UK Goth Mini-FAQ
Dave H
Posting-Frequency: monthly
Last-Modified: 2005/07/03
Version: 1.2.8
URL: http://www.darkwave.org.uk/faq/minifaq/
Maintainer: Dave H <lor...@darkwave.org.uk>
,----------------------.
| *UK Goth Mini-FAQ* |
`----------------------'
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Subject: Introduction
The UK Goth Mini-FAQ is an unofficial Frequently Asked Questions
document for the gothic subculture in the UK. It hopefully provides
some useful information in a succinct manner, although it doesn't
attempt to detail every facet of the scene. Comments and updates are
welcome; please use the maintainer email address listed at the top of
the document. Alternatively, comment by following-up posts of the FAQ
to the uk.people.gothic newsgroup.
------------------------------
Subject: Table of Contents
1. Recent Changes
2. What is the gothic subculture?
3. How did the term "gothic" come to describe a style of music?
4. Is goth a religious movement?
5. How is the goth scene linked to the "vampire scene"?
6. Is the goth scene linked with violence or fascism?
7. What goth events are taking place in the near future?
8. What is the Whitby Gothic Weekend all about?
9. What other festivals are of interest to UK goths?
10. What magazines are popular in the UK scene?
11. Can any books on the scene be recommended?
12. How can I get hold of goth music?
13. Where can I find out about goth fashion?
14. How can I look after black clothes?
15. What can I do if I have no local scene?
16. What is a "net.goth"?
17. What is netgoth.org.uk?
18. What newsgroups exist?
19. What are some good tips for posting to uk.people.gothic?
20. What is Internet Relay Chat (IRC) and #uk_goffs?
21. What other Internet resources exist?
22. Credits
------------------------------
Subject: 1. Recent Changes
From version 1.2.7:
* Mention of Unscene magazine (hat tip: Morph).
* Added reference to Carnival of Souls festival (hat tip: Morph).
* Updated time for Natasha's Batcave.
From version 1.2.6:
* Updated time for Natasha's Batcave.
* Removed reference to Morecambe Goth Festival (hat tip: Morph).
------------------------------
Subject: 2. What is the gothic subculture?
The original Goths were an ancient Germanic tribe which split into the
separate Ostrogoth and Visigoth tribes in the third century. The
Visigoths secured their place in history in the year 268, when they
invaded the Roman Empire and swarmed over the Balkan peninsula.
Post-Roman invasion, the word "Gothic" became used to describe the
uncivilised, ignorant or barbarous. The Renaissance humanists of Italy
used this negative sense to describe a style of architecture prevalent
in Western Europe, which they detested. This resulted in the term
becoming synonymous with the dark and ominous, like the architecture
itself. Its use expanded to cover the macabre in the 19th century, when
it was used to describe writings such as Mary Shelly's "Frankenstein."
The term "gothic" became increasing used throughout the 1980s to
describe both a style of music and a movement growing out of the ashes
of punk rock. By the late 1980s goth had become mainstream, with bands
such as All About Eve, The Sisters Of Mercy, The Mission and Fields of
the Nephilim -- all labelled as gothic rock by the music press --
finding commercial success. A distinctive and arresting fashion had
developed too, with long crimped hair (dyed black), voluminous velvet
dresses (black), tight jeans (black) and leather jackets (also black)
all forming part of the staple goth look.
As the music media lost interest in goth in the early 1990s, it started
to shrink from view. However, united by a common love of dark music, a
network of fanzines and friendships held the scene together. Goth
nights sprung up around the country to play the music more general
alternative nights would not.
Goth re-established itself as a bona fide underground scene, rapidly
finding new fans and exploring different directions in both look and
sound. Bands from the 1990s such as Rosetta Stone and Children on Stun
explored electronic music to a great degree, whilst still maintaining a
distinctive guitar-driven gothic feel. Many goth nights were also
havens for industrial rock, which resulted in a certain amount of
crossover between the scenes.
Bands popular in today's scene include the Cruxshadows, Dream Disciples,
Faith and the Muse, Inkubus Sukkubus, Manuskript and Swarf.
Electro-industrial and EBM (Electronic Body Music) projects such as
Front Line Assembly, Velvet Acid Christ and VNV Nation are also popular
with many, especially the contingent known as "cybergoths". Many
cybergoths also enthuse about rhythmic noise; sometimes known as power
noise, its sound is typified by projects such as Converter and early
Noisex.
The scene is alive and active, supported by its own infrastructure of
promoters, designers, manufacturers and musicians. Furthermore, goth
shows no sign of going away; it has an irrepressible persistence, much
its namesake, the ancient Goths.
(See <http://www.sfgoth.com/primer/etymology.html> for more on the
etymology of the term "gothic.")
------------------------------
Subject: 3. How did the term "gothic" come to describe a style of music?
The term "gothic" emerged in 1979 to describe various post-punk bands.
Joy Division's sound was described as gothic by their producer Martin
Hannett, and by Factory Records co-founder Anthony H. Wilson.
Meanwhile, Siouxsie and the Banshees used the term to describe their
Join Hands album.
Other important "gothic" bands from the early 1980s include Bauhaus,
Sex Gang Children, Southern Death Cult and UK Decay. Abbo from UK Decay
inadvertently identified an emerging goth movement in a 1981 Sounds
interview, and Ian Astbury (Southern Death Cult) used the term "goths"
to describe Sex Gang Children fans.
For more information, see An Early History of Goth
<http://www.scathe.com/histgoth.htm> by Pete Scathe.
------------------------------
Subject: 4. Is goth a religious movement?
The goth scene is rich in religious imagery, including symbols such as
ankhs, crucifixes and pentacles; however it is neither a religious nor
an occult movement. It is seldom an issue in the goth scene, and there
are goths who are atheists, agnostics, Christians and Pagans, as well as
other beliefs too.
Religion is not a major theme for most goth bands either, even though
many do have members who are religious. The Pagan group Inkubus
Sukkubus are an exception to this, and have loyal fans in both goth and
Pagan circles. For an example of a Christian goth icon, look no further
than Nick Cave; he describes how he came to embrace religion in the
essay "The Flesh Made Word," which can be found amoungst the pages of
"King Ink II" (Two Thirteen Sixty-One Publications, 1997).
------------------------------
Subject: 5. How is the goth scene linked to the "vampire scene"?
There are practically no links between the goth and vampire scenes; they
are two different subcultures with a very small amount of crossover.
When the mainstream media covers goth, it invariably involves vampire
and witchcraft undertones for the /amusement/ of the general public.
Interestingly, Peter Murphy (Bauhaus) has intimated that the seminal
single "Bela Lugosi's Dead" -- named after the Count Dracula actor --
was released as a joke; unfortunately Bauhaus, and goth, has had to live
with the punch line for a very long time.
Acts like Cradle of Filth (which the media tends to put in the "goth"
camp, even though they are closer to black metal) use both vampire and
gothic imagery; this only adds to the confusion.
------------------------------
Subject: 6. Is the goth scene linked with violence or fascism?
Up until 1999 the goth scene in Britain had largely escaped any
media-triggered moral panic. The horrific Columbine High School
killings in Denver, USA, changed that, with the press emphasising an
apparant association of the killers with the gothic subculture. The
impact in Britian, however, was not as strong as in parts of the United
States, where goths found themselves as one of several minority groups
singled out in an ensuing media witch-hunt.
More recent media attention includes:
* A 2002 Guardian newspaper article
<http://www.guardian.co.uk/farright/story/0,11981,841363,00.html>
covering the German goth/neo-folk scene, which describes goth as
"the point at which neo-Nazism and Satanism meet."
* A 2004 article about a youth outreach programme for goths in the
United States <http://www.pitch.com/issues/2004-06-03/stline.html>,
which concludes that the gothic subculture isn't actually a problem.
Make no mistake: violence, fascism and racism has never been tolerated
by the goth scene. Venue managers often comment positively at the lack
of violent or rowdy behaviour at large goth events. Unfortunately
sensationalist journalism often seems determined to portray goth in a
sinister manner, and the subculture is given little or no opportunity to
defend itself. Sadly little can be done about this.
(Note: For an idea of how little research the Guardian seems to do, in
2002 they also suggested that glowsticks wouldn't be welcome in the
Slimelight. Clearly they haven't investigated the place anytime
this millennium.)
------------------------------
Subject: 7. What goth events are taking place in the near future?
In any given month, there's a large number of events of interest to
goths taking place up and down the country. See the Events section of
netgoth.org.uk <http://www.netgoth.org.uk/events/> for an accurate guide
on what is happening when.
See the next two questions below for information on Whitby and other
major festivals.
------------------------------
Subject: 8. What is the Whitby Gothic Weekend all about?
The Whitby Gothic Weekend <http://www.wgw.topmum.co.uk/> is the UK's
longest running goth festival. An extended weekend break, it's a place
for goths both inside and outside the UK to watch bands, discover new
music and generally have a good time. Another important part of the
weekend is the Bizarre Bazaar, which is an excellent place to find those
essential goth and cyber wardrobe items.
The first WGW was in September 1994, when Jo Hampshire (Top Mum) invited
her friends on a seaside holiday. The idea was more popular than she
anticipated -- two hundred black-clad people turned up! Sensing she was
on to a winner, the gothic weekend became an annual event situated in
and around the Spa Pavilion. Since 1997 there have been two WGWs a
year, usually held around April and November. Anywhere between 1000 and
1500 people turn up.
For information on getting hold of a ticket, consult the WGW website.
The best tip for finding somewhere to stay is -- book early! Whitby
Tourist Information can be contacted on +44 (0)1947 602674, and they
have computerised availability. Other useful websites include the
Whitby Hotel and Catering Association
<http://www.whitby-hoteliers-catering-association.co.uk/> and Whitby
Online <http://www.whitbyonline.co.uk/>. The StarVox web magazine also
has a good WGW feature at
<http://www.starvox.net/crypt/whitby/whitby.htm>.
------------------------------
Subject: 9. What other festivals are of interest to UK goths?
Beyond the Veil <http://www.gogpromotions.co.uk/> is a goth, darkwave
and neofolk festival run by the people behind the Black Veil club, in
either late March or early April. Held in the Hotel Metropole, Leeds,
it brings a wide range of international acts to the UK. Past headlining
acts have included ASP, Bella Morte and Diva Destruction.
Dark City <http://www.darkcity-edinburgh.com/> is another Easter event,
and is based in Edinburgh. Headlining acts have included Clan of Xymox,
The Mission and VNV Nation.
Infest <http://www.infestuk.com/> describes itself as the UK's premier
festival of alternative electronic music. It is held every August at
the University of Bradford Students' Union, and plays host to a variety
of projects ranging from the futurepop of Assemblage 23 or VNV Nation
to the harsh technoid rhythms associated with labels such as Ant-Zen and
Hands Productions.
Carnival of Souls <http://www.carnivalofsouls.co.uk/> is a three day
gothic/fetish festival. Organised by Nightbreed Recordings, it runs in
Derby during October.
Flag Promotions <http://www.flagpromotions.com/> run a number of all-day
events in London, including Gotham in May and Elektrofest usually around
April or early May.
(Internationally there are a number of other large events of interest to
UK goths, including M'era Luna <http://www.meraluna.de/> and Wave Gotik
Treffen <http://www.wave-gotik-treffen.de/> in Germany, and Convergence
<http://www.altgothic.com/> in the United States.)
------------------------------
Subject: 10. What magazines are popular in the UK scene?
Kaleidoscope <http://www.kaleidoscopemusic.org.uk/> is probably the most
well known publication from within the UK goth scene. Focused primarily
on music, it has good coverage of darkwave, EBM, industrial and gothic
rock; there's also a degree of fashion and lifestyle coverage.
Kaleidoscope is published every quarter, and is stocked by a number of
alternative retailers, including Resurrection Records and Grave News.
TWF Magazine <http://www.twfmagazine.com/> is another quarterly
publication, and covers band interviews along with reviews of albums,
live performances and clubs. Amongst other places it is available from
Resurrection Records (Camden) and the Travelling Man (Newcastle, Derby,
Nottingham, York and Leeds).
Unscene <http://www.animespresso.com/unscene/> is a new publication
which has just released it's debut issue. There is a large number of
band interviews (including Faith and The Muse, Devilish Presley and
Killing Miranda) as well as pieces on artist Rachael Huntington and the
Avalon Skies Paranormal Research Society. Unscene can be ordered by
cheque or PO (details on website).
Fanzines are also popular, but by their very nature it's difficult to
know which ones are in circulation at any given time. They can often be
picked up at gigs. Despite their lower production qualities, many
exhibit a humorous irreverence that other publications can't match.
Examples include:
* Bubblegum Slut Fanzine <http://www.bubblegumslutfanzine.1hwy.com/>,
which is covered in fake fur(!) and covers glam, punk and goth
* Pity for Monsters, brought to you by the people behind Devilish
Presley <http://www.devilishpresley.com/>
Most of the mainstream music press continues to ignore goth, as it did
throughout the 1990s. Rock Sound tends to be an exception to this rule,
and seems to have a genuine interest in independent alternative music.
Terrorizer and Classic Rock also have some limited goth coverage. The
NME, meanwhile, becomes more irrelevant with every passing year; they
generally do a clueless "goth revival" piece every six months or so.
------------------------------
Subject: 11. Can any books on the scene be recommended?
The single best book on the goth movement is "Goth: Identity, Style and
Subculture," by Paul Hodkinson (Berg Publishers, 2002). Written from an
academic perspective, it explores the identities, practices and values
of the goth scene, and examines how it fits in with the rest of society.
It's not a modern guide to goth, but instead provides a complete
ethnographic study.
"The Goth Bible: A Compendium for the Darkly Inclined" (Saint Martin's
Press, 2004) is a passionate examination of the goth scene by Nancy
Kilpatrick. Ninety-five goths contribute quotes and opinions as the
book provides an insight into the past, present and potential future of
the movement; as the work progresses it covers subjects as diverse as
absinthe, architecture, club culture, fashion, gardening and marriage.
"21st Century Goth" (Reynolds & Hearn, 2002) is the latest guide to the
scene by Mick Mercer. Taking an international view, it focuses on the
Internet, and provides an extensive guide to goth-related bands,
clothes, clubs, websites and magazines. This is Mick Mercer's fourth
book on goth, and the one most relevant to today's scene.
"What is Goth?" (Red Wheel/Weiser, 2004) is a humorous goth-spotting
field guide. It was written by Voltaire, author of the "Oh My Goth!"
comic book series. Within its pages you will also find advice on
finding your goth name, how to generate a gothic poem, and how to
accomplish difficult dance floor manoeuvres such as "pulling the evil
taffy."
"Goth Chic: A Connoisseur's Guide to Dark Culture" by Gavin Baddeley
(Plexus Publishing, 2002) is another attempt at exploring gothic
culture. It has a much wider view of what goth constitutes, covering
everything from horror comics to vampire cultists. Although quite
interesting it's not as relevant as the writings of Paul Hodkinson,
Nancy Kilpatrick or Mick Mercer.
"The Dark Reign of Gothic Rock: In The Reptile House with The Sisters of
Mercy, Bauhaus and The Cure" (Helter Skelter Publishing, 2002) by Dave
Thompson gives a good insight into the history of gothic rock, although
it's only indirectly relevant to the present movement.
------------------------------
Subject: 12. How can I get hold of goth music?
One of the best places to pick up goth music is, of course, at goth
events. Having said that, here are a number of good
goth/electro/alternative stockists:
* Resurrection Records <http://www.resurrectionmusic.com/>
* Darkcell Digital Music <http://www.darkcelldigitalmusic.net/>
* Music Non Stop <http://www.musicnonstop.co.uk/>
* Sister Ray <http://www.sisterray.co.uk/>
------------------------------
Subject: 13. Where can I find out about goth fashion?
The best place to start if you want to know about gothic fashion is the
alt.gothic.fashion FAQ <http://www.ice-princess.net/gothfash/>. It
contains all manner of information on where to get goth clothes, how to
paint your leather jacket, how to have more vibrant and impressive hair
than the rest of your peers, etc.
A good starting point on the Web for goth and cyber clothing is Batgear
Beyond <http://www.batgearbeyond.com/>. It's like a version of Yahoo!
dedicated just to goth fashion.
------------------------------
Subject: 14. How can I look after black clothes?
In order to keep your black clothes black, use a dark or colour clothing
laundry detergent such as Dreft Dark. Avoid washing liquids that
contain bleach or whiteners.
Do not put too much detergent into a wash -- one capful will normally be
enough -- and never wash at more than 40C. Sunlight is also a powerful
bleaching agent, so dry clothing indoors if possible.
If you find tiny white specks appearing on your clothing when you enter
a club, it is caused by the ultraviolet lighting. The best way to get
rid of these filaments is with a product such as Sticki-Mitts.
If you're interested in redyeing your black clothes, see the Dye It
Black FAQ <http://www.darkwave.org.uk/~bob/dye.faq.html>.
------------------------------
Subject: 15. What can I do if I have no local scene?
Participation in the goth scene is still feasible if you live in a
remote area or a town with little alternative night-life. The Internet
along with the various magazine resources make it possible to explore
the culture, discover new music, and find out about events within
travelling distance. Forums like uk.people.gothic are useful for
finding out whether there are any friendly goths in your local area.
Visiting goth nightclubs in the larger cities can be fun, but that
doesn't mean travelling goths should abandon all hope once they return
home. Many adopt a local alternative, indie or rock pub/club, and are
able to exert a little influence over the CDs in the jukebox.
Additionally, DJs can be more willing to take requests at the start of
an evening, especially if no-one outside the goth crowd is dancing.
------------------------------
Subject: 16. What is a "net.goth"?
The term net.goth was coined as a joke by Sexbat, in a posting to the
alt.gothic newsgroup. A modern definition for the term could be as
follows:
*net.goth* /net goth/ noun. *1.* a poster to alt.gothic,
uk.people.gothic or other goth-related newsgroup. *2.* any
goth with a presence on the Internet. [Usenet: see net dot
prefix, net.god, net.personality, etc.]
Incidentally, visit Sexbat's website at <http://www.cydhe.com/> if you
are interested in the Tao of Goth or other mysterious writings.
------------------------------
Subject: 17. What is netgoth.org.uk?
netgoth.org.uk <http://www.netgoth.org.uk/> is the largest web portal of
the UK goth community. It contains a wealth of useful information,
constantly updated by it's visitors. Amongst other things, it's the
home of:
* The net.goth map, which lists clubs, shops, people, and other things
of interest up and down the UK.
* A substantial music database where you can read and submit album
reviews.
* An events database and calendar.
* Slashgoth <http://slashgoth.org/>, a news and discussion forum.
netgoth.org.uk runs off greebo.darkwave.org.uk, a machine run by the
elusive Dishmop Dave. If you ever meet him, he appreciates a nice pint.
------------------------------
Subject: 18. What newsgroups exist?
Usenet is the name of a world-wide discussion system. It consists of
tens of thousands of "newsgroups," which are organised underneath
various hierarchies.
alt.gothic <news:alt.gothic> blinked into existence around Halloween
1991, and may have been the first online discussion forum specifically
for goths. (Amusing historical note: it was a spin-off of Dominion, the
electronic mailing list for The Sisters Of Mercy.)
alt.gothic was a phenomenal success, and in June 1995 uk.people.gothic
<news:uk.people.gothic> was created to offer a more UK-focused
discussion. (alt.gothic is for international discussion, but is very
US-centric.)
Other newsgroups which may be of interest include:
* The Australian group, aus.culture.gothic <news:aus.culture.gothic>
* German group, de.soc.subkultur.gothic <news:de.soc.subkultur.gothic>
* For French speakers, alt.gothic.francophone
<news:alt.gothic.francophone>
* alt.gothic.fashion <news:alt.gothic.fashion>, for the discussion of
pointy boots, hair dye, and makeup tips
* Music-related groups which have varying proportions of goths
amongst their readership:
* alt.gothic.music <news:alt.gothic.music>
* alt.music.gothic <news:alt.music.gothic>
* rec.music.industrial <news:rec.music.industrial>
* uk.music.alternative <news:uk.music.alternative>
Usenet can be accessed through a web interface, such as Google Groups
<http://groups.google.com/>; however for a much better experience you
should use dedicated newsreader software such as Forte Agent, Microsoft
Outlook Express, Mozilla Thunderbird or Turnpike.
------------------------------
Subject: 19. What are some good tips for posting to uk.people.gothic?
Please read "Configuring Your News Reader to Post to uk.*"
<http://www.usenet.org.uk/ukpost.html> for information about newsreader
software and guidelines on how to post to Usenet. Here are some good
tips for posting to uk.people.gothic and similar newsgroups:
1. Posts should be readable as plain text, wrapping at less than 80
columns -- HTML-formatted messages are prohibited.
2. Please don't "top post" -- when quoting a message you're replying
to, place your reply underneath or interspersed with it rather than
over it. Trim unnecessary quoted text, but leave enough to show
the context of your reply.
3. Don't post pictures or sound files to the group -- consider
directing people to a website instead.
4. If you use a ".signature" (a sign-off message at the end of your
posts) please keep it to four lines or less.
5. Please don't send posts just to test your newsreader -- that's what
the uk.test newsgroup is for.
6. Be aware of uk.people.gothic's formal charter, which can be found
at <http://www.usenet.org.uk/uk.people.gothic.html>.
Incidentally, Martin Oldgoth maintains a UPG Gallery
<http://www.insanitorium.co.uk/upg-gallery.htm> for anyone curious about
what uk.people.gothic posters actually look like. You may also be
interested in the original (no longer maintained) uk.people.gothic FAQ
<http://www.darkwave.org.uk/faq/ukpg/>, although please note that much
of it is now out of date.
------------------------------
Subject: 20. What is Internet Relay Chat (IRC) and #uk_goffs?
Internet Relay Chat is an interactive way to communicate with people
over the Internet in real time. By connecting an IRC client program to
one of several IRC networks, you can join one or more "channels" and
exchange text messages with people all over the world. Popular IRC
client programs include mIRC and XChat. For a full introduction to IRC,
see <http://www.irchelp.org/>.
netgoth.org.uk has an Internet Relay Chat section
<http://www.netgoth.org.uk/chat/>, better known through the name of its
main channel, #uk_goffs. It can be reached either through its own web
browser interface, or through IRC client software. A chaotic and often
downright strange environment, #uk_goffs can require thick skin. It
also sometimes takes time for the regulars to accept newcomers.
You can connect up with IRC client software by joining channel #uk_goffs
on the host www.netgoth.org.uk, port 7000
<irc://www.netgoth.org.uk:7000/uk_goffs>. There is also channel #quiet
<irc://www.netgoth.org.uk:7000/quiet> for when things just get too
noisy. In the event that netgoth.org.uk is down, try #uk_goffs on
rhizomatic.net, port 6667 instead <irc://rhizomatic.net/uk_goffs>.
Please read the net.goth chat rules and tips before getting stuck in.
------------------------------
Subject: 21. What other Internet resources exist?
The Miss Jinny Show <http://www.missjinny.com/> is an online radio show
that highlights goth, dark electronica and industrial techno. It can be
heard on Monday nights from 11pm until 1am. The show regularly features
guests, and can also be heard on 96.9FM in the Manchester area.
Natasha's Batcave can be heard on TotalRock <http://www.totalrock.com/>
every Tuesday from 9pm until midnight. The show plays gothic rock,
deathrock and industrial metal. It's repeated every Sunday from 3am
until 6am. It is also normally available on Sky Digital channel 938,
although not at present.
(Natasha also hosted the Meltdown <http://www.meltdownmagazine.com/>
Internet TV show, prior to financial difficulties at Detonator TV which
caused transmissions to cease. Hopefully the show will be able to
return in some form in the future.)
StarVox Music Zine <http://www.starvox.net/> is a popular resource for
goth, deathrock and alternative news and reviews. It has an
international focus, but has a number of contributors from the UK.
Similiarly, The Mick <http://www.mickmercer.com/themick.html> provides
an eclectic mix of old and new reviews, and is written by Mick Mercer.
It's also worth mentioning that an awful lot of goths seem to keep a
LiveJournal <http://www.livejournal.com/>. LiveJournal is an online
diary ("blog") and social networking tool, and is remarkably addictive.
(Sometimes it can be entertaining; at other times it is more akin to
watching a car crash in slow motion.)
------------------------------
Subject: 22. Credits
The UK Goth Mini-FAQ was written by Dave H (lor...@darkwave.org.uk).
Thank you to all the denizens of uk.people.gothic who have offered
positive feedback. The following people all commented on version 1.0 of
the FAQ: BitBat/Trish, Dave (Exile), Enigma, Jodi, Jozafeen, Marge,
Martin Read, Mel, Michael Johnson, MoonDog, Morph, Natasha (Meltdown),
Oldgoth, Pete French, Pyromancer, Rachel (Tinygoth), Wamphyri,
Whisky-Dave and Zotz. Thanks also to Dishmop Dave for mirroring this
document on darkwave.org.uk.
Copyright (c) 2004-2005 Dave H (lor...@darkwave.org.uk). Licensed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 licence
<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/>.