I would hasten to disclaim any special expertise in this area but my arm was twisted to respond - and in general I think that more of us should respond to these types of questions.
Further clinical information
is she insulin dependent and how many years has she been diabetic? Any other significant co morbidities? Pre-injury level of function and expectations of treatment - eg is she expecting to return to heavy activity eg agriculture, cleaning, standing or walking long periods.
any signs of diabetic neuropathy or circulatory impairment?
Further investigation
is the subluxation reducible? Can you do a lateral xray with the ankle forwardly stressed into the anatomical position?
CT scan if available. This would show you the extent of healing and therefore the ease with which you could mobilize the fracture fragments. A 3D CT reconstruction would allow you to understand the exact anatomy of the fracture and the ways you would have to approach it and free it up.
Management
I agree with Dr Albers that it is desirable to do only one operation. Since she has pain, my guess is that there already is extensive damage to the tibio/talar joint surfaces and that if you opened the joint with the intention of reducing and fixing the fracture you would back off and go to plan B (arthrodesis) when you see what the joint looks like. However, most likely you will have to mobilize and even fix the fracture fragments in order to centre the talus under the tibial and fuse it. So my thought is that you would have to do a posterior approach to mobilize the posterior malleolus and an antero lateral approach to take down the fibula and do the fusion (or fixation). I suppose that if you were widely exposing the ankle joint to do a fusion (eg by fibular osteotomy) you might be able to get an osteotome into the bone at the step between the plafond and the posterior malleolus fragment to mobilize the fragment; but I have no experience with that and wonder if it would be mobile even after you broke down the callus. I would position the patient so you can expose the back of the tibia if you need to.
If she has evidence of neuropathy then the prospect of a severe problem (Charcot foot) post fusion is worrying. Pre-operative counselling for the patient and family may be quite complex!
Literature
I did a 2 PubMed searchs (URLs =
and came up with the following - from the first 20 in each search. There is probably a lot more and you may wish to follow some of the related citations links.
Hintermann B, Barg A, Knupp M.
J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011 Oct;93(10):1367-72.
Related citationsWukich DK.
Foot Ankle Int. 2011 Sep;32(9):924; author reply 924. No abstract available.
- PMID:
- 22097173
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Jehan S, Shakeel M, Bing AJ, Hill SO.
Acta Orthop Belg. 2011 Oct;77(5):644-51. Review.
- PMID:
- 22187841
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Klein SE, Putnam RM, McCormick JJ, Johnson JE.
Foot Ankle Int. 2011 Jul;32(7):686-92.
- PMID:
- 21972763
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Wukich DK, Joseph A, Ryan M, Ramirez C, Irrgang JJ.
Foot Ankle Int. 2011 Feb;32(2):120-30.
- PMID:
- 21288410
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Tornetta P 3rd, Ricci W, Nork S, Collinge C, Steen B.
J Orthop Trauma. 2011 Feb;25(2):123-6.
- PMID:
- 21245717
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Giannini S, Faldini C, Acri F, Leonetti D, Luciani D, Nanni M.
Injury. 2010 Nov;41(11):1208-11. Epub 2010 Oct 8.
- PMID:
- 20934697
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Chiodo CP, Cicchinelli L, Kadakia AR, Schuberth J, Weil L Jr.
Foot Ankle Spec. 2010 Aug;3(4):194-200. No abstract available.
- PMID:
- 20664007
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Reidsma II, Nolte PA, Marti RK, Raaymakers EL.
J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2010 Jan;92(1):66-70.
- PMID:
- 20044681
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Molloy AP, Roche A, Narayan B.
Foot Ankle Clin. 2009 Sep;14(3):563-87. Review.
- PMID:
- 19712890
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Chu A, Weiner L.
J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009 Apr;17(4):220-30. Review.
- PMID:
- 19307671
- [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
Borrelli J Jr, Leduc S, Gregush R, Ricci WM.
Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2009 Apr;467(4):1056-63. Epub 2009 Jan 15.
The Reidsma (2010 JBJS - B) article suggests that there are good results after accurate reconstruction and that
" Minor post-traumatic arthritis is not a contraindication but rather an indication for reconstructive surgery. We also found that prolonged time to reconstruction is associated negatively with outcome" so if your patient is a good surgical risk and has well controlled diabetes with no diabetic complications that might alter things in favour of an attempt at reconstruction.