Turkish political culture liberalizing, Greek scholar says

[KALAMOS BOOKS]

Turkish political culture liberalizing, Greek scholar says

Friday, November 20, 2009
REETA PAAKKİNEN
ISTANBUL - Hürriyet Daily News

http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/n.php?n=turkish-political-culture-liberalizing-greek-scholar-says-2009-11-20

Turkey's accession process to the European Union has made the
country's political culture in recent years more liberal than ever
before, according to a Greek academic of Turkish politics.

Ioannis N. Grigoriadis is currently assistant professor of political
science at Ankara's Bilkent University although his résumé also
includes positions at Athens University and Istanbul's Işık and
Sabancı universities. His book "Trials of Europeanization: Turkish
Political Culture and the European Union" was released in Istanbul on
Wednesday. The book is based on Grigoriadis' Ph.D. work at London's
School of Oriental and African Studies, or SOAS, where he conducted
research under Professor William Hale.

"Trials of Europeanization" assesses the impact of improving EU-Turkey
relations on Turkish political culture and tries to identify progress
in domains of national identity, secularism, civil society and
state-society relations. It focuses on the past 10 years, starting
from the so-called Helsinki Decision in December 1999, when Turkey was
declared a candidate for EU membership.

"There is an increasing liberalization of Turkish political culture,
an opening of discourse on issues that were taboos in the past.
Several issues are being openly discussed, including national identity
and secularism; this is very important," Grigoriadis told the Hürriyet
Daily News & Economic Review in an interview.

Since 1999, Turkish civil society has become more active with citizens
participating in politics in a much more open manner than in the past,
he said.

"There are still some challenges to be dealt with, but progress has
taken place. I am not saying things are good in many respects, but
things are better. I can identify some changes [in Turkish political
culture], which I would consider irreversible [for the most part],"
Grigoriadis said.

One of the changes is the evolving discourse on secularism,
Grigoriadis said. The book presents two versions of secularism: an
assertive one and a passive one. "The polarization of Turkish
political culture [in recent years] has led to a debate about
liberalizing Turkish secularism as well. This is something new," he
said.

He believes finding a consensus on the headscarf debate is possible.
"A consensus can be reached whereby no secular women may be forced to
wear a headscarf, while no pious women may be forced to take it off
either. This is the key point," he said.

More work on minority rights needed

In his book, Grigoriadis identifies these positive developments, but
also highlights shortcomings such as minority rights. "This is an area
in which little progress has been achieved and much remains to be
done," he said.

"A big part of this agenda is linked to the Kurdish initiative
although we do not know exactly how far it will go and how openly it
will address issues that relate to the Kurds in this country,"
Grigoriadis said. "However, Alevi issues are still on the table and
non-Muslim rights are also very prominent."

"In fact, as Istanbul will become the European Capital of Culture next
year it will be very important to give evidence of the respect for the
multicultural and multi-religious heritage of the city by resolving
these issues sooner rather than later."

Privileged partnership talk erodes credibility

The scholar criticized France and Germany for its "privileged
partnership'" rhetoric, something he said erodes the EU's credibility
in regions neighboring Turkey. "Turkey needs to do its homework but
the EU should give clear signals that Turkey has a fair chance of
becoming a member if it complies with the Copenhagen criteria,"
Grigoriadis said. "The statements of France and Germany, to a lesser
extent, do a lot of harm to the Turkish democratization process."

Cyprus a key priority

Despite his focus on Turkish political culture, Grigoriadis' also said
the Cyprus issue should be one of the key priorities of EU foreign
policy because of the veto power of Greek Cyprus. Another reason why
the issue should be resolved is that some EU member states may use
Cyprus as an excuse in opposing Turkey's EU accession for completely
different reasons.

"It will always create problems for Turkey's accession process. Not
least because other countries might be willing to play with this
problem in order not to expose themselves for other opinions they may
hold about Turkish EU accession. I would point to the Cyprus issue as
the number one priority in the foreign policy agenda in the EU,"
Grigoriadis said.

In his view, the failure of the Kofi Annan Peace Plan in 2004 was
particularly unfortunate. "When the decision was made about the
membership of Cyprus in the EU, the Greek Cypriot side argued that if
they were kept outside the union because of the lack of solution for
which the Turkish Cypriots were responsible, Greek Cypriots would
become hostages," he said.

"At that time, this argument appeared to be convincing as the Greek
Cypriot President Glafkos Clerides was the motivator for a solution
while [Turkish Cypriot President] Rauf Denktaş was the intransigent
one," Grigoriadis said.

Soon, matters took a different turn, Grigoriadis said. "There was a
180 degree turn because a moderate Turkish Cypriot leader and a more
intransigent Greek Cypriot leader [came into the picture]. Most
European countries were not happy with the end result of the Cyprus
accession without the solution. It did give signals on the Greek
Cypriot side whether they can go on with an unresolved problem for
indefinite amount of time," he said.

On the other hand, there were some "legitimate concerns" about some
aspects of the Annan Peace Plan, Grigoriadis said. "These were, for
instance the guarantor questions or the presence of the military on
both sides. They could have been resolved without a major loss for the
Turkish Cypriot side."

Upcoming publications

Grigoriadis' upcoming work will include a comparative piece on
U.S-Turkey relations and anti-Americanism in Turkey, which will appear
in the Middle East Journal in January 2010. In September, Grigoriadis'
article on the role of the Church of Greece in Greek-Turkish relations
was published in "Religion and Politics in Europe, the Middle East and
North Africa" (Routledge 2009).

He is currently doing research on center-left parties in Greece and
Turkey together with Ziya Öniş, professor of international relations
at Koç University. "I am trying to compare how the center-left parties
in Greece and Turkey have evolved since the 1970s. While the
Republican People's Party, or CHP, and the Pan-Hellenic Socialist
Movement, or PASOK, were quite similar in the 1970s, they have since
taken a completely different path," he said.

Evolving neighborly relations

The earthquakes in the fall of 1999 in Turkey and Greece marked the
start of a new era in contacts at the grassroots level between the two
nations.

Greek scholar Ioannis N. Grigoriadis, however, says the right crew of
diplomats was already in place for reconciliation to occur.

"In a sense, the earthquakes of 1999 were a tipping point [in
Greek-Turkish relations]. The right people - George Papandreou and
Ismail Cem - were in the foreign ministries of both countries
already," Grigoriadis said. "However, they still needed an event that
could mobilize popular opinion, which was very negative on both sides.
The opening the earthquake created was exploited by some
forward-looking, visionary politicians on both sides to [get us to]
where we are right now."

Ten years on, there is growing interest in Greece toward Turkey.

"There is a major trend that is also supported by improving economic
conditions. People want to learn the language, come here and spend
time living in Istanbul and other parts of Turkey, trying to obtain as
objective a view of the country as possible," Grigoriadis said.

The scholar believes there is increasing interest in Greece in the
Turkish language too. "People think learning Turkish is a good asset
for their career as well," he said.

Although grassroots contacts between the citizens of Greece and Turkey
are stronger than before, there is still a need for high-level
political moves, Grigoriadis said.

"Economic relations have become stronger and trade between the two
countries has skyrocketed in recent years. Relations at the
civil-society level are stronger and there is a lot of interaction and
travel between the two countries. The youth in particular are getting
to know each other," he said. "But on the high politics side, things
haven't improved much."

The strengthening of bilateral relations started slowing down a few
years ago. "There was a big opportunity that was lost in 2004 for the
resolution of the Cyprus issue," Grigoriadis said. "Ever since then,
issues on the bilateral level, such as the Aegean dispute, have not
been resolved."

"There is a need for a strong political will on both sides," he said.
"But because of populist pressures and changing public opinion, it is
important for the political will to be simultaneous in Greece and
Turkey."




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