Fwd: [NoticiasAfroColombianos] Digest Number 127

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Subject: [NoticiasAfroColombianos] Digest Number 127
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Messages

1.

FW: Preview-Afro-Latinos the untold story

Posted by: "Gimena Sanchez" gsan...@wola.org   gsanchezwola

Sat Oct 16, 2010 5:40 am (PDT)

2.

Entidades de Risaralda inician campaña de ayuda por la poblaci

Posted by: "Gimena Sanchez" gsan...@wola.org   gsanchezwola

Sat Oct 16, 2010 5:40 am (PDT)




Entidades de Risaralda inician campaña de ayuda por la población de Guarato en el Chocó <http://www.territoriochocoano.com/secciones/regional/1149-entidades-de-risaralda-inician-campana-de-ayuda-por-la-poblacion-de-guarato-en-el-choco.html>

Miércoles, 13 de Octubre de 2010 19:00

<http://www.google.com/buzz/post>

Guarato, es un palabra desconocida para la mayoría de risaraldenses, pero para otros que han podido estar allí por visita o por trabajo, es un corregimiento que como muchos en el departamento del Chocó está compuesto por personas de buen corazón, sencillas y amables, pero con gran cantidad de necesidades.

Los habitantes de Guarato viven una difícil situación a causa del invierno, pues muchas personas se han quedado sin sus viviendas, cultivos y animales, por lo que la Diócesis de Pereira, la Gobernación de Risaralda, Fenalco y la Policía Nacional iniciaron una campaña para recolectar bienes no perecederos entre otras ayudas, que estarán llevando hasta ese lugar limítrofe con Pueblo Rico, el 21 de octubre.

"Nosotros estaremos recibiendo todo tipo de ayudas entre ellas alimentos, ropa, utensilios para el hogar que suplan las necesidades básicas de la población más pobre y vulnerable, materias primas como semillas e insumos agrícolas que se constituyen en incentivos para el desarrollo de proyectos productivos, porque la verdad que se necesitan en esta población", afirmó Carolina Sierra, funcionaria de Fenalco y coordinadora de dicha actividad.

Pero la estrategia a implementar no sólo abarca llevar ayudas materiales y de brigadas médicas a esta población, lo que se busca con mayor fuerza se encuentra ubicar a este lugar como un centro turístico del departamento.

"Nuestro propósito principal se encuentra enfocado en buscar los mecanismos para que esta población se vea igualmente beneficiada con el turismo y estamos seguros que con esta primera visita lograremos que la gente se motive para que visite esta hermosa población", agregó Sierra.

Las organizaciones que se han vinculado a esta campaña invitan a las personas que quieran colaborar a llevar sus ayudas a la carrera 7a No.16-50 3er piso en Pereira, o si requieren mayor información pueden llamar, a esta ciudad, a los teléfonos (6) 3252543 - 3359665 o 315 8897747.

Las donaciones pueden ser en alimentos, ropa, utensilios para el hogar que suplan las necesidades básicas de la población más pobre, y materias primas como semillas e insumos agrícolas se constituyen en incentivos para recuperar las siembras que han perdido.

La caravana estará saliendo a las 4:00 de la madrugada de la Gobernación de Risaralda.

Fuente: Diario del Otún

Guarato, es un palabra desconocida para la mayoría de risaraldenses, pero para otros que han podido estar allí por visita o por trabajo, es un corregimiento que como muchos en el departamento del Chocó está compuesto por personas de buen corazón, sencillas y amables, pero con gran cantidad de necesidades.

Los habitantes de Guarato viven una difícil situación a causa del invierno, pues muchas personas se han quedado sin sus viviendas, cultivos y animales, por lo que la Diócesis de Pereira, la Gobernación de Risaralda, Fenalco y la Policía Nacional iniciaron una campaña para recolectar bienes no perecederos entre otras ayudas, que estarán llevando hasta ese lugar limítrofe con Pueblo Rico, el 21 de octubre.

"Nosotros estaremos recibiendo todo tipo de ayudas entre ellas alimentos, ropa, utensilios para el hogar que suplan las necesidades básicas de la población más pobre y vulnerable, materias primas como semillas e insumos agrícolas que se constituyen en incentivos para el desarrollo de proyectos productivos, porque la verdad que se necesitan en esta población", afirmó Carolina Sierra, funcionaria de Fenalco y coordinadora de dicha actividad.

Pero la estrategia a implementar no sólo abarca llevar ayudas materiales y de brigadas médicas a esta población, lo que se busca con mayor fuerza se encuentra ubicar a este lugar como un centro turístico del departamento.

"Nuestro propósito principal se encuentra enfocado en buscar los mecanismos para que esta población se vea igualmente beneficiada con el turismo y estamos seguros que con esta primera visita lograremos que la gente se motive para que visite esta hermosa población", agregó Sierra.

Las organizaciones que se han vinculado a esta campaña invitan a las personas que quieran colaborar a llevar sus ayudas a la carrera 7a No.16-50 3er piso en Pereira, o si requieren mayor información pueden llamar, a esta ciudad, a los teléfonos (6) 3252543 - 3359665 o 315 8897747.

Las donaciones pueden ser en alimentos, ropa, utensilios para el hogar que suplan las necesidades básicas de la población más pobre, y materias primas como semillas e insumos agrícolas se constituyen en incentivos para recuperar las siembras que han perdido.

La caravana estará saliendo a las 4:00 de la madrugada de la Gobernación de Risaralda.

Fuente: Diario del Otún

Gimena Sanchez-Garzoli

Senior Associate for Colombia and the Andes

Washington Office on Latin America

Tele: (202) 797-2171 ext. 205

Cell: (202) 489-1702

Email: gsan...@wola.org

Website: www.wola.org

Skype: WOLAColombia

Twitter: wola_org

The Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) is a US human rights organization that promotes democracy and socioeconomic justice in Latin America and the Caribbean through analysis and foreign policy proposals informed by strong partnerships with civil society counterparts in the region. Visit WOLA's website to sign up <http://www.wola.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=37> for more information or donate now <http://www.wola.org/donatenow> to help WOLA carry out its work.

3.

Estudio sobre impacto de las TIC's en el departamento del Chocó

Posted by: "Gimena Sanchez" gsan...@wola.org   gsanchezwola

Sat Oct 16, 2010 5:40 am (PDT)




Estudio sobre impacto de las TIC's en el departamento del Chocó <http://www.territoriochocoano.com/secciones/regional/1151-estudio-sobre-impacto-de-las-tics-en-el-departamento-del-choco.html>

Jueves, 14 de Octubre de 2010 16:20

<http://www.google.com/buzz/post>

Makaia trabaja en el Chocó desde 2008 en procesos de apropiación y alfabetización digital con el programa Compartel. En 2010 se inicia el trabajo con Chocó Digital como parte de la estrategia de Territorios Digitales. A la fecha se cuenta con 1468 personas capacitadas durante 20 horas, en los 2 años.

Chocó es uno de los 32 departamentos de Colombia, en el noroeste. La población del Chocó, está distribuida entre Negros o Afrocolombianos, Indígenas, Mestizos y Blancos .

La metodología para el proyecto está basada en el aprender haciendo, donde se tienen en cuenta los sistemas cognitivo, afectivo y expresivo, todo con pedagogía conceptual, cuyo objetivo es promover el pensamiento, habilidades y valores. Se busca que las personas más que aprender conceptos teóricos, identifiquen para que les puedan servir en su vida cotidiana.

Efectos e Impactos obtenidos en el proceso de Alfabetización Digital:

El 99.8% de las personas capacitadas asegura que el curso cumplió sus expectativas. "Yo nunca había tocado un computador y pensé que a mis 65 años, no lo haría, pero gracias a esta capacitación, ahora puedo hacer muchas cosas" María Josefa Palacio Mosquera - Condoto.

Se deben seguir realizando grandes esfuerzos para trabajar paralelamente alfabetización y dotación. El poder adquisitivo en el Chocó es bajo, los sitios de acceso a las TIC son los Telecentros Compartel o Escuelas. Al iniciar el curso, solo 118 personas de 850 que realizaron el curso cuentan con un computador en casa. Es por esto que los Telecentros se convierten en una buena alternativa para realizar actividades a través de las TIC.

Los mayores cambios gracias al curso son: educación (60.9%), las personas sienten que tienen herramientas para afrontar nuevos retos educativos, incluso de forma virtual. El 46.3% considera que ha logrado autorrealizarse: "Quien se iba a imaginar que yo pudiera conocer el lugar donde vive el papa a través de la pagina que tiene el vaticano, no tengo la plata para visitarlo, pero ya lo conocí. A todas mis amigas del grupo de oración, les cuento esta experiencia y llevo mensajes impresos. Es como estar en contacto con la iglesia a través del computador" Ernestina Mosquera Mosquera - Quibdó.

El 41.1% considera que otro aspecto que ha mejorado es la Cultura, porque ahora tienen acceso a medios culturale. Este punto es primordial en el Chocó donde el acceso a la prensa es difícil como en el caso de Pizarro: "Cuando aquí llega el periódico nacional, las noticias están desactualizadas. A mí me parece una maravilla poder venir al Compartel a leer la prensa mundial, es que es impresionante como lee uno las noticias casi incluso hasta antes que sucedan" Daniel Hinestrosa Moreno - Pizarro

El 53.3%, de las personas capacitadas en 2010 al iniciar el curso no tenían ningún tipo de conocimiento. Es muy positivo porque muestra que este tipo de proyectos está llegando a la población con escasos concomimientos de las TIC, objetivo principal del proyecto.

El procesador de texto era bien conocido de los participantes (92.9%): "Ya no debo ir a pagar para que me hagan las cartas, soy líder comunitario y constantemente debo hacer derechos de petición o solicitudes ante la alcaldía, ya me siento muy orgulloso de hacer estas cosas sin ayuda, y me ahorro dinero" Yesid Mosquera Quinto- Nuqui

De las 850 personas capacitadas en 2010, al iniciar el 38,3% no tenían correo electrónico. Al terminar el curso se crearon 210 correos.

102 personas no terminaron el curso durante 2010, o sea solo el 10% de los 952 participantes.

Muchas veces los datos no alcanzan a reflejar y mostrar los verdaderos impactos de un proyecto, se ven mejor en la sonrisa de una persona cuando utiliza por primera vez el computador, de la felicidad de un niño realizando alguna actividad lúdica a través del computador, la capacidad de asombro de los jóvenes para crear información en su blog, de los gritos e incluso llanto de los adultos mayores al comunicarse con sus familias a través de un chat, incluso la timidez y hasta vergüenza que siente un docente, cuando reconoce que nunca ha tocado un computador; es increíble como una persona tímida e introvertida que inicia el curso, al finalizar el curso es quien propone hacer una actividad de graduación: "Sé que esto no es todo, es solo el inicio, yo pensé que esto de los computadores era para gente inteligente, entre a las clases como para matar el tiempo, sin embargo me di cuenta que yo si era capaz, incluso anime a mis vecinas a iniciar un nuevo curso porque estoy segura que esto les puede cambiar la vida como a mí, ahora pienso estudiar a través del SENA virtual y soy yo la que les ayudo a mis hijos hacer las tareas. Me dicen: ¿dónde vamos a consultar tal cosa? Yo les digo, vámos a buscar en Internet, que si eso no está ahí, no está en ninguna parte y es la verdad es de esos inventos maravilloso que ha hecho el hombre, al menos para mí lo es".

Fuente: Makaia

Makaia trabaja en el Chocó desde 2008 en procesos de apropiación y alfabetización digital con el programa Compartel. En 2010 se inicia el trabajo con Chocó Digital como parte de la estrategia de Territorios Digitales. A la fecha se cuenta con 1468 personas capacitadas durante 20 horas, en los 2 años.

Chocó es uno de los 32 departamentos de Colombia, en el noroeste. La población del Chocó, está distribuida entre Negros o Afrocolombianos, Indígenas, Mestizos y Blancos .

La metodología para el proyecto está basada en el aprender haciendo, donde se tienen en cuenta los sistemas cognitivo, afectivo y expresivo, todo con pedagogía conceptual, cuyo objetivo es promover el pensamiento, habilidades y valores. Se busca que las personas más que aprender conceptos teóricos, identifiquen para que les puedan servir en su vida cotidiana.

Efectos e Impactos obtenidos en el proceso de Alfabetización Digital:

El 99.8% de las personas capacitadas asegura que el curso cumplió sus expectativas. "Yo nunca había tocado un computador y pensé que a mis 65 años, no lo haría, pero gracias a esta capacitación, ahora puedo hacer muchas cosas" María Josefa Palacio Mosquera - Condoto.

Se deben seguir realizando grandes esfuerzos para trabajar paralelamente alfabetización y dotación. El poder adquisitivo en el Chocó es bajo, los sitios de acceso a las TIC son los Telecentros Compartel o Escuelas. Al iniciar el curso, solo 118 personas de 850 que realizaron el curso cuentan con un computador en casa. Es por esto que los Telecentros se convierten en una buena alternativa para realizar actividades a través de las TIC.

Los mayores cambios gracias al curso son: educación (60.9%), las personas sienten que tienen herramientas para afrontar nuevos retos educativos, incluso de forma virtual. El 46.3% considera que ha logrado autorrealizarse: "Quien se iba a imaginar que yo pudiera conocer el lugar donde vive el papa a través de la pagina que tiene el vaticano, no tengo la plata para visitarlo, pero ya lo conocí. A todas mis amigas del grupo de oración, les cuento esta experiencia y llevo mensajes impresos. Es como estar en contacto con la iglesia a través del computador" Ernestina Mosquera Mosquera - Quibdó.

El 41.1% considera que otro aspecto que ha mejorado es la Cultura, porque ahora tienen acceso a medios culturales. Este punto es primordial en el Chocó donde el acceso a la prensa es difícil como en el caso de Pizarro: "Cuando aquí llega el periódico nacional, las noticias están desactualizadas. A mí me parece una maravilla poder venir al Compartel a leer la prensa mundial, es que es impresionante como lee uno las noticias casi incluso hasta antes que sucedan" Daniel Hinestrosa Moreno - Pizarro

El 53.3%, de las personas capacitadas en 2010 al iniciar el curso no tenían ningún tipo de conocimiento. Es muy positivo porque muestra que este tipo de proyectos está llegando a la población con escasos concomimientos de las TIC, objetivo principal del proyecto.

El procesador de texto era bien conocido de los participantes (92.9%): "Ya no debo ir a pagar para que me hagan las cartas, soy líder comunitario y constantemente debo hacer derechos de petición o solicitudes ante la alcaldía, ya me siento muy orgulloso de hacer estas cosas sin ayuda, y me ahorro dinero" Yesid Mosquera Quinto- Nuqui

De las 850 personas capacitadas en 2010, al iniciar el 38,3% no tenían correo electrónico. Al terminar el curso se crearon 210 correos.

102 personas no terminaron el curso durante 2010, o sea solo el 10% de los 952 participantes.

Muchas veces los datos no alcanzan a reflejar y mostrar los verdaderos impactos de un proyecto, se ven mejor en la sonrisa de una persona cuando utiliza por primera vez el computador, de la felicidad de un niño realizando alguna actividad lúdica a través del computador, la capacidad de asombro de los jóvenes para crear información en su blog, de los gritos e incluso llanto de los adultos mayores al comunicarse con sus familias a través de un chat, incluso la timidez y hasta vergüenza que siente un docente, cuando reconoce que nunca ha tocado un computador; es increíble como una persona tímida e introvertida que inicia el curso, al finalizar el curso es quien propone hacer una actividad de graduación: "Sé que esto no es todo, es solo el inicio, yo pensé que esto de los computadores era para gente inteligente, entre a las clases como para matar el tiempo, sin embargo me di cuenta que yo si era capaz, incluso anime a mis vecinas a iniciar un nuevo curso porque estoy segura que esto les puede cambiar la vida como a mí, ahora pienso estudiar a través del SENA virtual y soy yo la que les ayudo a mis hijos hacer las tareas. Me dicen: ¿dónde vamos a consultar tal cosa? Yo les digo, vámos a buscar en Internet, que si eso no está ahí, no está en ninguna parte y es la verdad es de esos inventos maravilloso que ha hecho el hombre, al menos para mí lo es".

Fuente: Makaia

Gimena Sanchez-Garzoli

Senior Associate for Colombia and the Andes

Washington Office on Latin America

Tele: (202) 797-2171 ext. 205

Cell: (202) 489-1702

Email: gsan...@wola.org

Website: www.wola.org

Skype: WOLAColombia

Twitter: wola_org

The Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) is a US human rights organization that promotes democracy and socioeconomic justice in Latin America and the Caribbean through analysis and foreign policy proposals informed by strong partnerships with civil society counterparts in the region. Visit WOLA's website to sign up <http://www.wola.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=37> for more information or donate now <http://www.wola.org/donatenow> to help WOLA carry out its work.

4.

AFRODES sobre nueva amenaza/AFRODES on the new threat

Posted by: "Gimena Sanchez" gsan...@wola.org   gsanchezwola

Sat Oct 16, 2010 5:49 am (PDT)



Estimados colegas,

AFRODES me ha pedido que circule la siguiente carta (en Ingles y español) acerca de la reciente amenaza de muerte de parte de las Aguilas Negras recibida por WOLA el dia 10 de Octubre, 2010. En dicha amenaza se incluyen a AFRODES y varios grupos afrocolombianos, indigenas, derechos humanos y sindicatos.

Saludos,
Gimena Sanchez, WOLA

Dear Colleagues,

At the request of the National Organization for Internally Displaced Afro-Colombians (AFRODES) we are forwarding you the English translation of a letter they asked us to forward to you. The letter concerns the latest threat received by WOLA on October 10th from the alleged Black Eagles paramilitary group where AFRODES and several other Afro-Colombian, Indigenous, Human Rights and labor organizations are listed.

Best,

Gimena Sanchez, WOLA

(Version en Español se encuentra abajo)

Bogotá, October 14, 2010

Mr. Angelino Garzón

Vice-President of the Republic

Mr. German Vargas Lleras

Minister of the Interior and Justice

Mr. Diego Molano

Director of Social Action

Mr. Hernan Jaime Ulloa Venegas

Director of the Presidential Program for Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law

Ladies and Gentlemen:

We wish to begin by sending you a cordial greeting from the National Association of Displaced Afro Colombians (AFRODES). We also wish you the best of results in your mandates and responsibilities as they relate to the protection of the rights of the Afro- Colombian population and victims of violence. It is precisely due to your responsibilities in your positions that we address you today like we did before on May 31st. The purpose of this communication is to reiterate to you our request for protection and solidarity for our organization that faces an extremely serious security situation that threatens our lives. Our Afro-Colombian organizations, movement and its leaders are being subjected to a systematic series of murders, harassments and persecutions from the illegal armed groups, especially the paramilitaries. This same situation is also being confronted by organizations committed to the defense of the rights of our communities.

As you may already know, on May 14, various human rights organizations received an e-mail signed by the paramilitary group Central Bloc of the Black Eagles in which 80 Colombian organizations were declared military objectives under the (false) pretext that they are collaborating with guerilla groups (FARC and ELN) and for being opposed to governmental policies. AFRODES was included in that threat.

AFRODES, not only denounced this incident to the respective authorities, but it also sent a letter on May 31, 2010 to the national government where it requested the following:

I. That each governmental institution concerned publicly denounce such incidents in the following manner: expressing that threats against Afro-Colombian organizations are unacceptable. Express that such organizations' work is legitimate and that working in favor of the rights of Afro-Colombians is a right consecrated in the Constitution, law 70 of 1993 and that they support the work done by these organizations.

II. That they adopt a special criminal mechanism to investigation these situations.

III. That they move towards a decision process that allows for reforms in existing public policies. Such reforms must include the development of protection policies that correspond to the actual risks our population is facing. They also need to address the issue of our communities being excluded from protective measures and that protective measures given are appropriate to the needs of the threatened organizations.

Further, despite the gravity of such threats, our public denouncements and our requests for attention and protection from the national government no steps were taken The absence of the required institutional response meant that Afro-Colombian leader, Jair Murillo, was assassinated on July 17, 2010. Jair was a member of AFRODES's network of IDP organizations in the port city of Buenaventura. It must also be noted that within this climate of threats there exists a pattern of selective persecution and that the following Afro-Colombian leaders and advocates who support them have been murdered.

Ø May 18th, Rogelio Martínez (Movement of State Crime Victims, MOVICE)

Ø May 20th, Estrella Hinestrosa Robayo (Association of the Displaced with Dignity and Social Security, ASODES)

Ø May 23rd, Alexander Quintero (President of the Association of Communal Action Boards of Alto Naya)

Ø July 3rd, Andrés Medina (Afro-Colombian Collective Son Batá)

Ø July 6th, Jaider Julio (Bolivar Humanitarian Association)

The above list shows how death threats that were publicly denounced later translated into the systematic murders of the Afro-Colombian leaders and the persecution and harassment of its organizational processes.

AFRODES is put in a position where it needs to make a new request for protection from the national government because this week on October 10, the Black Eagles have once again threatened to exterminate and kill at least another 60 Colombian organizations. Among the organizations in this threat are AFRODES and its network of regional organizations. These are organizations that work tirelessly in defense of human rights, protection and guarantees of the victims, building peace and the deepening of Colombian democracy.

This new threat is not isolated; rather, it forms part of a systematic situation of persecution that again shows the high risk placed upon our lives and the systematic persecution against our humanitarian work in favor of the rights of the Afro-Colombian population. This is an imminent risk that not only patents the systematic series of the above mentioned murders, but also the fact that, only days after, (October 12th, 2010), another AFRODES leader was the victim of an attempted murder while undertaking her activities in the city of Cartagena.

This aggravated persecution against Afro-Colombian organizational processes' leaders is once again evidence of the non-implementation of the Constitutional Court's Order 200. According to this Order "authorities must pay attention in particular to the cases in which those who request protection are subject to special constitutional protection, as in indigenous people, Afro-Colombians, (.) human rights defenders." It also shows non-compliance with Court Order 005, in which the Court ordered the National Government, among other measures for the protection of our fundamental rights, to design an integral plan of prevention, protection and attention to the Afro Colombian population with the effective participation of the Afro communities and full respect of its constituted authorities, and the concerned territorial authorities.

The critical humanitarian situation faced by Afro-Colombian leaders also shows a lack of institutional attention to the recommendation made by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights in its Observations made on March 27, 2009. Where it called on the government to adopt measures to meet the obligation of protecting violence against Afro Colombians and the community councils to which they belong, especially in the case of boys, girls and their leaders (CIDH, recommendation No.1). Similarly the Committee Against Racism and Discrimination, (CERD) stated in its report to Colombia in August, 2009 the need to intensify the measures destined to protect Afro Colombian and Indigenous leaders' security (CERD, 2009, §15).

Furthermore, continued threats and the impunity associated with them also shows a lack of attention by the national government to the recommendations made by Mrs. Margaret Sekaggya, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders, who at the end of her visit in September 2009, after noting this aggravated persecution, pointed out that it is necessary that policy takes these threats seriously, as well as pointing out that the government has the responsibility of exhaustively denouncing and investigating these violations and to prosecute its authors.

It is clear that if there is no persecution in such murders and we add the lack of attention by the government to the cited prescriptions of the Constitutional Court and international institutions, as well as the previously presented recommendations by AFRODES that we can conclude that: until now, the Colombian government has failed in its duty and obligation to protect and safeguard the lives and integrity of the Afro Colombian leaders and their communities.

In order to rectify this situation of a lack of institutional attention and in order to receive the effective support by the Colombian state in face of our new threat, as well as in recognition to President Santos' declarations according to which the defense of human rights will be a firm and indeclinable commitment of his government, we respectfully present the following requests and recommendations:

1. A public announcement by each of its institutions in which they explicitly and scathingly expresses: (i) the unacceptability of threats against organizations of the Afro Colombian population which legitimately work in favor of the rights consecrated in the Constitution, law 70 of 1993, and (ii) the unrestrictive support of the national government for the work by these organizations, and recognizing its role in achieving peace and deepening Colombian democracy.

2. To investigate and punish those responsible for the threats and other violations of the rights of defenders of Afro Colombian human rights. For such an effect, the establishment of a special mechanism is necessary to advance a rapid and integral investigation of this serious situation.

3. Comply with the orders of the Constitutional Court, especially Orders 005 of 2009 and 200 and 2007. Doing so paying particular attention to the special protection of the Afro-Colombian leaders. For such an effect, it is important to introduce a differentiated approach when implementing the protection program. To guarantee this the government must do so with the participation and by previously consulting with Afro- Colombian leaders.

4. To immediately adopt the recommendations made by the Special Rapporteur on the situation of the human rights defenders, Mrs. Margaret Sekaggya, as well as those made by the CIFH, the CERD and other intergovernmental recommendations directed at protecting the fundamental rights of the Afro-Colombian population and its leaders.

5. To move towards correcting existing public policies of protection, which continue to generate situations that do not correspond with the risk we are facing, like the absence of differential attention, as well as the reiterated exclusion and/or dilatation to provide protective measures that are appropriate to the threatened organizations, their leaders and their families. It will be important that the Colombian state at the same time reinforces the efforts to protect the Afro-Colombian leaders within the critical frame of the policy of reparation and restitution of land to the victims.

. To the International Community

1. All actors in the International Community with a commitment and will to protect the rights of the Afro-Colombian Population, especially the U.S. State Department, the Inter-American Comission of Human Rights and the United Nations need to prioritize and deepen their actions to defend and support the currently victimized Afro-Colombian leaders. In order to achieve this, we recommend that you request that the Colombian state immediately reject these systematic series of assassinations and harassments. Further, we recommend that you ask the Colombian state to effectively and adequately provide protective measured for our leaders, their organizational process and their families. The State must take these incidents seriously and they must not go unpunished. All threats, persecutions and systematic murders against our leaders must be investigated and those responsible for these crimes should be identified and punished.

We thank you in advance for your immediate attention to this communication. We believe that your work should be an important factor for the protection of our lives and organizational process. We look forward to any additional information or clarification that you may require, and we await a prompt response to this humble request.

Sincerely,

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

National Association of Displaced Afro Colombians AFRODES

With copies to:

Constitutional Court of Colombia

María Paulina Riveros Dueñas - Director of Human Rights - Min. of Interior and Justice

Viviana Ferro Buitrago - Director of Black Communities - Min. of Interior and Justice

Hernan Toro - National Director of Promotion and Divulgence of DDHH - Peoples Defense

Horacio Guerrero - Deputy of Defense for the Indigenous and Ethnic Minorities - Peoples Defense

Mario González - Deputy Attorney DDHH Preventative and Ethnic Affairs

Margaret Sekaggya, Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights defenders

Gay McDougall - United Nations Independent Expert on minority issues

UNHCR Representative in Colombia

High Commissioner for Human Rights for Colombia Representative

Santiago Cantón - Executive Director International Human Rights Commission

Maria Silva Guillen - Rapporteur for Afro descendant Peoples, DDHH Interamerican Commission

United States Congress

US State Department, United States Government

Michael Mckinley - U.S. Ambassador to Colombia

Ken Yamashita - Mission Director for Colombia USAID

Washington Office on Latin America

Global Rights Partners for Justice

US Office on Colombia

National Endowment for Democracy NED

British Embassy in Bogotá

Embassy of Sweden in Colombia

Project Counseling Services (PCS)

Bogotá, 14 de octubre de 2010

Señor

ANGELINO GARZÓN

Vicepresidente de la República

Señor

GERMÁN VARGAS LLERAS

Ministro del Interior y de Justicia

Señor

DIEGO MOLANO

Director ACCION SOCIAL

Señor

HERNAN JAIME ULLOA VENEGAS

Director Programa Presidencial DDHH y DIH

Con copia a:

Corte Constitucional de Colombia

María Paulina Riveros Dueñas - Directora Derechos Humanos - Min. Interior y Justicia

Viviana Ferro Buitrago - Directora Comunidades Negras - Min. Interior y Justicia

Hernando Toro - Director Nacional. Promoción y Divulgación de DDHH - Defensoría del Pueblo

Horacio Guerrero - Defensor Delegado para los Indígenas y Minorías Étnicas - Defensoría del Pueblo

Mario Gonzáles - Procurador Delegado Prevención en Materia DDHH y Asuntos Étnicos

Margaret Senaggya, Relatora Especial de Naciones Unidas sobre la Situación de los Defensores de Derechos Humanos

Gay McDougall - Experta Independiente Naciones Unidas para Asuntos de las Minorías

Representante ACNUR en Colombia

Representante Alto Comisionado para los Derechos Humanos para Colombia

Santiago Cantón - Director Ejecutivo Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos

María Silvia Guillen - Relatora para Pueblos Afro descendientes, Comisión Interamericana DDHH

Señores - Congreso de los Estados Unidos

Señores - Departamento de Estado, Gobierno de los Estados de Unidos

Michael Mckinley - Embajador de Estados Unidos para Colombia

Ken Yamashita - Mission Director for Colombia USAID

Señores - Washington Office on Latin America

Señores - Global Rights Partners for Justice

Señores - US Office on Colombia

Señores - National Endowment for Democracy NED

Señores - Embajada Británica en Bogotá

Señores - Embajada de Suecia en Colombia

Señores - Project Counseling Services (PCS)

Señoras y señores:

Reciban un cordial saludo de la Asociación Nacional de Afrocolombianos Desplazados, AFRODES[1], deseamos los mejores resultados en su misión y responsabilidades relacionadas con la protección de los derechos de la población afrocolombiana víctima de la violencia. Es precisamente en razón de sus competencias que nos dirigimos a Uds., como lo hicimos el pasado 31 de mayo, para reiterar nuestra solicitud de protección y solidaridad para enfrentar la gravísima situación de seguridad contra nuestras vidas, a causa de una serie sistemática de asesinatos, hostigamientos y persecuciones que vienen ejerciendo los grupos armados ilegales, especialmente los grupos paramilitares, sobre los procesos organizativos afrocolombianos, sus lideres y lideresas, y sobre un conjunto significativo de organizaciones de derechos humanos comprometidas con la defensa de los derechos nuestras comunidades.

Como es de su conocimiento el pasado 14 de mayo varias organizaciones de derechos humanos, recibieron un e-mail firmado por el grupo paramilitar Bloque Central de las Águilas Negras, en el que 80 organizaciones colombianas son declaradas objetivo militar bajo el argumento de ser colaboradoras de los grupos guerrilleros (FARC y ELN) y oponerse a las políticas del gobierno; como se indicó entonces, AFRODES estaba incluida en ésta amenaza.

A raíz de estos hechos AFRODES, además de denunciarlos ante las autoridades respectivas, en Carta firmada el 31 de mayo[2] de 2010 le solicitó al Gobierno Nacional:

I. "Realizar pronunciamiento público por parte de cada una de sus entidades en el que en forma explícita y contundente se exprese: (i) la inaceptabilidad de las amenazas contra organizaciones de población afrocolombiana que en forma legítima trabajan en favor de los derechos consagrados en la Constitución, la ley 70 de 1993 y las normas que fundamentan las políticas públicas de atención al desplazamiento forzado, y (ii) el apoyo al trabajo de estas organizaciones.

II. La adopción de un mecanismo especial para la investigación penal sobre la situación.

III. Adelantar un proceso decidido para corregir las políticas públicas de protección vigentes, cuya aplicación continúa generando situaciones que no tienen correspondencia con el riesgo que enfrentamos, como lo es la exclusión y/o dilatación para proporcionar medidas de protección adecuadas a las organizaciones amenazadas".

Sin embargo, a pesar la gravedad de las amenazas, nuestras denuncias y nuestra comedida solicitud de atención y protección al Gobierno Nacional, un mes después, ante la ausencia de la respuesta institucional requerida, fue asesinado (17 de Julio) el líder afrocolombiano Jair Murillo, miembro de la red de organizaciones de AFRODES de la ciudad de Buenaventura. En el marco de estas amenazas y con un patrón simétrico de persecución selectiva también fueron asesinados los lideres y lideresas afrocolombianos:

Ø 18 de Mayo, Rogelio Martínez (Movimiento de Víctimas de Crímenes de Estado, MOVICE).

Ø 20 de Mayo, Estrella Hinestrosa Robayo (Asociación de Desplazados con Dignidad y Seguridad Social, ASODES)

Ø 23 de Mayo, Alexander Quintero (Presidente de Asociación de Juntas de Acción Comunal del Alto Naya).

Ø 6 de Junio, Jaider Julio (Asociación Humanitaria de Bolívar, Ashudebol).

Ø 3 de Julio, Andrés Medina (Colectivo Afrocolombiano Son Batá).

De esta manera, las denunciadas amenazas se tradujeron en el asesinato sistemático de los lideres y lideresas afrocolombianos, en medio de la persecución y hostigamiento de sus procesos organizativos.

Ahora bien, AFRODES se ha visto en la necesidad de desarrollar esta nueva solicitud de protección al Gobierno Nacional debido a que esta semana, más precisamente el pasado 10 de octubre, la Águilas Negras han amenazado nuevamente de exterminio y muerte al menos a otras 60 organizaciones colombianas, entre ellas AFRODES y su red regional de organizaciones[3]; organizaciones que trabajan incansablemente en la defensa de los derechos humanos, la protección y garantías de las víctimas, la procura de la paz y la profundización de la democracia colombiana.

Esta nueva amenaza no constituye un hecho aislado, más bien, configura una situación sistemática de persecución que demuestra una vez más el alto riesgo que recae sobre nuestras vidas y la persecución sistemática contra nuestro trabajo humanitario en favor de los derechos vulnerados a la población afrocolombiana. Riesgo inminente que no solo lo hace patente la serie sistemática de asesinatos arriba citada, sino además el hecho de que tan solo dos días después de las mismas (12 de octubre de 2010) otra lideresa de AFRODES haya sido víctima de intento de asesinato mientras adelantaba sus actividades en la ciudad de Cartagena.

Esta agravada persecución contra los lideres, lideresas y procesos organizativos afrocolombianos evidencia una vez más la no implementación de la prescripción de la Corte Constitucional en el Auto 200 según la cual "[L]as autoridades deben prestar una atención particular a los casos en los cuales quienes solicitan protección son sujetos de especial protección constitucional, tales como indígenas, afrocolombianos, (.) defensores de derechos humanos", como también la emitida en el Auto Diferencial 005, donde la Corte ordenó al Gobierno Nacional, entre otras medidas para la protección de nuestros derechos fundamentales, diseñar un plan integral de prevención, protección y atención a la población afro colombiana, con la participación efectiva de las comunidades afro y el pleno respeto por sus autoridades constituidas, y de las autoridades territoriales concernidas.

Esta crítica situación humanitaria de los líderes y lideresas afrocolombianos, también pone en evidencia la desatención institucional a la recomendación de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, en sus Observaciones del 27 de marzo de 2009, de adoptar medidas para cumplir con la obligación de proteger de la violencia a los afrocolombianos y los consejos comunitarios a los cuales pertenecen, en especial en el caso de los niños y las niñas y sus lideres (CIDH, recomendación No 1), e igualmente, la del Comité Contra el Racismo y la Discriminación, en su informe a Colombia de agosto de 2009, de intensificar las medidas destinadas a proteger la seguridad de los líderes afrocolombianos e indígenas (CERD, 2009, § 15).

De otro lado, la continuidad de las amenazas y la impunidad asociada a las mismas demuestra a su vez la desatención del Gobierno Nacional a las recomendaciones de la Señora Margaret Senaggya, la Relatora Especial sobre la situación de los defensores de derechos humanos, quien al término de su visita de septiembre de 2009 a, luego de constatar esta agravada persecución, señaló que es necesario que la policía se tome estas amenazas en serio adelantando sistemáticamente investigaciones y haciendo que los autores comparezcan ante la justicia, señalando a su vez que el Gobierno tiene la responsabilidad de denunciar e investigar de manera exhaustiva estas violaciones y enjuiciar a sus autores.

Es claro entonces que si sumamos a la persecución y asesinatos reseñados la desatención gubernamental a las citadas prescripciones de la Corte Constitucional e instituciones internacionales, como también, a las recomendaciones previamente presentadas por AFRODES, podemos concluir entonces que: hasta la fecha el Gobierno colombiano ha fallado en su deber y obligación de proteger y salvaguardar la vida e integridad de los lideres y lideresas afrocolombianos y sus comunidades.

Así pues, con el propósito de corregir esta reiterada desatención institucional y recibir el apoyo efectivo del Estado colombiano ante esta nueva amenaza, y en reconocimiento de las declaraciones del Señor Presidente Santos según las cuales la defensa de los derechos humanos será un compromiso firme e indeclinable de su gobierno[4], de manera respetuosa presentamos las siguientes solicitudes y recomendaciones:

1. Realizar pronunciamiento público por parte de cada una de sus entidades en el que en forma explícita y contundente se exprese: (i) la inaceptabilidad de las amenazas contra organizaciones de población afrocolombiana que en forma legítima trabajan en favor de los derechos consagrados en la Constitución, la ley 70 de 1993 y las normas que fundamentan las políticas públicas de atención al desplazamiento forzado, y (ii) el apoyo irrestricto del gobierno nacional al trabajo de estas organizaciones, y reconociendo de su función alcanzar la paz y profundizar la democracia colombiana.

2. Investigar y castigar a los responsables de las amenazas y demás violaciones a los derechos de los defensores de derechos humanos afrocolombianos. Para tal efecto será central contar con un mecanismo especial para adelantar una investigación rápida e integral sobre esta grave situación.

3. Cumplir con las ordenes de la Corte Constitucional, muy especialmente, las emitidas en los Autos 005 de 2009 y 200 de 2007, particularmente, la de prestar protección especial a los lideres y lideresas afrocolombianas. Para tal efecto es importante que se introduzca el enfoque diferencial en el programa de protección implementado, con la participación y consulta previa de los líderes y lideresas afrocolombianos.

4. Adoptar de inmediato las recomendaciones de la Relatora Especial sobre la situación de los defensores de derechos humanos, Señora Margaret Senaggya, como también las realizadas por la CIDH, el CERD y demás recomendaciones intergubernamentales dirigidas a proteger los derechos fundamentales de la población afrocolombiana, sus lideres y lideresas.

5. Adelantar un proceso decidido para corregir las políticas públicas de protección vigentes, cuya aplicación continúa generando situaciones que no tienen correspondencia con el riesgo que enfrentamos, como lo es la ausencia de atención diferencial, y la reiterada exclusión y/o dilatación para proporcionar medidas de protección adecuadas a las organizaciones amenazadas, lideres y lideresas y sus familias. Será importante que el Estado colombiano refuerza a su vez los esfuerzos para proteger a los líderes y lideresas afrocolombianos en el crítico marco de la política de reparación y restitución de tierras a las víctimas.

. A la Comunidad Internacional

1. Todas los actores de la Comunidad Internacional con compromiso y voluntad frente a la protección de los derechos de la Población Afrocolombiana, especialmente el Departamento de Estado de los EE.UU., la CIDH, y el Sistema de Naciones Unidas, deberán priorizar y profundizar las acciones para defender y apoyar a los actualmente victimados líderes y lideresas afrocolombianos. Para ello recomendamos solicitar al Estado colombiano el rechazo inmediato a esta serie sistemática de asesinatos y hostigamientos. Asimismo, solicitar al Estado colombiano medidas de protección efectivas y oportunas para proteger a nuestros líderes, lideresas, sus procesos organizativos y familias, como también, solicitar al Estado la necesidad de que estos agravados hechos no queden impunes, sean investigadas las amenazas, persecuciones y asesinatos sistemáticos contra nuestros líderes y lideresas, y sean identificados y castigados quienes están detrás de todos estos crímenes.

De antemano agradecemos la atención prioritaria a esta comunicación. Creemos que su trabajo debe ser un factor importante para la protección de nuestras vidas y proceso organizativo. Quedamos atentos a cualquier información adicional o aclaración que requieran, y a la espera de un pronta respuesta a este comedida solicitud.

Atentamente,

JUNTA DIRECTIVA

Asociación Nacional de Afrocolombianos Desplazados AFRODES

Gimena Sanchez-Garzoli

Senior Associate for Colombia and the Andes

Washington Office on Latin America

Tele: (202) 797-2171 ext. 205

Cell: (202) 489-1702

Email: gsan...@wola.org

Website: www.wola.org

Skype: WOLAColombia

Twitter: wola_org

The Washington Office on Latin America (WOLA) is a US human rights organization that promotes democracy and socioeconomic justice in Latin America and the Caribbean through analysis and foreign policy proposals informed by strong partnerships with civil society counterparts in the region. Visit WOLA's website to sign up <http://www.wola.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=218&Itemid=37> for more information or donate now <http://www.wola.org/donatenow> to help WOLA carry out its work.

________________________________

[1] AFRODES es una organización creada en 1999, conformada por afrocolombianos y afrocolombianas desplazadas por la violencia cuya misión está orientada hacia la promoción, protección y restitución de sus derechos. Durante los últimos años, ha venido apoyando el trabajo de otras 80 organizaciones de población afrocolombiana en situación de desplazamiento forzado. El valor y la legitimidad del trabajo de AFRODES ha sido expresado por diferentes organismos del Sistema de Naciones Unidas, la OEA y la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, el gobierno y el congreso norteamericano, y numerosas organizaciones no gubernamentales de Estados Unidos y Europa.

[2] Esta carta iba dirigida directamente a los entonces responsables: Vicepresidente Sr. Franciscos Santos Calderón, Ministro de Interior y de Justicia Sr. Fabio Valencia Cossio, Director de Acción Social Sr. Diego Molano, Director del Programa Presidencial DDHH y DIH Sr. Carlos Franco, con copia a Rafael Bustamante - Director Derechos Humanos - Min. Interior y Justicia; Rosa Carlina García - Directora Comunidades Negras - Min. Interior y Justicia; Hernando Toro - Director Nacional. Promoción y Divulgación de DDHH - Defensoría del Pueblo; Horacio Guerrero - Defensor Delegado para los Indígenas y Minorías Étnicas - Defensoría del Pueblo; Mario Gonzáles - Procurador Delegado Prevención en Materia DDHH y Asuntos Étnicos.

[3] Las Agulas Negras señalan: "CONTINUAMOS DECLARANDOLOS OBJETIVO MILITAR Y PLAN DE EXTERMINIO A TODOS AQUELLOS QUE CONTINUAN METIENDOSEN DONDE NO LOS HAN LLAMADO, PLAN DE EXTERMINIO CONTRA LOS LIDERES, GUERRILLEROS QUE SE CUBREN EL ROSTRO CON LA FACHADA DE ONG Y ORGANIZACIONES DE DESPLAZADOS Y QUIENES LES AYUDAN BAJO EL PARADIGMA DE DEFENSORES DE DERECHOS HUMANOS Y QUINES CONTINUAN OBSTACULIZANDO EN MANIFESTACIONES, TALLERES Y EVENTOS".

[4] El Espectador, "Superemos los Odios" 13 de agosto de 2010.

5.

About palm oil

Posted by: "Gimena Sanchez" gsan...@wola.org   gsanchezwola

Sat Oct 16, 2010 5:49 am (PDT)



http://agroindustriindonesia.blogspot.com/2010/10/about-palm-oil_16.html

SABTU, 16 OKTOBER 2010
ABOUT PALM OIL

Palm oil from Ghana with its natural dark
colour visible, 2 litres
Palm oil, coconut oil and palm kernel oil are edible plant oils derived from the fruits of palm trees. Palm oil is extracted from the pulp of thefruit of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis; palm kernel oil is derived from the kernel (seed) of the oil palm and coconut oil is derived from the kernel of the coconut (Cocos nucifera). Palm oil is naturally reddish in color because it contains a high amount of beta-carotene.

Palm oil, palm kernel oil and coconut oil are three of the few highly saturated vegetable fats. Palm oil is semi-solid at room temperatures. Palm oil contains several saturated and unsaturated fats in the forms of glyceryl laurate (0.1%, saturated), myristate (1%, saturated), palmitate(44%, saturated), stearate (5%, saturated), oleate (39%, monounsaturated), linoleate (10%, polyunsaturated), and linolenate (0.3%, polyunsaturated). Palm kernel oil and coconut oil are more highly saturated than palm oil. Like all vegetable oils, palm oil does not containcholesterol (found in unrefined animal fats), although saturated fat intake increases both LDL and HDL cholesterol.

Palm oil is a common cooking ingredient in the tropical belt of Africa, Southeast Asia and parts of Brazil. Its increasing use in the commercial food industry in other parts of the world is buoyed by its lower cost and the high oxidative stability (saturation) of the refined product when used for frying.

History

Palm oil block showing the lighter colour
that results from boiling
Palm oil (from the African oil palm, Elaeis guineensis) has long been recognized in West African countries, and is widely used as a cooking oil. European merchants trading with West Africa occasionally purchased palm oil for use in Europe, but since the oil was of a lower quality than olive oil, palm oil remained rare outside West Africa. In the Asante Confederacy, state-owned slaves built large plantations of oil palmtrees, while in the neighbouring Kingdom of Dahomey, King Ghezo passed a law in 1856 forbidding his subjects from cutting down oil palms.

Palm oil became a highly sought-after commodity by British traders, for use as an industrial lubricant for machinery during Britain's Industrial Revolution. Palm oil formed the basis of soap products, such as Lever Brothers' (now Unilever) "Sunlight Soap", and the AmericanPalmolive brand. By c.?1870, palm oil constituted the primary export of some West African countries such as Ghana and Nigeria, although this was overtaken by cocoa in the 1880s.

Research

Oil palm tree (Elaeis guineensis)
In the 1960s, research and development (R&D) in oil palm breeding began to expand after Malaysia's Department of Agriculture established an exchange program with West African economies and four private plantations formed the Oil Palm Genetics Laboratory. The government also established Kolej Serdang, which became the Universiti Pertanian Malaysia(UPM) in the 1970s to train agricultural and agro-industrial engineers and agro-business graduates to conduct research in the field.

In 1979, following strong lobbying from oil palm planters and support from the Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute (MARDI) and UPM, the government set up the Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia (Porim).[13] B.C. Sekhar was instrumental in helping Porim recruit and train scientists to undertake R&D in oil palm tree breeding, palm oil nutrition and potential oleochemical use. Sekhar, as founder and chairman, pushed Porim to be a public-and-private-coordinated institution. As a result, Porim (renamed Malaysian Palm Oil Board in 2000) became Malaysia's top research entity commercializing 20% of its innovations, compared to 5% among local universities.[citation needed] While MPOB has gained international prominence, its relevance is dependent on churning out breakthrough findings in the dynamic oil crop genetics, dietary fat nutrition and process engineering landscapes.

Nutrition

Many processed foods contain palm oil as an ingredient.

Palm oil is composed of fatty acids, esterified with glycerol just like any ordinary fat. It is high in saturated fatty acids. Palm oil gives its name to the 16-carbon saturated fatty acidpalmitic acid. Monounsaturated oleic acid is also a constituent of palm oil. Unrefined palm oil is a large natural source of tocotrienol, part of the vitamin E family.

The approximate concentration of fatty acids (FAs) in palm oil is as follows:

Red palm oil

Red palm oil gets its name from its characteristic dark red color, which comes from carotenes such as alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lycopene—the same nutrients that give tomatoes, carrots and other fruits and vegetables their rich colors.

Red palm oil contains at least 10 other carotenes, along with tocopherols and tocotrienols (members of the vitamin E family), CoQ10, phytosterols, and glycolipids. In a 2007 animal study, South African scientists found consumption of red palm oil significantly decreased p38-MAPK phosphorylation in rat hearts subjected to a high-cholesterol diet.

Since the mid-1990s, red palm oil has been cold-pressed and bottled for use as cooking oil, and blended into mayonnaise and salad oil. Red palm oil antioxidants like tocotrienols and carotenes are also fortified into foods for specific health use and anti-aging cosmetics.

In a 2004 joint-study between Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research and Malaysian Palm Oil Board, the scientists found cookies, being higher in fat content than bread, are a better vehicle for red palm oil phytonutrients.

In a 2009 study, scientists in Spain tested the acrolein emission rates from the deep frying of potatoes in red palm, olive and polyunsaturated oils. They found higher acrolein emission rates from the polyunsaturated oils. The scientists characterized red palm oil as "mono-unsaturated". It gives an attractive colour to french fries.

Refined, bleached, deodorized palm oil

Palm oil products are made using milling and refining processes: first using fractionation, with crystallization and separation processes to obtain solid (stearin), and liquid (olein) fractions. Then melting and degumming removes impurities. Then the oil is filtered and bleached. Next, physical refining removes smells and coloration, to produce refined bleached deodorized palm oil, or RBDPO, and free sheer fatty acids, which are used as an important raw material in the manufacture of soaps, washing powder and other hygiene and personal care products. RBDPO is the basic oil product sold on the world's commodity markets, although many companies fractionate it further into palm olein, for cooking oil or other products.

Splitting of oils and fats by hydrolysis, or under basic conditions saponification, yields fatty acids, with glycerin (glycerol) as a byproduct. The split-off fatty acids are a mixture ranging from C4 to C18, depending on the type of oil/fat.

Uses

Derivatives of palmitic acid were used in combination with naphtha during World War II to produce napalm aluminum naphthenate and aluminum palmitate).

Many processed foods contain palm oil as an ingredient.

Biodiesel

Palm oil, like other vegetable oils, can be used to create biodiesel, as either a simply processed palm oil mixed with petrodiesel, or processed through transesterification to create a palm oil methyl ester blend, which meets the international EN 14214 specification. Glycerin is a byproduct of transesterification. The actual process used to produce biodiesel around the world varies between countries and the requirements of different markets. Next-generation biofuel production processes are also being tested in relatively small trial quantities.
The IEA predicts that biofuels usage in Asian countries will remain modest. But as a major producer of palm oil, the Malaysian government is encouraging the production of biofuel feedstock and the building of palm oil biodiesel plants. Domestically, Malaysia is preparing to change from diesel to bio-fuels by 2008, including drafting legislation that will make the switch mandatory.

From 2007, all diesel sold in Malaysia must contain 5% palm oil. Malaysia is emerging as one of the leading biofuel producers, with 91 palm oil plants approved and a handful now in operation.

On 16 December 2007, Malaysia opened its first biodiesel plant in the state of Pahang, with an annual capacity of 100,000 tonnes, and which also produces by-products in the form of 4,000 tonnes of palm fatty acid distillate and 12,000 tonnes of pharmaceutical grade glycerine. Neste Oil of Finland plans to produce 800,000 tonnes of biodiesel per year from Malaysian palm oil in a new Singapore refinery from 2010, which will make it the largest biofuel plant in the world, and 170,000 tpa from its first second-generation plant in Finland from 2007-8, which can refine fuel from a variety of sources. Neste and the Finnish government are using this paraffinic fuel in some public buses in the Helsinki area as a small scale pilot.

First generation biodiesel production from palm oil is in demand globally. Palm oil is also a primary substitute for rapeseed oil in Europe, which too is experiencing new demand for biodiesel purposes. Palm oil producers are investing heavily in the refineries needed for biodiesel. In Malaysia companies have been merging, buying others out and forming alliances to obtain the economies of scale needed to handle the high costs caused by increased feedstock prices. New refineries are being built across Asia and Europe.

As the food vs. fuel debate mounts, research is turning to biodiesel production from waste. In Malaysia, an estimated 50,000 tonnes of used frying oils, both vegetable oils and animal fats, are disposed of yearly without treatment as wastes. In a 2006 study researchers found used frying oil (mainly palm olein), after pre-treatment with silica gel, is a suitable feedstock for conversion to methyl esters by catalytic reaction using sodium hydroxide. The methyl esters produced have fuel properties comparable to those of petroleum diesel, and can be used in unmodified diesel engines.

A 2009 study by scientists at Malaysian Science University concluded that palm oil, compared to other vegetable oils, is a healthy source of edible oil and at the same time, available in quantities that can satisfy global demand for biodiesel. Oil palm planting and palm oil consumption circumvents the food vs. fuel debate because it has the capacity to fulfill both demands simultaneously. By 2050, a British scientist estimates global demand for edible oils will probably be around 240 million tonnes, nearly twice 2008 consumption. Most of the additional oil may be palm oil, which has the lowest production cost of the major oils, but soybean oil production will probably also increase. An additional 12,000,000 hectares (46,000 sq mi) of oil palms may be required, if average yields continue to rise as in the past. This need not be at the expense of forest; oil palm planted on anthropogenic grassland could supply all the oil required for edible purposes in 2050.

Market

According to Hamburg-based Oil World trade journal, in 2008, global production of oils and fats stood at 160 million tonnes. Palm oil and palm kernel oil were jointly the largest contributor, accounting for 48 million tonnes or 30% of the total output. Soybean oil came in second with 37 million tonnes (23%). About 38% of the oils and fats produced in the world were shipped across oceans. Of the 60.3 million tonnes of oils and fats exported around the world, palm oil and palm kernel oil make up close to 60%; Malaysia, with 45% of the market share, dominates the palm oil trade.

Regional production

Indonesia

As of 2009, Indonesia was the largest producer of palm oil, surpassing Malaysia in 2006, producing more than 20.9 million tonnes. The Indonesian aspires to become the world's top producer of palm oil. FAO data show production increased by over 400% between 1994–2004, to over 8.66 million metric tonnes.

Palm oil output in 2006
In addition to servicing traditional markets, Indonesia is looking to put more effort into producing biodiesel. Major local and global companies are building mills and refineries, including PT. Astra Agro Lestari terbuka (150,000 tpa biodiesel refinery), PT. Bakrie Group (a biodiesel factory and new plantations), Surya Dumai Group (biodiesel refinery). Cargill (sometimes operating through CTP Holdings of Singapore, is building new refineries and mills in Malaysia and Indonesia, expanding its Rotterdam refinery to handle 300,000 tpa of palm oil, acquiring plantations in Sumatra, Kalimantan, the Indonesian peninsula and Papua New Guinea). Robert Kuok's Wilmar International Limited has plantations and 25 refineries across Indonesia, to supply feedstock to new biodiesel refineries in Singapore, Riau, Indonesia and Rotterdam.

Malaysia

In 2008, Malaysia produced 17.7 million tonnes of palm oil on 4,500,000 hectares (17,400 sq mi) of land, and was the second largest producer of palm oil, employing more than 570,000 people. Malaysia is the world's second largest exporter of palm oil. About 60% of palm oil exports from Malaysia are shipped to China, the European Union, Pakistan, United States and India. They are mostly made into cooking oil, margarine, specialty fats and oleochemicals.

In December 2006, the Malaysian government initiated merger of Sime Darby Berhad, Golden Hope Plantations Berhad and Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad to create the world’s largest listed oil palm plantation player. In a landmark deal valued at RM31 billion, the merger involved the businesses of eight listed companies controlled by Permodalan Nasional Berhad (PNB) and the Employees Provident Fund (EPF). A special purpose vehicle, Synergy Drive Sdn Bhd, offered to acquire all the businesses including assets and liabilities of the eight listed companies. With 543,000 hectares of plantation in a landbank, the merger resulted in an oil palm plantation entity that could produce 2.5 million tonnes of palm oil or 5% of global production in 2006. A year later, the merger completed and the entity was renamed Sime Darby Berhad.

Colombia

In the 1960s, about 18,000 hectares (69 sq mi) were planted with palm. Colombia has now become the largest palm oil producer in the Americas, and 35% of its product is exported as biofuel. In 2006, the Colombian plantation owners' association, Fedepalma, reported that oil palm cultivation was expanding to 1,000,000 hectares (3,900 sq mi). This expansion is being funded, in part, by the United States Agency for International Development to resettle disarmed paramilitary members on arable land, and by the Colombian government, which proposes to expand land use for exportable cash crops to 7,000,000 hectares (27,000 sq mi) by 2020, including oil palms. Fedepalma states that its members are following sustainable guidelines,
Some Afro-Colombians claim that some of these new plantations have been expropriated from them after they had been driven away through poverty and civil war, while armed guards intimidate the remaining people to further depopulate the land, while coca production and trafficking follows in their wake.

Other producers

Benin

Palm is native to the wetlands of western Africa, and south Benin already hosts many palm plantations. Its 'Agricultural Revival Programme' has identified many thousands of hectares of land as suitable for new oil palm export plantations. In spite of the economic benefits, Non-governmental organisations (NGOs), such as Nature Tropicale, claim biofuels will compete with domestic food production in some existing prime agricultural sites. Other areas comprise peat land, whose drainage would have a deleterious environmental impact. They are also concerned genetically modified plants will be introduced for the first time into the region, jeopardizing the current premium paid for their non-GM crops.

Kenya

Kenya's domestic production of edible oils covers about a third of its annual demand, estimated at around 380,000 metric tonnes. The rest is imported at a cost of around US$140 million a year, making edible oil the country's second most important import after petroleum. Since 1993 a new hybrid variety of cold-tolerant, high-yielding oil palm has been promoted by theFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in western Kenya. As well as alleviating the country's deficit of edible oils while providing an important cash crop, it is claimed to have environmental benefits in the region, because it does not compete against food crops or native vegetation and it provides stabilisation for the soil.

Ghana

Ghana has a lot of palm nuts vegetation, which can become an important contributor to the agriculture of the Black Star region. Although Ghana has multiple palm species, ranging from local palm nuts to other species locally called agric, it is only marketed locally and to neighboring countries.

Impacts

Social

Palm oil producers have been accused of various human-rights violations, from low pay and poor working conditions to theft of land and murder. However, some social initiatives use palm oil profits to finance poverty alleviation strategies. Examples include the financing of Magbenteh hospital in Makeni, Sierra Leone through profits made from palm oil grown by small local farmers, the Presbyterian Disaster Assistance's Food Security Program, which draws on a women-run cooperative to grow palm oil, the profits of which are reinvested in food security, or the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation's hybrid oil palm project in Western Kenya, which improves incomes and diets of local populations.

Environmental

Palm oil production has been documented as a cause of substantial and often irreversible damage to the natural environment. Its impacts include: deforestation, habitat loss ofcritically endangered species such as the Orangutan, and a significant increase in greenhouse gas emissions.

The pollution is exacerbated because many rainforests in Indonesia and Malaysia lie atop peat bogs that store great quantities of carbon that are released when the forests are cut down and the bogs drained to make way for plantations.

Environmental groups such as Greenpeace claim that the deforestation caused by making way for oil palm plantations is far more damaging for the climate than the benefits gained by switching to biofuel.

Many of the major companies in the vegetable oil economy participate in the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, which is trying to address this problem. In 2008 Unilever, a member of the group, committed to use only palm oil which is certified as sustainable, by ensuring that the large companies and smallholders that supply it convert to sustainable production by 2015.

Meanwhile, much of the recent investment in new palm plantations for biofuel has been part-funded through carbon credit projects through the Clean Development Mechanism; however the reputational risk associated with unsustainable palm plantations in Indonesia has now made many funds wary of investing there.

Medical

Although palm oil is applied to wounds for its supposed antimicrobial effects, research does not confirm its effectiveness.

Health

Blood lipid and cholesterol effects

The United States' Center for Science in the Public Interest said palm oil, which is high in saturated and low in polyunsaturated fat, promotes heart disease. The CSPI report cited research that goes back to 1970 and metastudies. CSPI also said that The National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, World Health Organization (WHO), and other health authorities have urged reduced consumption of palm oil. WHO states that there is convincing evidence that palmitic acid consumption contributes to an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. 2005 research in Costa Rica suggests consumption of non-hydrogenated unsaturated oils over palm oil. In 1993, Malaysia's Institute for Medical Research's head of Cardiovascular Disease Unit Cardiovascular, Diabetes and Nutrition Centre Dr Tony Ng Kock Wai showed that the cholesterol impact of saturated fats is affected by its amount at the sn-2 position. Despite the high palmitic acid content (41%) of palm oil, only 13-14% is present at the sn-2 position.

In an email response to WHO's 2002 draft report, Dr. David Kritchevsky of the Wistar Institute, Philadelphia denied that there were, at that time, any data showing palm oil consumption causing atherosclerosis.

However, a 2006 study supported by the National Institutes of Health and the USDA Agricultural Research Service concluded that palm oil is not a safe substitute for partially hydrogenated fats (trans fats) in the food industry, because palm oil results in adverse changes in the blood concentrations of LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B just as trans fat does.

Comparison with animal saturated fat

Not all saturated fats are equally cholesterolemic. Studies have indicated that consumption of palm olein which is more unsaturated) reduces blood cholesterol when compared to sources of saturated fats like coconut oil, dairy and animal fats.

According to an unreferenced statement in a review article prepared by an employee of a palm nutraceutical company, palm oil, although high in saturated fats, is as cholesterol neutral as olive oil because the high concentrate of oleic fatty acid at sn-2 position expresses monosaturates character.

In 1996, Dr Becker of University of Massachusetts stressed that saturated fats in the sn–1 and -3 position of triacylglycerols exhibit different metabolic patterns due to their low absorptivity. Dietary fats containing saturated fats primarily in sn–1 and -3 positions (e.g., cocoa butter, coconut oil, and palm oil) have very different biological consequences than those fats in which the saturated fats are primarily in the sn–2 position (e.g., milk fat and lard). Differences in stereospecific fatty acid location should be an important consideration in the design and interpretation of lipid nutrition studies and in the production of specialty food products.

In a 2004 review, Dr German and Dr Dillard, respectively of the University of California, Davis and Nestle Research Center in Switzerland, concluded that research on how specific saturated fats contribute to coronary artery disease and on the role each specific saturated fatty acid plays in other health outcomes is not sufficient to make global recommendations for all persons to remove saturated fats from their diet because no randomized clinical trials of low-fat diets or low-saturated fat diets of sufficient duration have been carried out.

There is a lack of knowledge of how low saturated fat intake can be without the risk of deleterious health outcomes. The influence of varying saturated fatty acid intakes against a background of different individual lifestyles and genetic backgrounds should be the focus in future studies.

References

^ Reeves, James B.; Weihrauch, John L.; Consumer and Food Economics Institute (1979). Composition of foods: fats and oils. Agriculture handbook 8-4. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration. p. 4. OCLC 5301713.
^ Poku, Kwasi (2002). "Origin of oil palm". Small-Scale Palm Oil Processing in Africa. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin 148. Food and Agriculture Organization. ISBN 92-5-104859-2.[page needed]
^ Cottrell, RC (1991). "Introduction: nutritional aspects of palm oil". The American journal of clinical nutrition 53 (4 Suppl): 989S–1009S. PMID 2012022.
^ US Federal Food, Drug & Cosmetic Act, 21 CFR 101.25 as amended in Federal Register July 19, 1990, Vol.55 No.139 pg.29472[verification needed]
^ UK Food Labelling Regulations (SI 1984, No.1305)[verification needed]
^ Medical nutrition & disease: a case-based approach. pp. 202. ISBN 0632046589.
^ Mensink, RP; Katan, MB (1992). "Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids and lipoproteins. A meta-analysis of 27 trials.". Arterioscler Thromb 12 (8): 911-?.
^ United States Department of Agriculture (June 2006). "Palm Oil Continues to Dominate Global Consumption in 2006/07". Press release. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
^ Che Man, YB; Liu, J.L.; Jamilah, B.; Rahman, R. Abdul (1999). "Quality changes of RBD palm olein, soybean oil and their blends during deep-fat frying". Journal of Food Lipids 6(3): 181–193. doi:10.1111/j.1745-4522.1999.tb00142.x.
^ Matthäus, Bertrand (2007). "Use of palm oil for frying in comparison with other high-stability oils". European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 109: 400.doi:10.1002/ejlt.200600294.
^ Bellis, Mary. "The History of Soaps and Detergents". About.com. "In 1864, Caleb Johnson founded a soap company called B.J. Johnson Soap Co., in Milwaukee. In 1898, this company introduced a soap made of palm and olive oils, called Palmolive."
^ Hartley, C. W. S. (1988). The Oil Palm, 3rd edn. Longman Scientific and Technical, Harlow, U.K.[page needed]
^ Development of Palm Oil and Related Products in Malaysia and Indonesia Rajah Rasiah & Azmi Shahrin, Universiti Malaya, 2006
^ a b "Palm oil products and the weekly shop". BBC Panorama. 22 February 2010. Retrieved 22 February 2010.
^ http://www.tocotrienol.org/en/index/sources.html
^ Ang, Catharina Y. W., KeShun Liu, and Yao-Wen Huang, eds. (1999). Asian Foods
^ Valuable minor constituents of commercial red palm olein: carotenoids, vitamin E, ubiquinones and sterols Bonnie Tay Yen Ping and Choo Yuen May, Journal of Oil Palm Research, Vol 12, No 1, June 2000, pg14-24
^ Kruger, MJ; Engelbrecht, AM; Esterhuyse, J; Du Toit, EF; Van Rooyen, J (2007). "Dietary red palm oil reduces ischaemia-reperfusion injury in rats fed a hypercholesterolaemic diet.". The British journal of nutrition 97 (4): 653–60. doi:10.1017/S0007114507658991.PMID 17349077.
^ Characteristics of red palm oil, a carotene- and vitamin E–rich refined oil for food uses B. Nagendran, U. R. Unnithan, Y. M. Choo, and Kalyana Sundram, Food and Nutrition Bulletin, vol. 21, no. 2, 2000, pg 77-82, The United Nations University.
^ Top, Ab Gapor Md; Hassan, Wan Hasamudin Wan; Sulong, Mohamad (June 2002)."Phytochemicals for Nutraceuticals from the By-product of Palm Oil Refining". Palm Oil Developments 36: 17–19.
^ Stuchlík, M; Zák, S (2002). "Vegetable lipids as components of functional foods.".Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacky, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia 146 (2): 3–10. PMID 12572887.
^ Rona, C; Vailati, F; Berardesca, E (Jan 2004). "The cosmetic treatment of wrinkles".Journal of cosmetic dermatology 3 (1): 26–34. doi:10.1111/j.1473-2130.2004.00054.x.ISSN 1473-2130. PMID 17163944.
^ Al-Saqer, J (2004). "Developing functional foods using red palm olein. IV. Tocopherols and tocotrienols". Food Chemistry 85: 579. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.08.003.
^ Andreu-Sevilla, A.J.; Hartmann, A.; Burlo, F.; Poquet, N.; Carbonell-Barrachina, A.A. (2009). "Health Benefits of Using Red Palm Oil in Deep-frying Potatoes: Low Acrolein Emissions and High Intake of Carotenoids". Food Science and Technology International15: 15. doi:10.1177/1082013208100462.
^ Choo YM, Ma AN, Yap SC, Ooi CK, Basiron Y (1993). "Production and applications of deacidified and deodorized red palm oil". Palm Oil Developments 19: 30–4.
^ Refining operations PT. Asianagro Agungjaya corporate website 2007
^ Faessler, Peter; Kolmetz, Karl; Seang, Kek Wan; Lee, Siang Hua (2007). "Advanced fractionation technology for the oleochemical industry". Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 2: 315. doi:10.1002/apj.25.
^ http://www.webexhibits.org/butter/compounds-fatty.html
^ Napalm
^ Thomson Financial (16 December 2007). "Malaysian government not concerned with rising palm oil prices - minister". Forbes. Retrieved 22 September 2009.
^ "New plant a catalyst for country's biodiesel industry". New Straits Times. 2007-12-16.
^ Neste To Build US$814 Mln Singapore Biofuel Plant Reuters 3 December 2007
^ Neste Oil eyes further biodiesel investments Reuters 30.11.2007
^ Neste Oil rakentaa Singaporeen maailman suurimman biodieseltehtaan Yleisradio Finnish Television News 30.11.2007 (in Finnish)
^ a b The palm-oil–biodiesel nexus Grain 2007
^ Rocovery & Conversion of palm olein-derived used frying oil to methyl esters for biodiesel LOH SOH KHEANG; CHOO YUEN MAY; CHENG SIT FOON and MA AH NGAN, Journal of Oil Palm Research, Vol 18, June 2006, pg 247-252
^ Corley, R. H. V. (2009). "How much palm oil do we need?". Environmental Science & Policy 12: 134–838. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2008.10.011. edit
^ a b Malaysian Palm Oil Industry Performance 2008 Global Oils & Fats Business Magazine VOL.6 ISSUE 1 (Jan-March), 2009.
^ Indonesia: Palm Oil Production Prospects Continue to Grow December 31, 2007, USDA-FAS, Office of Global Analysis
^ World Growth Palm Oil Green Development Campaign: "Palm Oil — The Sustainable Oil A Report by World Growth" September 2009. Oilhttp://www.worldgrowth.org/assets/files/Palm_Oil.pdf
^ SYNERGY DRIVE FORMS MERGER INTEGRATION COMMITTEE Sime Darby website
^ Synergy renamed Sime Darby The Star, 29 November 2007
^ Fedepalma Annual Communication of Progress Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil, 2006
^ Bacon, David. "Blood on the Palms: Afro-Colombians fight new plantations". See also "Unfulfilled Promises and Persistent Obstacles to the Realization of the Rights of Afro-Colombians," [1] A Report on the Development of Ley 70 of 1993 by the Repoport Center for Human Rights and Justice, Univ. of Texas at Austin, Jul 2007.
^ Pazos, Flavio (2007-08-03). "Benin: Large scale oil palm plantations for agrofuel". World Rainforest Movement.

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