| 记者: 海涛 香港 2008年12月10日 |
|
| 北京著名异议作家刘晓波 |
| 北京作家江棋生 |
| 中国国务院新闻办公室主任王晨 |
人权问题是中国政府无法回避的问题
今天(12月10日)是世界人权宣言,又称普世人权宣言诞生60周年纪念日。在这一天,人们最为关心的问题莫过于在世界人权宣言问世60年后的今
天,它是否依旧能发挥其应有的作用。德语媒体自然将目光投向了中国。近来,由五百多名公民签署的"零八宪章"发起人刘晓波和张祖桦被突然拘捕事件格外引人
关注。焦点周刊网络版就此事进行报道,文章写道:
"在北京举行的呼吁保护人权,反对当局专制的抗议活动已被迫中断。本周三,刘晓波的好友,一位律师证实了这一消息。值此世界人权宣言诞生
60周年之际,中国笔会主席,作家刘晓波与另外三百多名知识分子和维权人士一道在一份名为2008宪章的文件上签名,呼吁中国创建民主机制,保障公民自由
权。
国际人权组织纷纷对此次拘捕事件表示抗议。人权观察中国分部指出,值此世界人权宣言问世60年之际,中国政府用自己的行动证实,其人权政策不过是空洞的言
辞而已。在世界范围内致力于保障言论和新闻自由的记者无疆界组织报道了其它零八宪章签名人被审讯,并受到威胁的案例,记者无疆界组织将此事件称为令人震惊
事件。"
此外,在全球经济危机的当前时刻,中国的经济动态,政府促进经济发展举措等始终是德语媒体的聚焦所在。在媒体报道了中共中央年度经济会议和中国出口蒙受打
击等内容之后,商报以"中国钢铁生产商要求降低铁矿石价格"为题对中国业内企业要求大幅降低铁矿石的购进价格,并获得德国业内同行支持一事进行报道。中国
是世界最大的钢铁生产国。但今年十月,中国的钢铁生产量却降低了近20%。商报写道:
"中国的钢铁生产商要求降低铁矿石的价格。中国钢铁联合会表示,在与相关大型原料公司的谈判中,降低价格是多方提出的要求。一位发言人还补充说,铁矿石价
格应以1994年确定的钢铁价格为导向。中国的钢铁联合会间接要求将铁矿石价格降低80%。"
商报在文章中分析了中方此举的原因所在,商报分析说:
"相关谈判已进行了7年,钢铁制造商们首次有望实现自己降低原料价格的心愿。原因是世界经济衰退,导致钢铁需求下降。作为应对措施,绝大多数生产商纷纷将
产量降低了三分之一,原料需求量自然相应减少。据业内分析人士估计,铁矿石的采购费用有望降低30%。"
http://friendfeed.com/e/f51ade5b-df72-b7ef-61c6-013628fb6252/
http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3860227,00.html
《零八宪章》发起人遭警方拘捕
中国应该加快政治改革的步伐
德国之声:张祖桦先生,今天据各大通讯社的报道,您和刘晓波先生在北京时间12月8日的晚间暂时与外界失去了联系。您现在能否跟我 们透露一下,当时究竟发生了什么事情?
张祖桦:好的。北京时间12月8号晚上11点,大约有20多名警员身着警服闯到我家中,出示了传唤通知书和搜查证,然后把我带到万寿路派出所进行讯 问,长达12小时。同时留下11位民警在我家进行了一个大搜查。把我家里的几台电脑,包括我妻子的电脑,还有我的很多书籍和私人物品--我和我太太的现 金、存折、银行卡全部抄走,留下了很厚一沓的扣押物品文件清单。
那么,警方这样大动作的目的是什么呢?他们有没有向您说明呢?
他们出示的罪名好像涉嫌颠覆国家政权罪。讯问的主要内容是针对国内303位各界人士发出的《零八宪章》,主要就是针对我了,认为我在其中起了某些作 用吧,让我配合他们调查相关的事实。
对于我们绝大多数听众和读者来说,《零八宪章》还很陌生。您能不能给大家介绍一下,这是怎样的一份文件或者宪章呢?
主要是一些知识分子,也包括律师、专业人士和普通民众,认为今年是改革开放三十年,《世界人权宣言》六十周年,在这种情况下,官方自然有他们的一套 说辞,民间也应该提出自己的独立看法。特别是对现在存在的各种问题,也应该有自己的独立见解。对未来的中国的走向和发展也应该提出建设性的意见。所以《零 八宪章》前面一部分是我们的基本理念,主要论述了知识分子和中国人民对自由、民主、人权、法制、宪政的渴望和追求的历程;后面,我们提出了19项具体的建 议,完全是出于善意和理性的,确确实实是希望政府能够在认同普世价值和尊重、保障人权的基础之上尽快健全法制、推行民主,加快政治改革的步伐,使中国走上 一个良性发展的轨道,发挥公民社会积极的作用。
张先生,您刚才提到,警方在对您家进行搜查,包括将您暂时拘捕的过程中,是以涉嫌颠覆国家政权罪为罪名,这也是经常被官方用来打压 异议人士的一个罪名。接下来还会有什么后续发展呢?
他们说这件事儿没完,还要看整个事情的发展,搜查完之后还要举证,最后如何定罪尚不得而知。
我们还想了解一下儿,刘晓波先生几乎同时和您一起失踪,这两件事是不是有什么关系呢?
当然,他们也提到刘晓波,也是因为《零八宪章》。我和他太太打过电话,他太太说,好像他们出示的不是传唤通知书,而是刑事拘留。这个罪名就比较重
了。我咨询了一下儿,这个大概要30天期限。现在他没有任何音讯。
http://friendfeed.com/e/049d90d6-b130-f04e-759a-83387649b797/Deutsche-Welle-2008-12-09/
http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3861373,00.html
评论:普世性的世界人权公约
Großansicht des Bildes mit der Bildunterschrift:
世界人权公约,即普世人权公约于60年前由联合国大会在巴黎通过并发表。然而在全世界,侵犯和践踏人权的事件每天都在发生。大赦国际和人权观察的报告就是
最好的明证。难道普世人权宣言已经失效?此外,它是否如某些批评家们所称是西方国家政府强加给全人类的概念?
当联合国全体大会50个成员国的代表们于1948年就世界人权宣言文本达成一致时,第二次世界大战的惨景一定会重现他们眼前。在联合国成立数月之后,该组
织便明确规定:所有的人均生而自由,享有同等的尊严和权利。而这绝不是美国和若干欧洲国家发号施令,中国、前苏联、南美以及中东国家也都参与其中。
1966
年诞生了所谓的"孪生公约",其一是公民权利和政治权利国际公约。该公约规定,163个签约国保障本国公民的权利。此外,如果有人遭遇不公,可上诉联合
国。数千封如此这般的诉状不仅引起人们对人权问题的格外关注,也促成一系列条约和协议的诞生。比如妇女权益协议,反酷刑公约以及残障人公约等等。
无论言论自由,还是享受宗教自由的权利等:人权的现实意义和普世性依旧存在。由若干伊斯兰国家于1990年倡导的"开罗宣言"则不包括在内,因为开罗宣言
明确规定,公民的所有权利和自由均受到沙里亚—即伊斯兰教法的约束。宗教虽不享有支配权,但每一位公民都享有宗教信仰自由权。强调传统特殊性的国家往往是
为了掩盖其侵犯人权的现实。阿拉伯国家的性别传统就意味着女性受到歧视。有些亚洲国家将经济发展放在首位,却将人权视为某种奢侈品,并非人人都能充分享受
本应属于自己的权利。国家必须动用所有资源,为保障人权付出更多的努力。
尽管如此,西方国家在刚才提及的"孪生公约"中的第二条—社会公约中占了上风。该公约规定,国家有义务确保公民的食品供应,社会安全以及保障居民享有就业
的权利。但个人的起诉权却因东西方冲突而无法实现。社会主义国家希望完善社会公民权,但西方国家却将其视为二等人权。
现在,这两大公约间的历史失衡将得到纠正。尽管美国,丹麦,波兰和英国等不大情愿接受此一议题,但联大将在12月10日以多数票通过将个人诉求权写入社会
公约的决定。德国已宣布不久后将批准该公约。
在世界人权公约诞生60周年后的今天,其意义依旧重大:该宣言具有普世性,且不可分割,它为世界各地享受和平与尊严的公民确定了基本框架。
Ulrike Mast-Kirschning
http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3846562,00.html
时事风云 | 2008.12.10
回顾与总结:世界人权宣言六十周年
它是对一场恶梦,对二十世纪专制国家可怕经历的答复,这是对第二次世界大战和德国纳粹野蛮统治的答复,是对欧洲犹太人遭遇大屠杀的答复。1848年
12月10日,联合国成员国一致通过了世界人权宣言。在这个宣言60周年之际,德国之声记者回顾与总结如下。
当罗斯福1948年在巴黎联合国大会上宣读"世界人权宣言"的时候,人们看到的是人类历史上的一个转折点,一个全新的事物。世界各国首次拥有了一个普世
的、对所有人和所有国家适用的价值体系,"第一章:……所有的人从出生之日起就是自由的,拥有同样的尊严和权利。他们拥有理智和良知,应该相互以兄弟手足
之情相处。"
用
30章的篇幅,联合国大会宣布了有哪些经典的自由权利和经济、社会与文化权利。一开始,这个宣言是没有法律的铁定效力的,但它今天已经成为所谓国际习惯法
最主要的表达。但这些权利今天实现了吗?德国人权研究所是从那时至今在世界各地诞的许多人权研究所中的一个。所长海纳.比勒费尔德谈要求与现实之间的距
离:"对人权的侵害始终存在着。世界并没有变好,人类并没有变好,但从政治上处理人权侵害的可能性得到了很大的改善。"
这种政治处理今天在许多人权协定的基础上展开。联合国系统内的人权机构和标准之运作无疑是世界人权宣言的成就史的组成部分。两大基础文件得以开发,一个是
关于公民和政治权利的条约,一个是关于经济、社会和文化权利的条约。此外还有许多关于权利诉求、意识塑造和人权对话的协定。
尤其是自从1993年维也纳联合国世界人权大会以来,许多事情得到了跳跃式的进展。人权得到了升值,成了联合国整体工作中一个内在的组成部分。维也纳欧盟
基本权利机构主任莫尔通.凯鲁姆认为,这带来了世界范围的成就,"1990年时我们有监督和维护人权的5个机构。1990年时还只有5个这样的机构,而这
是就全世界而言!今天我们有100多个。而大多数座落在欧洲之外。我估计,今天在欧洲也许有10个这样的机构,而绝大多数在非洲、亚洲或者拉丁美洲工作。
他们在那里要说的话明显要更多。我们认为:对人权的争论尤其是在欧洲以外上了快车道。10年后事情才回到了原地,我们今天得以惊讶地观察到,我们的法院和
政治家忽然公开地谈论人权问题了。这种现象以前是从来没有过的!"
2001
年9月11日以后,许多在那之前被普遍认可的人权观念出现了滑坡:美国违背大多数联合国成员国意志,在没有联合国安理会委托的情况下发动的伊拉克战争;对
绝对禁止刑罚的反其道而行之;或者蔑视国家保护功能的做法,把恐怖嫌疑人递送到没有刑罚禁令的国家去。比勒费尔德认为,德国也受到这类问题的牵连,"一个
可惜表现出了退步的领域是安全立法领域。没有人对反对恐怖主义提出异议。但事实上出现了这样的事情,就象德国前外长约什卡.菲舍尔在9-11后说的,不能
有一种所谓的恐怖折扣出现,即为了对恐怖主义斗争给人权打的折扣。"
与反恐怖主义措施联系在一起的不仅有对人权的具体侵害,而且西方国家集团的可信度也受到了伤害。比如在新的人权理事会里。在那里,西方国家在表决权方面现
在成了少数派。此外,对西方双重标准的指责越来越多,而对不太民主的国家和它们的人权问题的道德压力明显减弱了。
德国外长施泰因迈尔不久前在柏林一个人权会议上说,作为联合国人权政策政治决策机构的人权理事会也是对德国外交政策的一个挑战,"我们知道它的建立建全的
难度,如果我们说,我们能够也必须让我们的工作做得更好,更有效,我们说的是真心话。因为我们的看法始终是,人权理事会是一个比前身人权委员会更强大的机
构,它是否会更强大,现在还看不出来,但我们达成了一致的意见,要为这个目标努力。"
跟今天相比,60年前的这个任务要好完成得多:当时对20世纪大惨剧的震惊还深深地印在人们心中,由是把当时的各国政府联合了起来。当时全球有56个国家
为约20亿人工作。而今天联合国有193个成员国和许多观察员国。世界人口增长到了约70亿。气候变化,全球化,粮食危机,恐怖主义,威胁人类的瘟疫,人
类面对着许多生存危机,在这些危机里,所有人的利益和他们的普世权利与合作都是必不可少的。
正是由于人类面临的新问题,在科学家、德国人权研究所所长海纳.比勒费尔德眼里,世界人权宣言和它的普世有效性是不可言弃的,"有了它,我们有了一个诉求
的基础,我们有了一个可以提出我们的不满的地址。我们有各种机构,有的工作得好,有的差一些,它们在为这些问题工作。我们尤其是有着公民社会的申诉机构:
人权组织,大赦国际,人权监督组织,和其它许多。假如我们设想一下,所有这些机构都不存在,那么我们在世界上的不公正面前就会更无助得多。"
德国之声版权所有
转载或引用请标明出处
Ulrike Mast-Kirschning
http://www.voanews.com/chinese/w2008-12-09-voa31.cfm?rss=human%20rights%20and%20law
数百中国公民促建立自由民主宪政
| 记者: 齐勇明 华盛顿 2008年12月9日 |
|
| 中国宪政学者张祖桦 |
发起“签署零八”宪章的既有学者、教授、记者、作家、律师、商人、也有维权人士和工人农民。著名民主人士刘晓波、张祖桦、丁子霖和王光泽等都在声明 上签了名。
“零八宪章”说,今年是中国立宪百年,世界人权宣言公布60周年,民主墙诞生30周年,中国政府签署“公民权利和政治权利国际公约”10周年。
*肯定改革开放以来巨大进步*
“ 零八宪章”肯定了中国改革开放以来出现的社会进步,认为“执政者也在进行走向市场化和私有化的经济改革的同时,开始了从拒绝人权到逐渐承认人权的转变。中 国政府于1997年、1998年份别签署了两个重要的国际人权公约,全国人大于2004年通过修宪把‘尊重和保障人权’写进宪法”。
| 中国著名异议作家刘晓波 |
*呼吁建立自由民主宪政国家*
“零八宪章”认同自由、人权、平等、共和、民主和宪政的理念,提出了修改宪法,使之成为任何个人、团体和党派不得违反的可以实施的最高法律,以及三 权分立,立法民主等19项主张。
不过签署人之一、社会活动家王光泽表示,这些主张现阶段还不会得到中国政府的认可,还要经过艰难的历程。
他说:“这牵扯到目前宪政体制改革的问题,是个很大的事情,在当局没有受到外界强大压力的情况下,不遭遇巨大社会危机的情况之下,当局主动进行相应 的改革的可能性不大。必须得创造这种政治理念,呼吁相应的政治改革。”
但是王光泽说,由于人们的理念在发展,自由及人权的意识不断加深,再经过10年,中国的公民权利和政治权利会有深刻和巨大的变化。
他说:“中国大陆这种政治体制属于世界上目前非常少有的、残余的、落后的一种体制,必然面临政治改革的很大压力。”
| 天安门母亲运动发起人丁子霖(右)在木樨地祭奠六四中死亡儿子 |
官方媒体人民网说,世界人权宣言发表以来的60年,既是世界人权事业取得重大进展的60年,也是中国促进和保护人权事业不断取得进步的60年。
而中国外交部网站上就中国政府签署“公民权利和政治权利国际公约”的文章说,“中国政府认为,人权的普遍原则应当得到尊重,但人权的普遍性必须与各 国的具体情况相结合。保障和促进广大人民的生存权和发展权至关重要”。
关键词:中国,人权,民主,人权宪章
http://chinagfw.blogspot.com/2008/12/blog-post_9085.html
Wednesday, December 10, 2008
海外媒体对
刘晓波被捕的报道
来源:维
权网
维权网编者按:因为参与起草《零八宪章》,著名异见人士刘晓波先生被中国当局抓捕,以下文字由热心朋友根据海外媒体报道翻译:
时代周刊网站:中国著名持不同政见者刘晓波因自由宪章而被捕
刘晓波最初因为他在1989年天安门广场示威活动中所起的作用而被捕入狱
Jane Macartney报道
一位著名的持不同政见者主持了一份由几百名中国思想者、学术界人士以及作家签署的宪章,该宪章呼吁进行大幅度的政治和法律改革。昨天,该著名持不同 政见者被捕。
刘晓波是一位文学批评家,最初因为他在1989年天安门广场示威活动中所起的作用而被捕入狱。星期一夜晚,他在北京的家中被十几名警察带走,并且被 要求签署一份认可其被逮捕的文件。刘晓波的朋友告诉泰晤士报,警察们搜查了他的公寓,并拿走三台电脑、移动电话和文件。
他在"零八宪章"于互联网公布之前几个小时被捕。该宪章是一份少见的、直言不讳的文件。它要求执政的共产党同意更大的表达自由并举行自由的选举。其 发布时间吻合于今天的《世界人权宣言》发布六十周年纪念日。
总 计303人-从一位著名的藏族博客写作者到律师以及一位遭到贬低的前共产党高官-在面对可能被捕和入狱的情况下将他们的名字签在这份文件上。它提出十九项 改善中国人权状况的措施,包括推进独立的法律体系,结社自由并结束一党统治。它写道:"各种社会矛盾不断积累,不满情绪持续高涨。""现行体制的落伍已经 到了非改不可的地步。"它讲到,中国是现存的唯一一个依然保持威权体制并严重侵犯人权的大国。"这种局面必须改变!政治民主化变革不能再拖延下去。"
该份文件的另一个组织者-活动家张祖桦-在星期一晚上被捕。他的电脑被没收,存款被从银行帐户中取走「注:原文如此」。在昨天获释后,他依然态度坚 定。他说:"这是一份非常具有建设性的文件。我们问他们哪些条款写得不对,他们回答不上来。"
不 过,公安部没有任何关于53岁的刘晓波下场的消息。刘先生最初在1980年代中期成为著名的文学评论学者。他对中国的监狱并不陌生。自他在1989年抗议 之后被关押20个月以来,他已经多次被逮捕。他在1990年代被监禁三年,但依然是对现体制最直言不讳和无法压制的批评者之一。
中国政府以一份自己的声明来纪念人权宣言发布六十周年,声明罗列了30年改革所取得的成就。它承认很多问题和困难依然存在,比如社会不平等以及政治 体制的弱点:"人权状况还有很多不尽人意之处。"
刘晓波的妻子刘霞在她丈夫被带走后的十二个小时内一直处于警察的监控之下,警察甚至不许她关卫生间的门。她只有在警察走了之后才能打电话。
美联社:300名中国的活动人士签署要求权利的公开呼吁书
The Associated Press
发表时间:2008年12月9日
北 京:几百名中国活动人士在星期二发出不同寻常的公开呼吁,要求更多的自由并结束一党统治。支持者声称,警察在该声明发布之前即已逮捕两位签署人。网上的这 份声明-被称为零八宪章,签署人有三百多位律师、作家、学者和艺术家-代表着中国的一种要求变革的新的公开呼吁。而在中国,批评执政的共产党通常会迅速被 惩罚。
它提出十九项改善中国权利状况的措施,包括推进独立的法律体系,呼吁结社自由并结束一党垄断统治。其发布时间与星期三联合国大会通过《世界人权宣 言》六十周年纪念日巧合。《世界人权宣言》引发了许多后来的人权协定。
中国签署了这份联合国协议,但还没有批准它,这意味着它不受其约束。「注:原文如此」
签署了这份文件的律师莫少平说:"这份宪章提倡《世界人权宣言》所主张的那些观念和价值观,比如新闻自由、结社自由、司法独立、宗教自由和环境保 护。"
他说:"它没有任何违反中国宪法的地方。"
不过,其中的一位活动人士张祖桦说警察在星期一晚上出现在他的家中,将他拘留审问,并在关押他十二个小时之后于星期二早晨将他释放。
张祖桦说:"他们说我参与了起草零八宪章,并且警告我不要再接着做下去,他们搜查了我的家,并拿走我的电脑」书籍和银行卡。"
张祖桦说,同时在星期一被拘捕的是刘晓波。他是一位直言不讳的作家和政治评论家,之前曾因为在1989年天安门广场抗议活动中的作用而被捕。
53岁的刘晓波以前是北京师范大学的教授,因为参加1989年由学生领导的天安门广场抗议活动而入狱20个月。当时的抗议活动由于政府调集军队打死 几百人(也许几千人)而结束。
星期二的时候还不清楚刘晓波是否也被释放。他的手机关机,而且家里的电话一直占线。
中国的警察没有回应通过电话和传真提出的有关上述拘捕事件的问题。
位于纽约的人权观察组织的尼古拉斯柏克林「音译」说,零八宪章具有重要意义,因为它将中国许多不同的重要人士聚集在一个推进人权事业的共同目标之 下。
他说宪章提出了具体的建议并集中于对人权的法律保护,而不是指责共产党。然而,他依然预期警察会调查那些签署者。
他说,中国不希望国内有反对其人权记录的力量,因为这妨碍了其在国际上为其记录辩护的努力。
他说:"中国政府确实坚称人权问题是西方国家和西方政府强加的外国想法,但是这使得上述说法成为谎言。"
在接受官方的新华社的访问时,国务院新闻办公室主任王晨说,中国在30年的社会改革中已经大大改善了人权状况,但是承认"中国的人权发展还存在许多 问题和困难。"
他说,这类问题包括社会不平等、中国政治体制不够完善以及各级政府缺乏人权意识。
不过,王晨也批评了那些批评中国人权记录的人士,并特别指出,美国国务院的批评是"没有根据的,"而且联合国宪章不允许国际机构干涉"基本上属于一 个国家内部管辖范围内的事务。"
美联社报道:中国警察拘捕政治批评人士
AP
2008-12-09 08:15:03�
北京(AP)� 一家香港的人权团体星期二说,警察带走了刘晓波以及另一位1989年运动的元老人士。刘晓波是一位直言不讳的作家和政治批评家。 他 因 在1989年天安门广场抗议运动中所起的作用而被捕。
人权和民主信息中心在一份声明中说,警察在星期一当地时间大约晚上九点钟的时候拘捕刘晓波和张祖桦。
声明说,他们被捕的原因不得而知,但是这发生在星期三的联合国大会通过《世界人权宣言》六十周年纪念日之前。
星期二,刘晓波的手机一直关机,而且他家里的电话一直占线。通过电话和传真联系的警察没有做出任何评论。张祖桦也找不到。
53岁的刘晓波以前是北京师范大学的教授,因为参加1989年由学生领导的天安门广场抗议活动而入狱20个月。当时的抗议活动由于政府调集军队打死 几百人(也许几千人)而结束。
他依然不能在中国国内发表文章,而且经常被警察叫走讨论一系列问题-从西藏骚乱到政府对5月份发生于西南省份四川的地震的应对情况。
张祖桦在1989年抗议运动期间是中国共青团中央的一名成员,但是后来因为支持学生而被开除出局。监督侵犯作家人权的行为的国际组织独立笔会称他为 一名宪政学者。
上述香港团体说,逮捕的原因可能与这一事实有关:这两个人计划在星期三举行一个研讨会,以纪念联合国人权宣言发布六十周年。
国务院新闻办公室主任王晨在星期二官方新华社的一个长篇访谈中谈到即将到来的周年纪念。他说,中国在过去三十年的改革中已经在人权方面取得很大的进 展,不过仍然有许多问题和困难。它们包括社会不平等、政治体制问题以及政府缺乏人权意识。
法新社:刘晓波妻子说:中国在人权日前拘捕著名的持不同政见者
[星期二, 2008年12月9日19:42:42 ]
刘晓波的妻子星期二告诉法新社,政府当局逮捕了著名的人权活动人士刘晓波,这是人权日前最近一位被逮捕的持不同政见者。
刘霞在电话中说:"他昨天(星期一)晚上被带走,现在被关押在北京公安局内。"
她说,她没有被告知为何她的丈夫被逮捕,但是怀疑这与零八宪章有关。零八宪章呼吁中国进行民主改革,并且已经有300多名中国人签名,包括刘晓波。
来自新闻自由提倡者记者无国界组织的消息说,零八宪章已经在网上公布,其签署人包括知识分子和人权活动人士。
刘晓波的妻子说警察整夜都在搜查他们的房子,并且拿走他们的电脑和手机。
刘晓波以前是一位哲学教授,并且长期在中国争取新闻自由和民主。他也活跃于1989年天安门广场的民主抗议运动,而该运动因军队残酷血腥的镇压而结 束。
刘晓波的被捕发生在星期三的《世界人权宣言》发布六十周年纪念日之前。
在这之前发生的还有,正组织这一周年纪念活动的至少另外两位西南省份贵州的人权活动人士在星期四被捕。
记者无国界组织在一份声明中强烈谴责上述逮捕事件。
"人们可能希望政府在《世界人权宣言》发布六十周年纪念日前夕释放持不同政见者,比如胡佳,但是相反,他们却开始新一轮的逮捕和威胁。"
"这让人震惊。"
"我们呼吁将他们释放,并向那些刚刚发起零八宪章运动的中国人权捍卫者的勇气致敬。"
2008 AFP
http://chinagfw.blogspot.com/2008/12/english-translation-of-charter-08-now.html
Wednesday, December 10, 2008
English
translation of Charter 08 Now Available
(Chinese Human Rights Defenders, December 10, 2008)� A group of Chinese citizens launched Charter 08 (零八宪章) to mark the International Human Rights Day and the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. This English translation of Charter 08, authorized by its drafters, is now available on the website of New York Review of Books (NYRB). CHRD has obtained the permission of NYRB to include the full text of the translation in this press release.
One signatory to the Charter, Liu Xiaobo (刘晓波), a prominent dissident intellectual, remains in police custody after he was taken away from his home on October 8. Another signatory and main author of Charter 08, Zhang Zuhua (张祖桦), was interrogated for 12 hours and released yesterday morning. On December 9 Jiang Qisheng (江棋生), a scientist, was questioned for signing the Charter. Also on December 9, Pu Zhiqiang (浦志强), another signatory to the Charter and a Beijing lawyer, was closely followed and his movement restricted by the police.
CHRD believes that Liu is detained solely for peacefully exercising his freedom of expression. CHRD asks the international community to raise concerns about Liu's arbitrary detention and demand his immediate release.
Charter 08
Translated from the Chinese by Perry Link
The document below, signed by over three hundred prominent Chinese citizens, was conceived and written in conscious admiration of the founding of Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia, where, in January 1977, more than two hundred Czech and Slovak intellectuals formed a
loose, informal, and open association of people…… united by the will to strive individually and collectively for respect for human and civil rights in our country and throughout the world.
The Chinese document calls not for ameliorative reform of the current political system but for an end to some of its essential features, including one-party rule, and their replacement with a system based on human rights and democracy.
The prominent citizens who have signed the document are from both outside and inside the government, and include not only well-known dissidents and intellectuals, but also middle-level officials and rural leaders. They have chosen December 10, the anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, as the day on which to express their political ideas and to outline their vision of a constitutional, democratic China. They intend "Charter 08" to serve as a blueprint for fundamental political change in China in the years to come. The signers of the document will form an informal group, open-ended in size but united by a determination to promote democratization and protection of human rights in China and beyond.
On December 8 two prominent signers of the Charter, Zhang Zuhua and Liu Xiaobo, were detained by the police. Zhang Zuhua has since been released; as of December 9, Liu Xiabo remains in custody.
I. Foreword
A hundred years have passed since the writing of China's first constitution. 2008 also marks the sixtieth anniversary of the promulgation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the thirtieth anniversary of the appearance of Democracy Wall in Beijing, and the tenth of China's signing of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. We are approaching the twentieth anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen massacre of pro-democracy student protesters. The Chinese people, who have endured human rights disasters and uncountable struggles across these same years, now include many who see clearly that freedom, equality, and human rights are universal values of humankind and that democracy and constitutional government are the fundamental framework for protecting these values.
By departing from these values, the Chinese government's approach to"modernization" has proven disastrous. It has stripped people of their rights, destroyed their dignity, and corrupted normal human intercourse. So we ask: Where is China headed in the twenty-first century? Will it continue with "modernization" under authoritarian rule, or will it embrace universal human values, join the mainstream of civilized nations, and build a democratic system? There can be no avoiding these questions.
The shock of the Western impact upon China in the nineteenth century laid bare a decadent authoritarian system and marked the beginning of what is often called "the greatest changes in thousands of years" for China. A "self-strengthening movement" followed, but this aimed simply at appropriating the technology to build gunboats and other Western material objects. China's humiliating naval defeat at the hands of Japan in 1895 only confirmed the obsolescence of China's system of government. The first attempts at modern political change came with the ill-fated summer of reforms in 1898, but these were cruelly crushed by ultraconservatives at China's imperial court. With the revolution of 1911, which inaugurated Asia's first republic, the authoritarian imperial system that had lasted for centuries was finally supposed to have been laid to rest. But social conflict inside our country and external pressures were to prevent it; China fell into a patchwork of warlord fiefdoms and the new republic became a fleeting dream.
The failure of both "self-strengthening" and political renovation caused many of our forebears to reflect deeply on whether a"cultural illness"was afflicting our country. This mood gave rise, during the May Fourth Movement of the late 1910s, to the championing of"science and democracy."Yet that effort, too, foundered as warlord chaos persisted and the Japanese invasion [beginning in Manchuria in 1931] brought national crisis.
Victory over Japan in 1945 offered one more chance for China to move toward modern government, but the Communist defeat of the Nationalists in the civil war thrust the nation into the abyss of totalitarianism. The"new China"that emerged in 1949 proclaimed that"the people are sovereign" but in fact set up a system in which "the Party is all-powerful. "The Communist Party of China seized control of all organs of the state and all political, economic, and social resources, and, using these, has produced a long trail of human rights disasters, including, among many others, the Anti-Rightist Campaign (1957), the Great Leap Forward (1958� 1960), the Cultural Revolution (1966� 1969), the June Fourth (Tiananmen Square) Massacre (1989), and the current repression of all unauthorized religions and the suppression of the weiquan rights movement [a movement that aims to defend citizens'rights promulgated in the Chinese Constitution and to fight for human rights recognized by international conventions that the Chinese government has signed]. During all this, the Chinese people have paid a gargantuan price. Tens of millions have lost their lives, and several generations have seen their freedom, their happiness, and their human dignity cruelly trampled.
During the last two decades of the twentieth century the government policy of"Reform and Opening"gave the Chinese people relief from the pervasive poverty and totalitarianism of the Mao Zedong era and brought substantial increases in the wealth and living standards of many Chinese as well as a partial restoration of economic freedom and economic rights. Civil society began to grow, and popular calls for more rights and more political freedom have grown apace. As the ruling elite itself moved toward private ownership and the market economy, it began to shift from an outright rejection of"rights"to a partial acknowledgment of them.
In 1998 the Chinese government signed two important international human rights conventions; in 2004 it amended its constitution to include the phrase"respect and protect human rights"; and this year, 2008, it has promised to promote a"national human rights action plan."Unfortunately most of this political progress has extended no further than the paper on which it is written. The political reality, which is plain for anyone to see, is that China has many laws but no rule of law; it has a constitution but no constitutional government. The ruling elite continues to cling to its authoritarian power and fights off any move toward political change.
The stultifying results are endemic official corruption, an undermining of the rule of law, weak human rights, decay in public ethics, crony capitalism, growing inequality between the wealthy and the poor, pillage of the natural environment as well as of the human and historical environments, and the exacerbation of a long list of social conflicts, especially, in recent times, a sharpening animosity between officials and ordinary people.
As these conflicts and crises grow ever more intense, and as the ruling elite continues with impunity to crush and to strip away the rights of citizens to freedom, to property, and to the pursuit of happiness, we see the powerless in our society―the vulnerable groups, the people who have been suppressed and monitored, who have suffered cruelty and even torture, and who have had no adequate avenues for their protests, no courts to hear their pleas―becoming more militant and raising the possibility of a violent conflict of disastrous proportions. The decline of the current system has reached the point where change is no longer optional.
II. Our Fundamental Principles
This is a historic moment for China, and our future hangs in the balance. In reviewing the political modernization process of the past hundred years or more, we reiterate and endorse basic universal values as follows:
Freedom. Freedom is at the core of universal human values. Freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of association, freedom in where to live, and the freedoms to strike, to demonstrate, and to protest, among others, are the forms that freedom takes. Without freedom, China will always remain far from civilized ideals.
Human rights. Human rights are not bestowed by a state. Every person is born with inherent rights to dignity and freedom. The government exists for the protection of the human rights of its citizens. The exercise of state power must be authorized by the people. The succession of political disasters in China's recent history is a direct consequence of the ruling regime's disregard for human rights.
Equality. The integrity, dignity, and freedom of every person―regardless of social station, occupation, sex, economic condition, ethnicity, skin color, religion, or political belief―are the same as those of any other. Principles of equality before the law and equality of social, economic, cultural, civil, and political rights must be upheld.
Republicanism. Republicanism, which holds that power should be balanced among different branches of government and competing interests should be served, resembles the traditional Chinese political ideal of"fairness in all under heaven."It allows different interest groups and social assemblies, and people with a variety of cultures and beliefs, to exercise democratic self-government and to deliberate in order to reach peaceful resolution of public questions on a basis of equal access to government and free and fair competition.
Democracy. The most fundamental principles of democracy are that the people are sovereign and the people select their government. Democracy has these characteristics: (1) Political power begins with the people and the legitimacy of a regime derives from the people. (2) Political power is exercised through choices that the people make. (3) The holders of major official posts in government at all levels are determined through periodic competitive elections. (4) While honoring the will of the majority, the fundamental dignity, freedom, and human rights of minorities are protected. In short, democracy is a modern means for achieving government truly"of the people, by the people, and for the people."
Constitutional rule. Constitutional rule is rule through a legal system and legal regulations to implement principles that are spelled out in a constitution. It means protecting the freedom and the rights of citizens, limiting and defining the scope of legitimate government power, and providing the administrative apparatus necessary to serve these ends.
III. What We Advocate
Authoritarianism is in general decline throughout the world; in China, too, the era of emperors and overlords is on the way out. The time is arriving everywhere for citizens to be masters of states. For China the path that leads out of our current predicament is to divest ourselves of the authoritarian notion of reliance on an"enlightened overlord"or an"honest official"and to turn instead toward a system of liberties, democracy, and the rule of law, and toward fostering the consciousness of modern citizens who see rights as fundamental and participation as a duty. Accordingly, and in a spirit of this duty as responsible and constructive citizens, we offer the following recommendations on national governance, citizens'rights, and social development:
1. A New Constitution. We should recast our present constitution, rescinding its provisions that contradict the principle that sovereignty resides with the people and turning it into a document that genuinely guarantees human rights, authorizes the exercise of public power, and serves as the legal underpinning of China's democratization. The constitution must be the highest law in the land, beyond violation by any individual, group, or political party.
2. Separation of powers. We should construct a modern government in which the separation of legislative, judicial, and executive power is guaranteed. We need an Administrative Law that defines the scope of government responsibility and prevents abuse of administrative power. Government should be responsible to taxpayers. Division of power between provincial governments and the central government should adhere to the principle that central powers are only those specifically granted by the constitution and all other powers belong to the local governments.
3. Legislative democracy. Members of legislative bodies at all levels should be chosen by direct election, and legislative democracy should observe just and impartial principles.
4. An Independent Judiciary. The rule of law must be above the interests of any particular political party and judges must be independent. We need to establish a constitutional supreme court and institute procedures for constitutional review. As soon as possible, we should abolish all of the Committees on Political and Legal Affairs that now allow Communist Party officials at every level to decide politically-sensitive cases in advance and out of court. We should strictly forbid the use of public offices for private purposes.
5. Public Control of Public Servants. The military should be made answerable to the national government, not to a political party, and should be made more professional. Military personnel should swear allegiance to the constitution and remain nonpartisan. Political party organizations shall be prohibited in the military. All public officials including police should serve as nonpartisans, and the current practice of favoring one political party in the hiring of public servants must end.
6. Guarantee of Human Rights. There shall be strict guarantees of human rights and respect for human dignity. There should be a Human Rights Committee, responsible to the highest legislative body, that will prevent the government from abusing public power in violation of human rights. A democratic and constitutional China especially must guarantee the personal freedom of citizens. No one shall suffer illegal arrest, detention, arraignment, interrogation, or punishment. The system of"Reeducation through Labor"must be abolished.
7. Election of Public Officials. There shall be a comprehensive system of democratic elections based on"one person, one vote."The direct election of administrative heads at the levels of county, city, province, and nation should be systematically implemented. The rights to hold periodic free elections and to participate in them as a citizen are inalienable.
8. Rural� Urban Equality. The two-tier household registry system must be abolished. This system favors urban residents and harms rural residents. We should establish instead a system that gives every citizen the same constitutional rights and the same freedom to choose where to live.
9. Freedom to Form Groups. The right of citizens to form groups must be guaranteed. The current system for registering nongovernment groups, which requires a group to be"approved,"should be replaced by a system in which a group simply registers itself. The formation of political parties should be governed by the constitution and the laws, which means that we must abolish the special privilege of one party to monopolize power and must guarantee principles of free and fair competition among political parties.
10. Freedom to Assemble. The constitution provides that peaceful assembly, demonstration, protest, and freedom of expression are fundamental rights of a citizen. The ruling party and the government must not be permitted to subject these to illegal interference or unconstitutional obstruction.
11. Freedom of Expression. We should make freedom of speech, freedom of the press, and academic freedom universal, thereby guaranteeing that citizens can be informed and can exercise their right of political supervision. These freedoms should be upheld by a Press Law that abolishes political restrictions on the press. The provision in the current Criminal Law that refers to"the crime of incitement to subvert state power"must be abolished. We should end the practice of viewing words as crimes.
12. Freedom of Religion. We must guarantee freedom of religion and belief and institute a separation of religion and state. There must be no governmental interference in peaceful religious activities. We should abolish any laws, regulations, or local rules that limit or suppress the religious freedom of citizens. We should abolish the current system that requires religious groups (and their places of worship) to get official approval in advance and substitute for it a system in which registry is optional and, for those who choose to register, automatic.
13. Civic Education. In our schools we should abolish political curriculums and examinations that are designed to indoctrinate students in state ideology and to instill support for the rule of one party. We should replace them with civic education that advances universal values and citizens'rights, fosters civic consciousness, and promotes civic virtues that serve society.
14. Protection of Private Property. We should establish and protect the right to private property and promote an economic system of free and fair markets. We should do away with government monopolies in commerce and industry and guarantee the freedom to start new enterprises. We should establish a Committee on State-Owned Property, reporting to the national legislature, that will monitor the transfer of state-owned enterprises to private ownership in a fair, competitive, and orderly manner. We should institute a land reform that promotes private ownership of land, guarantees the right to buy and sell land, and allows the true value of private property to be adequately reflected in the market.
15. Financial and Tax Reform. We should establish a democratically regulated and accountable system of public finance that ensures the protection of taxpayer rights and that operates through legal procedures. We need a system by which public revenues that belong to a certain level of government―central, provincial, county or local―are controlled at that level. We need major tax reform that will abolish any unfair taxes, simplify the tax system, and spread the tax burden fairly. Government officials should not be able to raise taxes, or institute new ones, without public deliberation and the approval of a democratic assembly. We should reform the ownership system in order to encourage competition among a wider variety of market participants.
16. Social Security. We should establish a fair and adequate social security system that covers all citizens and ensures basic access to education, health care, retirement security, and employment.
17. Protection of the Environment. We need to protect the natural environment and to promote development in a way that is sustainable and responsible to our descendents and to the rest of humanity. This means insisting that the state and its officials at all levels not only do what they must do to achieve these goals, but also accept the supervision and participation of non-governmental organizations.
18. A Federated Republic. A democratic China should seek to act as a responsible major power contributing toward peace and development in the Asian Pacific region by approaching others in a spirit of equality and fairness. In Hong Kong and Macao, we should support the freedoms that already exist. With respect to Taiwan, we should declare our commitment to the principles of freedom and democracy and then, negotiating as equals, and ready to compromise, seek a formula for peaceful unification. We should approach disputes in the national-minority areas of China with an open mind, seeking ways to find a workable framework within which all ethnic and religious groups can flourish. We should aim ultimately at a federation of democratic communities of China.
19. Truth in Reconciliation. We should restore the reputations of all people, including their family members, who suffered political stigma in the political campaigns of the past or who have been labeled as criminals because of their thought, speech, or faith. The state should pay reparations to these people. All political prisoners and prisoners of conscience must be released. There should be a Truth Investigation Commission charged with finding the facts about past injustices and atrocities, determining responsibility for them, upholding justice, and, on these bases, seeking social reconciliation.
China, as a major nation of the world, as one of five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, and as a member of the UN Council on Human Rights, should be contributing to peace for humankind and progress toward human rights. Unfortunately, we stand today as the only country among the major nations that remains mired in authoritarian politics. Our political system continues to produce human rights disasters and social crises, thereby not only constricting China's own development but also limiting the progress of all of human civilization. This must change, truly it must. The democratization of Chinese politics can be put off no longer.
Accordingly, we dare to put civic spirit into practice by announcing Charter 08. We hope that our fellow citizens who feel a similar sense of crisis, responsibility, and mission, whether they are inside the government or not, and regardless of their social status, will set aside small differences to embrace the broad goals of this citizens'movement. Together we can work for major changes in Chinese society and for the rapid establishment of a free, democratic, and constitutional country. We can bring to reality the goals and ideals that our people have incessantly been seeking for more than a hundred years, and can bring a brilliant new chapter to Chinese civilization.
―translated from the Chinese by Perry Link
于浩成(北京,法学家)Yu Haocheng (Beijing, Jurist)
张思之(北京,律师)Zhang Sizhi (Beijing, Lawyer)
茅于轼(北京,经济学家)Mao Yushi (Beijing, Economist)
杜光(北京,政治学家)Du Guang (Beijing, Political Scientist)
李普(北京,老记者)Li Pu (Beijing, Senior Journalist)
沙叶新(上海,剧作家)Sha Yexin (Shanghai, Dramatist)
流沙河(四川,诗人)Liu Shahe (Sichuan, Poet)
吴茂华(四川,作家)Wu Maohua (Sichuan, Writer)
张显扬(北京,思想家)Zhang Xianyang (Beijing, Thinker)
孙文广(山东,教授)Sun Wenguang (Shandong, Professor)
鲍彤(北京,公民)Bao Tong (Beijing, Citizen)
丁子霖(北京,教授)Ding Zilin (Beijing, Professor)
张先玲(北京,工程师)Zhang Xianling (Beijing, Engineer)
徐珏(北京,研究员)Xu Jue (Beijing, Researcher)
蒋培坤(北京,教授)Jiang Peikun ( Beijing, Professor)
刘晓波(北京,作家)Liu Xiaobo (Beijing, Writer)
张祖桦(北京,宪政学者)Zhang Zuhua (Beijing, Scholar)
高瑜(北京,记者)Gao Yu (Beijing, Journalist)
戴晴(北京,作家)Dai Qing (Beijing, Writer)
江棋生(北京,学者)Jiang Qisheng (Beijing, Scholar)
艾晓明(广东,教授)Ai Xiaoming (Guangzhou, Professor)
刘军宁(北京,政治学家)Liu Junning (Beijing, Political Scientist)
张旭昆(浙江,教授)Zhang Xukun (Zhejiang, Professor)
徐友渔(北京,哲学家)Xu Youyu (Beijing, Philosopher)
贺卫方(北京,法学家)He Weifang ( Beijing, Jurist)
莫少平(北京,律师)Mo Shaoping (Beijing, Lawyer)
陈子明(北京,学者)Chen Ziming (Beijing, Scholar)
张博树(北京,政治学家)Zhang Boshu (Beijing, Political Scientist)
崔卫平(北京,学者)Cui Weiping (Beijing, Scholar)
何光沪(宗教学专家)He Guanghu (Beijing, Religion Scholar)
郝建(北京,学者)Hao Jian (Beijing, Scholar)
沈敏骅(浙江,教授)Shen Minhua ( Zhejiang, Professor)
李大同(北京,记者)Li Datong (Beijing, Journalist)
栗宪庭(北京,艺术评论家)Su Xianting (Beijing, Art Critic)
张鸣(北京,教授)Zhang Ming (Beijing, Professor)
余杰(北京,作家)Yu Jie (Beijing, Writer)
余世存(北京,作家)Yu Shicun (Beijing, Writer)
秦耕(海南,作家)Qin Geng (Hainan, Writer)
周舵(北京,学者)Zhou Duo (Beijing, Scholar)
浦志强(北京,律师)Pu Zhiqiang (Beijing, Lawyer)
赵达功(深圳,作家)Zhao Dagong (Beijing, Writer)
姚立法(湖北,选举专家)Yao Lifa ( Hubei, Election expert)
冯正虎(上海,学者)Feng Zhenghu (Shanghai, Scholar)
周� (北京,作家)Zhou Qing (Beijing, Writer)
杨恒均(广州,作家)Yang Hengjun (Guangzhou, Writer)
滕彪(北京,法学博士)Teng Biao ( Beijing, LLD)
蒋� 文(上海,作家)Jiang Danwen (Shanghai, Writer)
唯色(西藏,作家)Wei Se(Tibet, Writer)
马波(北京,作家)Ma Bo ( Beijing, Writer)
查建英(北京,作家)Cha Jianying (Beijing, Writer)
胡发云(湖北,作家)Hu Fayun (Hubei, Writer)
焦国标(北京,学者)Jiao Guobiao (Beijing, Scholar)
李公明(广东,教授)Li Gongming (Guangdong, Professor)
赵晖(北京,评论家)Zhao Hui (Beijing, Critic)
李柏光(北京,法学博士)Li Baiguang (Beijing, LLD)
傅国涌(浙江,作家)Fu Guoyong (Zhejiang, Writer)
马少方(广东,商人)Ma Shaofang (Guangdong, Businessman)
张闳(上海,教授)Zhang Hong (Shanghai, Professor)
夏业良(北京,经济学家)Xia Yeliang (Beijing, Economist)
冉云飞(四川,学者)Ran Yunfei (Sichuan, Scholar)
廖亦武(四川,作家)Liao Yiwu (Sichuan, Writer)
王怡(四川,学者)Wang Yi ( Sichuan, Scholar)
王晓渔(上海,学者)Wang Xiaoyu (Shanghai, Scholar)
苏元真(浙江,教授)Su Yuanzhen (Zhejiang, Professor)
强剑衷(南京,老报人)Qiang Jianzhong (Nanjing, Senior Journalist)
欧阳小戎(云南,诗人)Ouyang Xiaorong (Yunnan, Poet)
刘荻(北京,自由职业者)Liu Di (Beijing, Self-empolyed)
昝爱宗(浙江,记者)Zan Aizong (Zhejiang, Journalist)
周鸿陵(北京,社会活动家)Zhou Hongling (Beijing, Social Activist)
冯刚(浙江教授)Feng Gang (Zhejiang, Professor)
陈林(广州学者)Chen Lin (Guangzhou, Scholar)
尹贤(甘肃,诗人)Yin Xian (Gansu, Poet)
周明(浙江,教授)Zhou Ming (Zhejiang, Professor)
凌沧洲(北京,新闻人)Ling Cangzhou (Beijing, Journalist)
铁流(北京,作家)Tie Liu (Beijing, Writer)
陈奉孝(山东,北大右派学生)Chen Fengxiao (Shandong, Rightist )
姚博(北京,评论家)Yao Bo ( Beijing, Critic)
张津郡(广东,职业经理人)Zhang Jinjun (Guangdong, Professional manager)
李剑虹(上海,作家)Li Jianhong (Shanghai, Writer)
张善光(湖南,人权捍卫者)Zhang Shanguang (Hunan, Human rights Defender)
李德铭(湖南,新闻工作者)Li Deming (Hunan, Media Worker)
刘建安(湖南,教师)Liu Jian'an (Hunan, Teacher)
王小山(北京,媒体人)Wang Xiaoshan (Beijing, Media worker)
范亚峰(北京,法学博士)Fan Yafeng (Beijing, Scholar)
周明初(浙江,教授)Zhou Mingchu (Zhejiang, Professor)
梁晓燕(北京,环保志愿者)Liang Xiaoyan (Beijing, Enviromental Volunteer)
徐晓(北京,作家)、Xu Xiao (Beijing, Writer)
陈西(贵州,人权捍卫者)Chen Xi (Guizhou, Human rights Defender)
赵诚(山西,学者)Zhao Cheng (Shanxi, Scholar)
李元龙(贵州,自由撰稿人)Li Yuanlong (Guizhou, Freelance Writer)
申有连(贵州,人权捍卫者)Shen Youlian (Guizhou, Human rights Defender)
蒋绥敏(北京,工程师)Jiang Suimin (Beijing, Engineer)
陆中明(陕西,学者)Lu Zhongming (Shan'xi, Scholar)
孟煌(北京,画家)Meng Huang (Beijing, Painter)
林福武(福建,人权捍卫者)Lin Fuwu (Fujian, Human rights defender)
廖双元(贵州,人权捍卫者)Liao Shuangyuan (Guizhou, Human rights defender)
卢雪松(吉林,教师)Lu Xuesong (Jilin, Teacher)
郭玉闪(北京,学者)Guo Yushan (Beijing, Scholar)
陈焕辉(福建,人权捍卫者)Chen Huanhui (Fujian, Human rights defender)
朱久虎(北京,律师)Zhu Jiuhu (Beijing, Lawyer)
金光鸿(北京,律师)Jin GuangHong (Beijing, Lawyer)
高超群(北京,编辑)Gao Chaoqun (Beijing, Editor)
柏风(吉林,诗人)Bai Feng (Jilin, Poet)
郑旭光(北京,学者)Zheng Xuguang (Beijing, Scholar)
曾金燕(北京维权人士)Zeng Jinyan (Beijing, Human rights defender)
吴玉琴(贵州,人权捍卫者)Wu Yuqin (Guizhou, Human rights defender)
杜义龙(陕西,作家)Du Yilong (Shan'xi, Writer)
李海(北京,人权捍卫者)Li Hai (Beijing, Human rights defender)
张辉(山西,民主人士)Zhang Hui (Shanxi, Democratic Activist)
江山(广东,业主维权者)Jiangshan (Guangdong, Rights Defender)
徐国庆(贵州,民主人士)Xu Guoqing (Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
吴郁(贵州,民主人士)Wu Yu (Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
张明珍(贵州,民主人士)Zhang Mingzhen (Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
曾宁(贵州,民主人士)Zeng Ning (Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
全林志(贵州,民主人士)Quan Linzhi (Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
叶航(浙江,教授)Ye Hang (Zhejiang, Professor)
马云龙(河南,资深媒体人)Ma Yunlong(Henan, Scholar)
朱健国(广东,自由撰稿人)Zhu Jianguo (Guangdong, Writer)
李铁(广东,社会活动人士)Li Tie (Guangdong, Democratic Activist)
莫建刚(贵州,自由撰稿人)Mo Jiangang (Guizhou, Freelance writer)
张耀杰(北京,学者)Zhang Yaojie (Beijing, Scholar)
吴报建(浙江,律师)Wu Baojian (Zhejiang, Lawyer)
杨光(广西,学者)Yang Guang (Guangxi, Scholar)
俞梅荪(北京,法律人)Yu Meisun (Beijing,Legal worker)
行健(北京,法律人)Xing Jian (Beijing, Legal Worker)
王光泽(北京,社会活动家)Wang Guangze (Beijing, Social Activist)
陈绍华(广东,设计师)Chen Shaohua (Guangdong, Designer)
刘逸明(湖北,自由撰稿人)Liu Yiming (Hubei, Freelance Writer)
吴祚来(北京,研究员)Wu Zuolai (Beijing, Researcher)
高� (山东,艺术家)Gao Zhen (Shandong, Artist)
高强(山东,艺术家)Gao Qiang (Shandong, Artist)
唐荆陵(广东,律师)Tang Jingling (Guangdong, Lawyer)
黎小龙(广西,维权人士)Li Xiaolong (Guangxi, Rights Defender)
荆楚(广西,自由撰稿人)Jing Chu (Guangxi, Freelance Writer)
李彪(安徽,商人)Li Biao (Anhui, Businessman)
郭艳(广东,律师)Guo Yan (Guangdong, Lawyer)
杨世元(浙江,退休人员)Yang Shiyuan(Zhejiang, Rightist)
杨宽兴(山东,作家)Yang Kuanxing(Shandong, Writer)
李金芳(河北,民主人士)Li Jinfang(Hebei, Democratic Activist)
王玉文(贵州,诗人)Wang Yuwen(Guizhou, Poet)
杨中义(安徽,工人)Yang Zhongyi(Anhui, Worker)
武辛源(河北农民)Wu Xinyuan (Hebei, Farmer)
杜和平(贵州,民主人士)Du Heping(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
冯玲(湖北,宪政义工)Feng Ling(Hubei, Democratic Activist)
张先忠(湖北,企业家)Zhang Xianzhong(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
蔡敬忠(广东农民) Cai Jingzhong(Guangdong, Farmer)
王典斌(湖北,企业主)Wang Dianbin(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
蔡金才(广东农民) Cai Jincai(Guangdong, Farmer)
高爱国(湖北,企业主)Gao Aiguo(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
陈湛尧(广东农民)Chen Zhanyao(Guangdong,Farmer)
何文凯(湖北,企业主)He Wenkai(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
吴党英(上海,维权人士)Wu Dangying(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
曾庆彬(广东工人)Zeng Qingbin(Guangdong,Worker)
毛海秀(上海,维权人士)Mao Haixiu(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
庄道鹤(杭州,律师)Zhuang Daohe(Hangzhou, Lawyer)
黎雄兵(北京,律师)Li Xiongbing (Beijing, Lawyer)
李任科(贵州,民主人士)Li Renke(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
左力(河北律师)Zuo Li (Hebei, Lawyer)
董德筑(贵州,民主人士)Dong Dez(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
陶玉平(贵州,民主人士)Tao Yuping(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
王俊秀(北京,IT从业者)Wang Junxiu(Beijing, IT Professional)
黄晓敏(四川,维权人士)Huang Xiaomin(Sichuan, Rights Defender)
郑恩宠(上海,法律人)Zheng Enchong(Shanghai,Lawyer)
张君令(上海,维权人士)Zhang Junling(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
杨海(陕西,学者)Yang Hai( Shan'xi, Scholar)
艾福荣(上海,维权人士)Ai Furong(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
杨华仁(湖北,法律工作者)Yang Huaren(Hubei, Legal Worker)
魏勤(上海,维权人士)Wei Qin(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
苏祖祥(湖北,教师)Su Zuxiang(Hubei, Teacher)
沈玉莲(上海,维权人士)Shen Yulian(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
关洪山(湖北,人权捍卫者)Guan Hongshan(Hubei, Human Rights Defender)
宋先科(广东,商人)Song Xianke(Guangdong, Businessman)
汪国强(湖北,人权捍卫者)Wang Guoqiang(Hubei, Human Rights Defender)
陈恩娟(上海,维权人士)Chen Enjuan(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
李勇(北京,媒体人)Li Yong(Beijing, Media worker)
常雄发(上海,维权人士)Chang Xiongfa(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
王京龙(北京,管理学者)Wang Jinglong(Beijing, Scholar)
许正清(上海,维权人士)Xu Zhengqing(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
高军生(陕西,编辑)、Gao Junsheng(Shan'xi, Editor)
郑蓓蓓(上海,维权人士)Zheng Beibei(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
王定华(湖北,律师)Wang Dinghua(Hubei, Lawyer)
谈兰英(上海,维权人士)Tan Lanying(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
范燕琼(福建,人权捍卫者)Fan Yanqiong(Fujian, Human Rights Defender)
林辉(浙江,诗人)Lin Hui(Zhejiang, Poet)
吴华英(福建,人权捍卫者)Wu Huaying(Fujian, Human Rights Defender)
薛振标(浙江,民主人士)Xue Zhenbiao(Zhejiang, Democratic Activist)
董国菁(上海,人权捍卫者)Dong Guoqing(Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
陈玉峰(湖北,法律工作者)Chen Yufeng(Hubei, Legal Worker)
段若飞(上海,人权捍卫者)Duan Ruofei(Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
王中陵(陕西,教师)Wang Zhongling(Shan'xi, Teacher)
董春华(上海,人权捍卫者)Dong Chunhua(Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
陈修琴(上海,人权捍卫者)Chen Xiuqin(Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
刘正有(四川,人权捍卫者)Liu Zhengyou(Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
马萧(北京,作家)Ma Xiao(Beijing, Writer)
万延海(北京,公共卫生专家)Wan Yanhai(Beijing, Public Health Expert)
沈佩兰(上海,维权人士)Shen Peilan(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
叶孝刚(浙江,大学退休教师)Ye Xiaogang(Zhejiang, retired Lecturer)
张劲松(安徽,工人)Zhang Jingsong(Anhui, Worker)
章锦发(浙江,退休人员)Zhang Jinfa(Zhejiang, Rightist)
王丽卿(上海,维权人士)Wang liqing(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
赵常青(陕西,作家)Zhao Changqing( Shan'xi, Writer)
金月花(上海,维权人士)Jin Yuehua(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
余樟法(广西,作家)Yu Zhangfa(Guangxi, Writer)
陈启勇(上海,维权人士)Chen Qiyong(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
刘贤斌(四川,民主人士)Liu Xianbin(Sichuan, Democratic Activist)
欧阳懿(四川,人权捍卫者)Ouyang Yi (Sichuan, Human Rights Defender)
邓焕武(重庆,商人)Deng Huanwu(Chongqing, Businessman)
贺伟华(湖南,民主人士)He Weihua(Hunan, Democratic Activist)
李东卓(湖南,IT从业者)Li Dongzhuo(Hunan, IT professional)
田永德(内蒙,人权捍卫者)Tian Yongde(Inner Mongolia, Human Rights Defender)
智效民(山西,学者)Zhi Xiaomin(Shanxi, Scholar)
李昌玉(山东,教师)Li Changyu(Shandong, Teacher)
郭卫东(浙江,职员)Guo Weidong(Zhejiang, Clerk)
陈卫(四川,民主人士)Chen Wei(Sichuan, Democratic Activist)
王金安(湖北,企业主)Wang Jin'an(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
察文君(上海,维权人士)Cha Wenjun(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
侯述明(湖北,企业主)Hou Shuming(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
刘汉南(湖北,人权捍卫者)Liu Hannan(Hubei, Human Rights Defender)
史若平(山东,教授)Shi Ruoping(Shandong, Professor)
张忍祥(湖北,人权捍卫者)Zhang renxiang(Hubei, Human Rights Defender)
野渡(广东,编辑)Ye Du(Guangdong, Editor)
夏刚(湖北,人权捍卫者)Xia Gang(Hubei, Human Rights Defender)
赵国良(湖南,民主人士)Zhao Guoliang(Hunan,Democratic Activist)
李智英(北京,学者)Li Zhiying(Beijing, Scholar)
张重发(贵州,民主人士)Zhang Chongfa(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
陈永苗(北京,学者)Chen Yongmiao(Beijing, Scholar)
江婴(天津,诗人)Jiang Ying(Tianjin, Poet)
田祖湘(贵州,民主人士)Tian Zuxiang(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
黄志佳(湖北,公务员)Huang Zhijia(Hubei,Public Servant)
关业波(湖北,公务员)Guan Yebo(Hubei, Public Servant)
王望明(湖北,企业主)Wang Wangming(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
高新瑞(湖北,企业家)Gao Xinrui(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
宋水泉(湖北,法律工作者)Song Shuiquan(Hubei, Legal Worker)
赵景洲(黑龙江,人权捍卫者)Zhao Jingzhou(Heilongjiang, Human Rights Defender)
温克坚(浙江,学者)Wen Kejian(Zhejiang, Scholar)
魏文英(云南,教师)Wei Wenying(Yunan, Teacher)
陈惠娟(黑龙江,人权捍卫者)Chen Huijuan(Heilongjiang, Human Rights Defender)
陈炎雄(湖北,教师)Chen Yanxiong(Hubei, Teacher)
段春芳(上海,人权捍卫者)Duan Chunfang(Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
刘正善(云南,工程师)Liu Zhengshan(Yunnan, Engineer)
关敏(湖北,大学教师)Guan Min(Hubei, Lecturer)
戴元龙(福建,企业主)Dai Yuanlong(Fujian, Entrepreneur)
余以为(广东,自由撰稿人)Yu Yiwei(Guangdong, Freelance Writer)
韩祖荣(福建,企业主) Han Zurong(Fujian, Entrepreneur)
汪定亮(湖北,律师)Wang Dingliang( Hubei, Lawyer)
陈青林(北京,人权捍卫者)Chen Qinglin(Beijing, Human Rights Defender)
钱世顺(广东,企业主)Qian Shishun(Guangdong, Entrepreneur)
曾伯炎(四川,作家)Zeng Boyan(Sichuan, Writer)
马亚莲(上海,人权捍卫者)Ma Yalian(Shanghai, Human Rights Defender)
车宏年(山东,自由撰稿人)Che Hongnian(Shandong, Freelance Writer)
秦志刚(山东,电子工程师)Qin Zhigang(Shandong, Engineer)
宋翔峰(湖北,教师)Song Xiangfeng(Hubei, Teacher)
邓复华(湖北,作家)Deng Fuhua(Hubei, Writer)
徐康(湖北,公务员)Xu Kang(Hubei, Public servant)
李建强(山东,律师)Li Jianqiang( Shandong, Lawyer)
李仁兵(北京,律师)Li Renbing(Beijing, Lawyer)
裘美丽(上海,维权人士)Qiu Meili(Shanghai, Rights Defender)
兰志学(北京,律师)Lan Zhixue(Beijing, Lawyer)
周锦昌(浙江,退休人员)Zhou Jinchang(Zhejiang, Rightist)
黄燕明(贵州,民主人士)Huang Yanming(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
刘巍(北京,律师)Liu Wei(Beijing, Lawyer)
鄢烈汉(湖北,企业主)Yan Liehan(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
陈德富(贵州,民主人士)Chen Defu(Guizhou, Democratic Activist)
郭用新(湖北,医生)Guo Yongxin(Hubei, Doctor)
郭永丰(广东,中国公民监政会发起人)Guo Yongfeng(Guangdong,Rights Defender)
袁新亭(广州,编辑)Yuan Xinting(Guangzhou, Editor)
戚惠民(浙江,民主人士)Qi Huimin(Zhejiang, Democratic Activist)
李宇(四川,采编)Li Yu(Sichuan, Editor)
谢福林(湖南,人权捍卫者)Xie Fulin(Hunan, Human Rights Defender)
徐光(浙江,企业主)Xu Guang(Zhejiang, Entrepreneur)
野火(广东,自由撰稿人)Ye Huo(Guangdong, Freelance Writer)
邹巍(浙江,维权人士)Zou Wei(Zhejiang, Rights Defender)
萧利彬(浙江,工程师)Xiao Linbin(Zhejiang, Engineer)
高海兵(浙江,民主人士)Gao Haibing(Zhejiang, Democratic Activist)
田奇庄(河北,作家)Tian Qizhuang (Hebei, Writer)
邓太清(山西,民主人士)Deng Taiqing(Shanxi, Democratic Activist)
裴鸿信(河北,教师)Pei Hongxin(Hebei, Teacher)
徐民(吉林,法律工作者)Xu Min(Jilin, Legal worker)
李喜阁(河南,维权人士)Li Xige(Henan, Rights Defender)
王德邦(北京,作家)Wang Debang(Beijing, Writer)
冯秋盛(广东,农民)Feng QiuSheng(Guangdong, Farmer)
侯文豹(安徽,维权人士)Hou Wenbao( Anhui, Rights Defender)
唐吉田(北京,律师)Tang Jitian(Beijing, Lawyer)
刘荣超(安徽,农民)Liu Rongchao( Anhui, Farmer)
李天翔(河南,工人)Li Tianxiang(Henan,worker)
崔玉振(河北,律师)Cui Yuzhen(Hebei, Lawyer)
许茂连(安徽,农民)Xu Maolian(Anhui, Farmer)
翟林华(安徽,教师)Zhai Linhua(Anhui, Teacher)
陶晓霞(安徽,农民)Tao Xiaoxia(Anhui, Farmer)
张望(福建,工人)Zhang Wang(Fujian, Worker)
黄大川(辽宁,职员)Huang Dachuan(Liaoning, Clerk)
陈啸原(海南,职员)Chen Xiaoyuan (Hainan, Clerk)
张鉴康(陕西,法律工作者)Zhang Jiankang ( Sha'nxi,Legal Worker)
张星水(北京,律师)Zhang Xingshui(Beijing, Lawyer)
马纲权(北京,律师)Ma Gangquan(Beijing, Lawyer)
王金祥(湖北,维权人士)Wang Jinxiang(Hubei, Rights Defender)
王家英(湖北,企业主)Wang Jiaying(Hubei, Entrepreneur)
鄢来云(湖北,企业主)Yan Laiyun (Hubei, Entrepreneur)
李小明(湖北,维权人士)Li Xiaoming(Hubei, Rights Defender)
肖水祥(湖北,维权人士)Xiao Shuixiang(Hubei, Rights Defender)
鄢裕祥(湖北,维权人士)Yan Yuxiang (Hubei, Rights Defender)
刘毅(北京,画家)Liu Yi(Beijing, Painter)
张正祥(云南,环保人士)Zhang Zhengxiang(Yunnan, Environmentalist)
http://www.rsf-chinese.org/spip.php?article327
中国10.12.2008
政府逮捕异见人士庆祝《世界人权宣言》发布六十周年
2008年12月10日是《世界人权宣言》发布60周年纪念日,几名中国异见人士却被警方传唤,无国界记者对此表示指责。
无国界记者表示,“我们本来希望在《世界人权宣言》宣布60周年之前,胡佳等异见人士能够获得释放,可事实恰恰相反,到来的却是威胁与传讯的浪潮,这实在
让人感到不满和遗憾。我们要求释放异见人士,并向刚刚发布了《零八宪章》的异见人士的勇气致敬。”
12月8日晚,北京,著名言论自由维护者刘晓波在家中被政治警察传讯,遭到传讯的还有张祖华。几个小时后,张祖华获释。当局切断了两人的移动电话和网络连
接。警察搜查了他们的住所,没收了他们的电脑和个人文件。据刘晓波家人透露,刘晓波至今仍被拘留。
12月4日,贵州省(中国南部)维权人士陈西、申有年、杜和平遭警察逮捕。一组贵州省维权人士计划在12月10日组织人权公民论坛。
《零八宪章》是一篇发表在网上,要求在中国实施民主改革的文章,超过三百名学者及维权人士在上边签了名。该宪章以1977年捷克斯洛伐克异见人士发表的宪
章为基础撰写而成。
中国维权者组织(CHRD)称,另外几名《零八宪章》的签署者也遭到了警方的讯问和恫吓。
2004年无国界记者奖获得者、原北京大学教师刘晓波心中只有一个念头:让中国媒体成为能与拥有绝对权力的中国共产党相抗衡的势力。
http://www.secretchina.com/news/274192.html
支持《零八宪章》第二批签名名单
张清扬 参与 2008年12月10日
第二批签名人:
王军涛(美国 宪政学者)
王丹 (美国 学者)
胡平(美国 政论作家)
蔡楚(美国 诗人 编辑)
武宜三(香港五七学社)
孟 浪 (香港 作家 编辑)
吕京花 ( 纽约 人权工作者)
高寒(纽约 政治流亡者)
武文建(北京 画家)
王天成(北京 宪政学者)
杨青顺 (山西 煤矿工人)
江淮 (河南 自由职业者)
郑存柱 (洛杉矶,安徽商人,民主人士)
陈明 (无锡 化学工程师)
吴小苏 (民主人士)
梁学以(河南 农民)
周日新(长沙 自由职业 思想家)
刘勇健 (南京 自由职业者)
邓怡之(黑龙江,大学生)
朱志军(江西,教师)
史若平(济南,退休编辑)
李昌玉(济南,退休教师)
張三一言 (香港 時政評論者)
齐墨 (德国,报人)
陈树辉( 海南 公民)
胡永武,(浙江,工程师。)
张容公 (北京 媒体从业者)
萨冲 (意大利 工程师)
张再新 (北京 企业)
段国栋(山西,教师)
吴黎明(维权人士)
黄志峰 (厦门 公民)
刘子扬 (黑龙江 学生)
王辉 (安徽 民间思考者)
张霄(内蒙古,职员)
陆如苗( 江苏省 职员)
沈曙光 (芜湖 律师)
郑褚(北京 记者)
周拥平(北京 副教授)
赵炜玮 (上海 翻译)
邵江 (英国 学生 )
纪晓澜 (北京 维权人士)
萨冲(意大利 工程师)
赵克 ( 上海 学者)
李政锦 (河南 程序员)
桂世垠(北京 建筑师)
陈晓昶 (宁夏 民主人士)
许童童(广东 社会活动者)
马金龙 (吉林 维权者)
张俊伦(云南 自由职业)
彭璋琼 (湖南 自由职业者)
胡敬 (重庆 下岗工人)
慈天元(江苏 交通人士)
曾节明(记者 湖南)
何汝南(江苏 工人)
江安童(江西 教师)
李显峰(江西 记者)
李雷(天津 工程师)
枉成明 (四川人 推动民主实践者)
张剑威(湖南 自由职业者)
郝志芳(河北 职员)
沈剑辉 (山东 军人)
雷跃辉(江西 自由撰稿人 遭当局限制出境人员)
灵歌 (山西 职员)
邓怡之(黑龙江 大学生)
吴敖祺 (北京 NGO人士)
杨民道 (北京 公民)
邢东海 (湖北 农民工)
乔治(澳洲 华侨)
王金龙 ( 陕西 农民)
和成光 (云南 自由职业者)
陆学华 (福建 自由midi音乐制作人)
吴敖祺 (北京,NGO人士)
杨民道(北京 公民)
李啸天 (北京 传媒从业者)
华乔 (上海 摄影师)
楼尚友 (宁波, 工程师)
陆文(作家,江苏)
陈泱潮(丹麦,政治流亡者)
劉泰 (香港 民運人士)
子牛(辽宁 IT从业者)
穆家峪(重庆 公民力量)自愿签名。
毛庆祥(浙江,民主人士)
胡晓玲(浙江,民间人士)
汪雪娥(浙江,民间人士)
朱瑛娣(浙江,维权人士)
曹贵(北京 自由职业者)
幸清贤 (成都 维权人士)
赵春德 (黑龙江 下岗工人)
郑道义(浙江,学生)
王俊臣(浙江,学生)
阿丁 ( 北京 记者)
盛雪(加拿大,记者、作家)
姜东君 (山东,政治难民)
徐文立 (流亡美国,布朗大学资深研究员)
熊玉生(湖北 自由职业者)
李彦修(北京,画家)
赵洪轩(四川 失业者)
高文谦(美国,学者)
王绍利 (北京, 建筑师)
王浩宇(湖南 维权人士)
陈西 (贵州,人权捍卫者)
张菁 (贵州,民主人士)
吴郁 (贵州,自由撰稿人)
李果 (贵州,自由撰稿人)
马驰 (北京 自由经理人)
梁文道 (香港 評論人)
牟庭萱 (重庆,诗人)
权兴巍 (四川,自由职业人)
林家弘(福建 诗人)
http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3862774,00.html?maca=chi-podcast_radio_china-1169-xml-mrss
世界人权日到来之际,中国独立知识分子公布“零八宪章”
http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,3862738,00.html?maca=chi-podcast_radio_china-1169-xml-mrss
联合国世界人权宣言签署60周年;改革开放三十年回顾系列文章,中国农村问题专家陈桂棣的“经济发展并非改革的终极目标”。今日访谈请零八宪章签署人之一
莫少平律师介绍情况。
1. 如果内容传送编码 Content-Transfer-Encoding 选择 8bit,字符集选择
GB2312,则 googlegroups 可能有随机的乱码。有时候过一段时间乱码就自
动修正了。也许是 googlegroups 不同服务器根据信件内容自动识别编码的
算法不够稳定,而忽略信件标头中指定的编码方式。
2. 如果字符集选 UTF-8,则没有发生乱码。但是不确定一定不会发生。
3. 以前测试过修改 googlegroups 语言,默认字符集,HTML 邮件格式,信件
内容总是用 MIME Base64 编码方式,都有随机发生的乱码现象。
所以这个非常讨厌的问题暂时没有解决方法,因为连规律都没有弄清楚呢。