like
>> path=os.path.dirname('/path/to/my/foo/')

>> start the server
>> $ ./bin/python simple.py -port 8080

>> and have a look at some pages
>> http://myserver:8080/home
>> http://myserver:8080/other
>> http://myserver:8080/whatever - not found!
>> http://myserver:8080/         - default view

>> (see the explanations below, what's going on under the hood.)

>> --
>> now do the same with python3

>> create the environment
>> $ virtualenv-3.2 bar3
>> $ cd bar3
>> $ ./bin/easy_install-3.2 pyramid
>> $ ./bin/easy_install-3.2 pyramid_viewgroup

>> copy the simple.py script and the page templates as above,
>> and adjust the path to the templates

>> start the server with
>> $ ./bin/python3 simple.py -port 8080

>> and have a look at some pages as above.

>> While http://myserver:8080/, the default view renders fine,
>> as soon as I look at some of the other pages: home, other, whatever (not found)
>> I get

>> File "/home/reuleaux/tmp/bar3/lib/python3.2/site-packages/pyramid-1.3.2-py3.2.eg g/pyramid/view.py", line 139, in render_view
>>    return ''.join(iterable)
>> TypeError: sequence item 0: expected str instance, bytes found

>> - Expression: "provider('content')"
>> - Filename:   None
>> - Location:   (24:33)
>> - Source:     ... l:replace="structure provider('content')">page content</div>
>>                                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>> - Arguments:  repeat: {...} (0)
>>               renderer_name: /home/reuleaux/tmp/bar3/page.pt
>>               req: <NoneType - at 0x84bf40>
>>               request: <NoneType - at 0x84bf40>
>>               provider: <Provider - at 0x28059d0>
>>               renderer_info: <RendererHelper - at 0x2805a10>
>>               context: <Home - at 0x2805a50>
>>               escape: False
>>               view: <NoneType - at 0x84bf40>
>> 192.168.1.7 - - [21/Jul/2012 01:58:49] "GET /home HTTP/1.1" 500 59  

>> As mentioned before: I am lost in this case, any help is appreciated.

>> Some explanations of what's going on in the python2 case /
>> how it is supposed to work:

>> While viewlets/content providers are not everyone's preferred style,
>> I have used them here to assemble some pages from building blocks
>> e. g. my home page looks just like this:

>>  @implementer(IPage)
>>  class Home(object):
>>      content=HomeContent()
>>      title='Home'

>> I. e. it is a page (implements IPage), and its contents is just
>> the home content.

>> Another page, Other, is very similar, but has of course some other
>> content:

>>  @implementer(IPage)
>>  class Other(object):
>>      content=OtherContent()
>>      title='Other'

>> I have used traversal to find those objects, e. g.

>>  http://myserver:port/home

>> will render Home, .../other will render Other and so on

>> The views operate just on the interfaces IPage, IContent,
>> i. e. view_page can render any page, and will make use of
>> view_content to fill in / show the content provided for
>> this particular page.

>> Anyway, thanks for reading, and thanks in advance for trying out.

>> -Andreas

>> simple.py
>> --------------------------------------------------
>> from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
>> from pyramid.config import Configurator
>> from pyramid.response import Response

>> from pyramid_viewgroup import Provider

>> from pyramid.renderers import render_to_response

>> import sys
>> import os

>> import argparse

>> opts=None

>> # path = os.path.dirname('/home/reuleaux/tmp/foo/')
>> path = os.path.dirname('/home/reuleaux/work/website/py3/')

>> from zope.interface import Interface, implementer

>> class IContent(Interface):
>>    pass

>> class IPage(Interface):
>>    pass

>> @implementer(IContent)
>> class HomeContent(object):
>>    msg="hi from home"
>>    tmplt=os.path.join(path, 'home.pt')

>> @implementer(IPage)
>> class Home(object):
>>    content=HomeContent()
>>    title='Home'

>> @implementer(IContent)
>> class OtherContent(object):
>>    msg="hi from other"
>>    tmplt=os.path.join(path, 'other.pt')

>> @implementer(IPage)
>> class Other(object):
>>    content=OtherContent()
>>    title='Other'

>> @implementer(IContent)
>> class NotFoundContent(object):
>>    tmplt=os.path.join(path, 'notfound.pt')
>>    msg="not found!"

>> @implementer(IPage)
>> class NotFound(object):
>>    content=NotFoundContent()
>>    title='not found'

>> app={
>>    'home': Home,
>>    'other': Other,
>>    }

>> @implementer(IPage)
>> class App(object):
>>    def __getitem__(self, name):
>>        return app.get(name, NotFound)()

>> class Root(object):
>>    def __init__(self, request):
>>        self.request = request

>>    def __getitem__(self, name=None):
>>        if name in ['static',
>>                    ]:
>>            raise KeyError
>>        else:
>>            return App()[name]

>> def default_view(request):
>>    return Response('Hello world!')

>> def content_view(request):
>>    content=getattr(request.context, 'content', None)

>>    if hasattr(content, 'tmplt'):
>>        return render_to_response(content.tmplt,
>>                                  { },
>>                              )
>>    else:
>>        return Response('<span class="mark">content</span>')

>> def page_view(request):
>>    context=request.context
>>    provider=Provider(context, request)
>>    return render_to_response(
>>        os.path.join(path, 'page.pt'),
>>        {
>>            'provider': provider,
>>            'context': context,
>>        },
>>    )

>> def parser():

>>    parser=argparse.ArgumentParser()

>>    parser.add_argument("-port",
>>                        '--port',
>>                        dest="port",
>>                        action="store",
>>                        default=6543,
>>                        help="port")

>>    return parser

>> def run(args):

>>    p=parser()
>>    global opts
>>    opts = p.parse_args(args)
>>    # print(opts)

>>    config = Configurator(root_factory=Root)

>>    config.add_view('.default_view',)

>>    config.add_view('.page_view',
>>                    context='.IPage',)

>>    config.add_view('.content_view',
>>                    name='content',
>>                    context='.IPage',)

>>    app = config.make_wsgi_app()
>>    server = make_server('0.0.0.0', int(opts.port), app)
>>    server.serve_forever()

>> if __name__ == '__main__':
>>   run(sys.argv[1:])
>> --------------------------------------------------

>> page.pt
>> --------------------------------------------------
>> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>

Simon Yarde <simonya...@me.com> writes:
> You'd probably want to walk the iterable and cast all elements to
> string? Then do your join operation with the empty unicode
> string. Your code only checks the first item and assumes all other
> elements are also strings - perhaps your code is working because there
> is only one element in the iterable for your circumstances.

> I'm not familiar enough with this part of the Pyramid library to say
> more than this.. but something must be casting to bytes somewhere
> otherwise all strings would be defaulting to Unicode under Python 3.

> On 21 Jul 2012, at 20:44, Andreas Reuleaux <reule...@web.de> wrote:

>> OK, I have a solution: if I patch the function

>>  render_view(context, request, name='', secure=True)

>> in my .../pyramid-1.3.2-py3.2.egg/pyramid/view.py file
>> by replacing

>>  return ''.join(iterable)

>> at the end with the following if-then-else code

>>  if isinstance(iterable[0], str):
>>      return ''.join(iterable)
>>  else:
>>      return b''.join(iterable)

>> then everything works as expected, but I'd certainly not
>> want to do this forever / would very much appreciate, if
>> someone could have a closer look at the problem.

>> -Andreas

>> Andreas Reuleaux <reule...@web.de> writes:

>>> OK, not having gotten any feedback, I guess my problem description was
>>> to vague.

>>> I have therefore prepared a little sample program, that should be easy
>>> to extract and run from this e-mail: when running it with python2 I have
>>> no problems, when running it with python3 I get the aforementioned byte
>>> vs. string problems (also shown below once more).

>>> While I roughly know, what has changed between python2 and python3
>>> concerning strings/bytes, I am kind of stuck in this situation: I don't
>>> know what to do in this case and I would hope that someone will try out
>>> this sample program and point me in the right direction.

>>> To make the installation experience easier, I have avoided to use to
>>> many different python/configuration files: the whole program lives in
>>> one file sample.py, which make use of a couple of templates.

>>> To try out the program, you should therefore extract from this e-mail

>>> * the file sample.py

>>> * as well as the templates page.pt, home.pt, other.pt, and notfound.pt
>>>  (note that only page.pt is a complete html page, the others are
>>>  just html snippets)

>>> steps to install/run the program on python2

>>> create the environment
>>> $ virtualenv foo
>>> $ cd foo
>>> $ ./bin/easy_install pyramid
>>> $ ./bin/easy_install pyramid_viewgroup

>>> copy the python script and the page templates to your foo env
>>> $ cp .../simple.py .
>>> $ cp .../page.pt .
>>> $ cp .../home.pt .
>>> $ cp .../other.pt .
>>> $ cp .../notfound.pt .

>>> adjust the path to the templates in simple.py, like
>>> path=os.path.dirname('/path/to/my/foo/')

>>> start the server
>>> $ ./bin/python simple.py -port 8080

>>> and have a look at some pages
>>> http://myserver:8080/home
>>> http://myserver:8080/other
>>> http://myserver:8080/whatever - not found!
>>> http://myserver:8080/         - default view

>>> (see the explanations below, what's going on under the hood.)

>>> --
>>> now do the same with python3

>>> create the environment
>>> $ virtualenv-3.2 bar3
>>> $ cd bar3
>>> $ ./bin/easy_install-3.2 pyramid
>>> $ ./bin/easy_install-3.2 pyramid_viewgroup

>>> copy the simple.py script and the page templates as above,
>>> and adjust the path to the templates

>>> start the server with
>>> $ ./bin/python3 simple.py -port 8080

>>> and have a look at some pages as above.

>>> While http://myserver:8080/, the default view renders fine,
>>> as soon as I look at some of the other pages: home, other, whatever (not found)
>>> I get

>>> File "/home/reuleaux/tmp/bar3/lib/python3.2/site-packages/pyramid-1.3.2-py3.2.eg g/pyramid/view.py", line 139, in render_view
>>>    return ''.join(iterable)
>>> TypeError: sequence item 0: expected str instance, bytes found

>>> - Expression: "provider('content')"
>>> - Filename:   None
>>> - Location:   (24:33)
>>> - Source:     ... l:replace="structure provider('content')">page content</div>
>>>                                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>>> - Arguments:  repeat: {...} (0)
>>>               renderer_name: /home/reuleaux/tmp/bar3/page.pt
>>>               req: <NoneType - at 0x84bf40>
>>>               request: <NoneType - at 0x84bf40>
>>>               provider: <Provider - at 0x28059d0>
>>>               renderer_info: <RendererHelper - at 0x2805a10>
>>>               context: <Home - at 0x2805a50>
>>>               escape: False
>>>               view: <NoneType - at 0x84bf40>
>>> 192.168.1.7 - - [21/Jul/2012 01:58:49] "GET /home HTTP/1.1" 500 59  

>>> As mentioned before: I am lost in this case, any help is appreciated.

>>> Some explanations of what's going on in the python2 case /
>>> how it is supposed to work:

>>> While viewlets/content providers are not everyone's preferred style,
>>> I have used them here to assemble some pages from building blocks
>>> e. g. my home page looks just like this:

>>>  @implementer(IPage)
>>>  class Home(object):
>>>      content=HomeContent()
>>>      title='Home'

>>> I. e. it is a page (implements IPage), and its contents is just
>>> the home content.

>>> Another page, Other, is very similar, but has of course some other
>>> content:

>>>  @implementer(IPage)
>>>  class Other(object):
>>>      content=OtherContent()
>>>      title='Other'

>>> I have used traversal to find those objects, e. g.

>>>  http://myserver:port/home

>>> will render Home, .../other will render Other and so on

>>> The views operate just on the interfaces IPage, IContent,
>>> i. e. view_page can render any page, and will make use of
>>> view_content to fill in / show the content provided for
>>> this particular page.

>>> Anyway, thanks for reading, and thanks in advance for trying out.

>>> -Andreas

>>> simple.py
>>> --------------------------------------------------
>>> from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
>>> from pyramid.config import Configurator
>>> from pyramid.response import Response

>>> from pyramid_viewgroup import Provider

>>> from pyramid.renderers import render_to_response

>>> import sys
>>> import os

>>> import argparse

>>> opts=None

>>> # path = os.path.dirname('/home/reuleaux/tmp/foo/')
>>> path = os.path.dirname('/home/reuleaux/work/website/py3/')

>>> from zope.interface import Interface, implementer

>>> class IContent(Interface):
>>>    pass

>>> class IPage(Interface):
>>>    pass

>>> @implementer(IContent)
>>> class HomeContent(object):
>>>    msg="hi from home"
>>>    tmplt=os.path.join(path, 'home.pt')

>>> @implementer(IPage)
>>> class Home(object):
>>>    content=HomeContent()
>>>    title='Home'

>>> @implementer(IContent)
>>> class OtherContent(object):
>>>    msg="hi from other"
>>>    tmplt=os.path.join(path, 'other.pt')

>>> @implementer(IPage)
>>> class Other(object):
>>>    content=OtherContent()
>>>    title='Other'

>>> @implementer(IContent)
>>> class NotFoundContent(object):
>>>    tmplt=os.path.join(path, 'notfound.pt')
>>>    msg="not found!"

>>> @implementer(IPage)
>>> class NotFound(object):
>>>    content=NotFoundContent()
>>>    title='not found'

>>> app={
>>>    'home': Home,
>>>    'other': Other,
>>>    }

>>> @implementer(IPage)
>>> class App(object):
>>>    def __getitem__(self, name):
>>>        return app.get(name, NotFound)()

>>> class Root(object):
>>>    def __init__(self, request):
>>>        self.request = request

>>>    def __getitem__(self, name=None):
>>>        if name in ['static',
>>>                    ]:
>>>            raise KeyError
>>>        else:
>>>            return App()[name]

>>> def default_view(request):
>>>    return Response('Hello world!')

>>> def content_view(request):
>>>    content=getattr(request.context, 'content', None)

>>>    if hasattr(content, 'tmplt'):
>>>        return render_to_response(content.tmplt,
>>>                                  { },
>>>                              )
>>>    else:
>>>        return Response('<span class="mark">content</span>')

>>> def page_view(request):
>>>    context=request.context
>>>    provider=Provider(context, request)
>>>    return render_to_response(
>>>        os.path.join(path, 'page.pt'),
>>>        {
>>>            'provider': provider,
>>>            'context': context,
>>>        },
>>>    )

>>> def parser():

Andreas Reuleaux <reule...@web.de> writes:
> Well, yes you are right, seems to work in my case, because all entries
> in the iterable are bytes (but haven't even bothered to see how many
> entries there are in my iterable).

> But the real thing is: I don't want to mess at all with
> patching the pyramid source, I just want to use its api properly,
> and if it doesn't work,

> * then this could either be a flaw in my
>   program / usage of the pyramid api
>   - and I'd hope that someone would point me
>   in the right direction of how to do it better - maybe there is some
>   magic to use when working with python3?

> * or there could be a flaw in the pyramid / pyramid_viewlet
>   source - I guess, that can only be answered by someone
>   familiar with the source

> Anyway, thanks for answering.

> -Andreas

> Simon Yarde <simonya...@me.com> writes:

>> You'd probably want to walk the iterable and cast all elements to
>> string? Then do your join operation with the empty unicode
>> string. Your code only checks the first item and assumes all other
>> elements are also strings - perhaps your code is working because there
>> is only one element in the iterable for your circumstances.

>> I'm not familiar enough with this part of the Pyramid library to say
>> more than this.. but something must be casting to bytes somewhere
>> otherwise all strings would be defaulting to Unicode under Python 3.

>> On 21 Jul 2012, at 20:44, Andreas Reuleaux <reule...@web.de> wrote:

>>> OK, I have a solution: if I patch the function

>>>  render_view(context, request, name='', secure=True)

>>> in my .../pyramid-1.3.2-py3.2.egg/pyramid/view.py file
>>> by replacing

>>>  return ''.join(iterable)

>>> at the end with the following if-then-else code

>>>  if isinstance(iterable[0], str):
>>>      return ''.join(iterable)
>>>  else:
>>>      return b''.join(iterable)

>>> then everything works as expected, but I'd certainly not
>>> want to do this forever / would very much appreciate, if
>>> someone could have a closer look at the problem.

>>> -Andreas

>>> Andreas Reuleaux <reule...@web.de> writes:

>>>> OK, not having gotten any feedback, I guess my problem description was
>>>> to vague.

>>>> I have therefore prepared a little sample program, that should be easy
>>>> to extract and run from this e-mail: when running it with python2 I have
>>>> no problems, when running it with python3 I get the aforementioned byte
>>>> vs. string problems (also shown below once more).

>>>> While I roughly know, what has changed between python2 and python3
>>>> concerning strings/bytes, I am kind of stuck in this situation: I don't
>>>> know what to do in this case and I would hope that someone will try out
>>>> this sample program and point me in the right direction.

>>>> To make the installation experience easier, I have avoided to use to
>>>> many different python/configuration files: the whole program lives in
>>>> one file sample.py, which make use of a couple of templates.

>>>> To try out the program, you should therefore extract from this e-mail

>>>> * the file sample.py

>>>> * as well as the templates page.pt, home.pt, other.pt, and notfound.pt
>>>>  (note that only page.pt is a complete html page, the others are
>>>>  just html snippets)

>>>> steps to install/run the program on python2

>>>> create the environment
>>>> $ virtualenv foo
>>>> $ cd foo
>>>> $ ./bin/easy_install pyramid
>>>> $ ./bin/easy_install pyramid_viewgroup

>>>> copy the python script and the page templates to your foo env
>>>> $ cp .../simple.py .
>>>> $ cp .../page.pt .
>>>> $ cp .../home.pt .
>>>> $ cp .../other.pt .
>>>> $ cp .../notfound.pt .

>>>> adjust the path to the templates in simple.py, like
>>>> path=os.path.dirname('/path/to/my/foo/')

>>>> start the server
>>>> $ ./bin/python simple.py -port 8080

>>>> and have a look at some pages
>>>> http://myserver:8080/home
>>>> http://myserver:8080/other
>>>> http://myserver:8080/whatever - not found!
>>>> http://myserver:8080/         - default view

>>>> (see the explanations below, what's going on under the hood.)

>>>> --
>>>> now do the same with python3

>>>> create the environment
>>>> $ virtualenv-3.2 bar3
>>>> $ cd bar3
>>>> $ ./bin/easy_install-3.2 pyramid
>>>> $ ./bin/easy_install-3.2 pyramid_viewgroup

>>>> copy the simple.py script and the page templates as above,
>>>> and adjust the path to the templates

>>>> start the server with
>>>> $ ./bin/python3 simple.py -port 8080

>>>> and have a look at some pages as above.

>>>> While http://myserver:8080/, the default view renders fine,
>>>> as soon as I look at some of the other pages: home, other, whatever (not found)
>>>> I get

>>>> File "/home/reuleaux/tmp/bar3/lib/python3.2/site-packages/pyramid-1.3.2-py3.2.eg g/pyramid/view.py", line 139, in render_view
>>>>    return ''.join(iterable)
>>>> TypeError: sequence item 0: expected str instance, bytes found

>>>> - Expression: "provider('content')"
>>>> - Filename:   None
>>>> - Location:   (24:33)
>>>> - Source:     ... l:replace="structure provider('content')">page content</div>
>>>>                                        ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
>>>> - Arguments:  repeat: {...} (0)
>>>>               renderer_name: /home/reuleaux/tmp/bar3/page.pt
>>>>               req: <NoneType - at 0x84bf40>
>>>>               request: <NoneType - at 0x84bf40>
>>>>               provider: <Provider - at 0x28059d0>
>>>>               renderer_info: <RendererHelper - at 0x2805a10>
>>>>               context: <Home - at 0x2805a50>
>>>>               escape: False
>>>>               view: <NoneType - at 0x84bf40>
>>>> 192.168.1.7 - - [21/Jul/2012 01:58:49] "GET /home HTTP/1.1" 500 59  

>>>> As mentioned before: I am lost in this case, any help is appreciated.

>>>> Some explanations of what's going on in the python2 case /
>>>> how it is supposed to work:

>>>> While viewlets/content providers are not everyone's preferred style,
>>>> I have used them here to assemble some pages from building blocks
>>>> e. g. my home page looks just like this:

>>>>  @implementer(IPage)
>>>>  class Home(object):
>>>>      content=HomeContent()
>>>>      title='Home'

>>>> I. e. it is a page (implements IPage), and its contents is just
>>>> the home content.

>>>> Another page, Other, is very similar, but has of course some other
>>>> content:

>>>>  @implementer(IPage)
>>>>  class Other(object):
>>>>      content=OtherContent()
>>>>      title='Other'

>>>> I have used traversal to find those objects, e. g.

>>>>  http://myserver:port/home

>>>> will render Home, .../other will render Other and so on

>>>> The views operate just on the interfaces IPage, IContent,
>>>> i. e. view_page can render any page, and will make use of
>>>> view_content to fill in / show the content provided for
>>>> this particular page.

>>>> Anyway, thanks for reading, and thanks in advance for trying out.

>>>> -Andreas

>>>> simple.py
>>>> --------------------------------------------------
>>>> from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server
>>>> from pyramid.config import Configurator
>>>> from pyramid.response import Response

>>>> from pyramid_viewgroup import Provider

>>>> from pyramid.renderers import render_to_response

>>>> import sys
>>>> import os

>>>> import argparse

>>>> opts=None

>>>> # path = os.path.dirname('/home/reuleaux/tmp/foo/')
>>>> path = os.path.dirname('/home/reuleaux/work/website/py3/')

>>>> from zope.interface import Interface, implementer

>>>> class IContent(Interface):
>>>>    pass

>>>> class IPage(Interface):
>>>>    pass

>>>> @implementer(IContent)
>>>> class HomeContent(object):
>>>>    msg="hi from home"
>>>>    tmplt=os.path.join(path, 'home.pt')

>>>> @implementer(IPage)
>>>> class Home(object):
>>>>    content=HomeContent()
>>>>    title='Home'