Krśńa and Supra-Aesthetic Science (Discourse 27) - The Bhagavad Gita

Message from discussion Krśńa and Supra-Aesthetic Science (Discourse 27)
Received-SPF: neutral (google.com: 61.9.168.152 is neither permitted nor denied by domain of dharmad...@gmail.com) client-ip=61.9.168.152;
From: "Dharmadeva" <dharmad...@gmail.com>
To: <tantric-gems@googlegroups.com>
Subject: =?utf-8?Q?Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a_and_Supra-Aesthetic_Scie?=
	=?utf-8?Q?nce_=28Discourse_27=29?=
Date: Thu, 7 May 2009 22:20:32 +1000
Message-ID: <036c01c9cf0e$37920ce0$6401a8c0@windows>
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain;
	charset="utf-8"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Thread-Index: AcnK1ZKgQlsSKQ20RxyLfcJ74BzTOQEOIoWQ

=20
Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a and Supra-Aesthetic Science (Discourse 27) Published =
in:
Nama=CC=81mi Krs=CC=81n=CC=81asundaram
Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a and Supra-Aesthetic Science (Discourse 27)=20
Shrii Shrii Anandamurti

I have already discussed the role of Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a at some length. =
So far I have analysed the dual roles of Lord Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a and =
showed how they existed side by side and radiated charming sweetness to =
His ardent devotees. But at the end of our analysis we blissfully =
discover that the topic pertains to mohana vijin=CC=ADa=CC=81na =
[supra-aesthetic stance] =E2=80=93 the supreme stance in human life =
=E2=80=93 the highest and most blissful cult. The main point here is =
that someone is attracting, but then the crucial point is: who is that =
attracting Entity? The question whether it is Vraja Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a or =
Pa=CC=81rthasa=CC=81rathi is utterly irrelevant. It is sufficient to =
know that an Entity is there which is attracting, powerfully attracting, =
and that that attracting agent is Lord Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a. That is why I =
prefer to use only the word =E2=80=9CKrs=CC=81n=CC=81a=E2=80=9D =
=E2=80=93 not =E2=80=9CVrajagopa=CC=81la=E2=80=9D or =
=E2=80=9CPa=CC=81rthasa=CC=81rathi Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a=E2=80=9D.

I have already said that nandana vijin=CC=ADa=CC=81na [aesthetic =
science] proceeds along the systaltic wave movements of trough and =
crest. The quintessence of aesthetic science is to get joy and give joy. =
When the wavy movement at a certain stage of its progress is turned into =
linear movement, that is, the movement becomes straightened, then that =
is no longer aesthetic science, it becomes converted into =
supra-aesthetic science.

What is this supra-aesthetic science? Whenever sound, touch, form, smell =
or taste comes within the scope of someone=E2=80=99s personal =
inferences, and if that is anuku=CC=81lavedaniiyam, that is, agreeably =
pleasant to the mind and nerves, that person will try to attract that =
thing. If the object is mobile he or she will draw the object, but if it =
is static he himself will go to the object. One feels attraction for the =
lofty peaks of the Himalayas. How? Through ru=CC=81pa tanma=CC=81tra. It =
is impossible to attract the Himalayas, because they are static, not =
mobile. But human beings are jaun=CC=ADgama [dynamic]. Jaun=CC=ADgama =
means that which moves, that which is dynamic. That is why humanity =
reaches out to the Himalayas, to come in contact with the entitative =
form of the mountains. The point here is this: the Himalayas do not =
attract people, it is people who want the Himalayas. People want to =
attract the mountains to themselves, but since this is impossible, they =
rush to the Himalayas. This is all aesthetic science.

Suppose you see something and take a fancy to it. =E2=80=9CAh, how fine =
it is!=E2=80=9D you will exclaim in joy. Suppose you listen to a nice =
piece of music and deeply enjoy it. Your friend may be sitting nearby, =
but you will surely say, =E2=80=9CWait a bit, please. Let me listen to =
the music a little longer.=E2=80=9D Here you derive a=CC=81nanda [joy] =
from the music; it is similar when you give joy to others. Suppose there =
is a singer who is also a little hungry. He or she may decide to go on =
singing just to give the audience more enjoyment. This is the scope and =
extent of aesthetic science. But supra-aesthetic science is different =
from this.

Humanity no doubt has some access to this science due to the grace of =
Parama Purus=CC=81a, but this science pertains exclusively to Parama =
Purus=CC=81a, to my beloved Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a. Here Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a =
means both Vrajagopa=CC=81la and Pa=CC=81rthasa=CC=81rathi. Thus far, =
there were two different roles of Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a. I moved and danced =
with both, but now they are merged into One. Supra-aesthetic science =
implies drawing the microcosms closer to Himself through inferential and =
other ectoplasmic attractions, or by attracting others to Himself =
through His irresistible charms.

Parama Purus=CC=81a is the Supreme Progenitor of this universe. He has =
been creating, maintaining and destroying this universe through =
sain=CC=ADcara and pratisain=CC=ADcara. Now during the phase of =
pratisain=CC=ADcara He attracts everyone and everything towards Himself. =
This work of attraction may be done in various ways. Some may be drawn =
up by rope, some may be drawn up by the forces of love. Some can be =
attracted by sweet words of love and affection, while others can be =
captivated only by feelings of internal love. My beloved =
Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a draws jiivas to Himself only by internal thoughts of =
love. This is pratisain=CC=ADcara. In this process of =
pratisain=CC=ADcara, the vast multitude of microcosms evolve. How do =
they evolve? They evolve because Parama Purus=CC=81a loves them, and the =
force of His intense love draws them towards Himself. If someone says, =
=E2=80=9CNo, I won=E2=80=99t go.=E2=80=9D that will not do. He or she =
shall have to go, there is no other option.

In mohana vijin=CC=ADa=CC=81na, Parama Purus=CC=81a has been ever =
attracting all towards Himself. The difference between nandana =
vijin=CC=ADa=CC=81na and mohana vijin=CC=ADa=CC=81na is very vast =
indeed. Parama Purus=CC=81a is always attracting the microcosms. =
Although some are reluctant to respond to His call of love, even then =
they will have to come. This is the speciality of mohana =
vijin=CC=ADa=CC=81na.

All the entities of this universe are mutually attracting all other =
entities. But Parama Purus=CC=81a is attracting all entities by dint of =
His love for all, by dint of His personal relationship with all. So =
Parama Purus=CC=81a alone is the presiding Entity of mohana =
vijin=CC=ADa=CC=81na, and not any other entity. When jiivas feel this =
attraction in the heart of their hearts, they think it is an excellent =
idea to draw all human beings to His charming sweetness by their loving =
hearts, and then guide them along the path of supreme beatitude, the =
path of all-round perfection, just as Parama Purus=CC=81a attracts all =
by the radiance of His unbounded love and affection. So those who love =
the Supreme, those who are genuine devotees of Parama Purus=CC=81a, are =
bound to love all and attract them to the path of supreme blessedness.

Basically Parama Purus=CC=81a is the focal point, the pivotal point, of =
supra-aesthetic science. Jiivas, no doubt, have the power of attraction, =
but their attraction is not as irresistible as the supra-aesthetic =
attraction. Jiivas try to attract but their power of attraction is not =
all-pervasive. This is the crux of supra-aesthetic science. Parama =
Purus=CC=81a is Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a. The word krs=CC=81n=CC=81a means one =
who attracts all, who draws all towards Himself.

Attraction through Tanma=CC=81tras

The question is, how does He attract the jiivas? The only means of =
attraction available to the microcosms is the ta=CC=81nma=CC=81trika =
sources. Microcosms are acquainted with the world through these =
tanma=CC=81tras. Similarly they come in close contact with Parama =
Purus=CC=81a through the tanma=CC=81tras.

In this connection one thing more has to be said. As far as your =
relationship with Parama Purus=CC=81a is concerned, that =
ta=CC=81nma=CC=81trika realization or inferential bondage is not of the =
physical world, it is of the ectoplasmic world. That attraction is also =
there in the ectoplasmic body. When we look at the external world we =
stand and stare and simply marvel at the beautiful manifestations of the =
Lord. Similarly in our minds we can also enjoy beautiful expressions of =
the Lord =E2=80=93 that is, the inferential bliss that emanates from =
Parama Purus=CC=81a. Tanma=CC=81tras emanate from both worlds, but =
physical tanma=CC=81tras emanate from the physical world, not the =
psychic world.

Gandha tanma=CC=81tra: How do we receive the very subtle molecular =
expressions of this phenomenal world, this quinquelemental world, which =
is otherwise known as gandha tanma=CC=81tra [smell inference]? The smell =
that emanates from crude objects when they are pulverized is obviously =
crude. Depending upon the degree of subtlety or crudity, we can =
distinguish between sweet-scented and foul-smelling things. The subtler =
the smell, the sweeter it is. And when this sweet smell is there but we =
fail to locate the physical source of its emanation, that smell is =
called surabhi [aroma]. The source of its emanation is beyond the range =
of the sense organs. Whenever a person is deeply absorbed in the thought =
of Parama Purus=CC=81a, he or she gets this aroma. Obviously, each and =
every spiritual aspirant is entitled to get this aroma. That is, when =
the aspirant enjoys this ectoplasmic aroma due to a good deal of mental =
concentration, he or she gets the same sort of aroma in the external =
world as well.

Lord Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a attracts the aspirant through the emanation of =
aroma. He does not draw the jiivas by rope, but through the waves of =
aroma. He binds you and draws you nearer to Himself. Your mind gives up =
all other objects and rushes headlong towards the Lord. The aspirant =
deeply enjoys the blissful aroma and exclaims in joy, =E2=80=9CHow =
sweet, how blissful this aroma is! But where does it come from? I =
can=E2=80=99t locate its source.=E2=80=9D This is how the Supreme Lord =
of mohana vijin=CC=ADa=CC=81na is drawing you to Himself, through the =
gandha tanma=CC=81tra. You too are running towards Him. You cannot but =
run that way because you are helpless in this regard.

Rasa tanma=CC=81tra: Next is rasa tanma=CC=81tra [taste inference]. On =
deeper analysis we find that every object of this universe is sweet. =
Sweetness, not harshness, is the reality. Parama Purus=CC=81a no doubt =
deals many blows to the microcosms, but that is just to facilitate their =
progress. Judged from a materialistic perspective, every blow is =
apparently harsh, but actually it is not harsh, it is soft. He is =
concerned for your well-being, that is why He resorts to that apparently =
crude technique. Ultimately, that method, that way, will prove =
beneficial to you. Rabindranath Tagore wrote in one of his poems: Ei =
karecha bha=CC=81la nit=CC=81hur he Ei karecha bha=CC=81la [=E2=80=9CYou =
have rightly served, O cruel Lord. You have rightly served=E2=80=9D]. =
This is all for the good of the jiivas.

You should bear in mind that everything of this ectoplasmic world is =
sweet, nothing is sour, nothing is bitter. Even any bitter expression of =
the Lord is meant for the good of jiivas and for that reason it is also =
sweet in the end. Tumi komale kat=CC=81hore madhure tinakte =
pu=CC=81rn=CC=81a [=E2=80=9CParama Purus=CC=81a is full, absolutely =
full, of softness, as well as harshness; sweetness as well as =
bitterness=E2=80=9D]. Hence He attracts jiivas through His =
characteristic sweetness, through the divine flow of His sweetness.

As already said, one of the many bha=CC=81vas is madhura bha=CC=81va. =
Madhura bha=CC=81va is a very exalted bha=CC=81va, for this bha=CC=81va =
fills the mind with sweetness and bliss and leads the aspirant to the =
closest proximity of the Lord. To a person who is predominantly a =
devotee of the Lord, everything tastes sweet, there is nothing bitter in =
the creation of Parama Purus=CC=81a. He is attracting you through the =
ectoplasmic world, binding you through the bonds of love. You cannot =
sever the bonds of love. It is said in Vaes=CC=81n=CC=81ava philosophy:

Pasharite ca=CC=81y man pa=CC=81shara=CC=81 na=CC=81 ya=CC=81y go, Kii =
kari go, kii habe upa=CC=81y?

=E2=80=9CThe mind wants to forget Him, but cannot. Now, what is the way =
out?=E2=80=9D

Sometimes a person is inclined to think, =E2=80=9CNo, I won=E2=80=99t go =
to Him =E2=80=93 He will scold me, He will punish me; I won=E2=80=99t go =
near Him.=E2=80=9D Even then, he or she has to go. The mind may be =
reluctant to go, the legs may refuse to go, but even then one will have =
to move, to reach Him. One cannot remain away from Him. Rather, one has =
to rush along towards Him, because there is that inseparable bond, the =
inferential bondage of the Cosmic flow. For He is Mohana [One Who =
Attracts]. He is Manamohana [One Who Attracts the Mind]. He is =
Vishvamohana [One Who Attracts the Universe].

Ru=CC=81pa tanma=CC=81tra: Through ru=CC=81pa tanma=CC=81tra [form =
inference], He is attracting the microcosms. No one believes that =
something has come out of nothing. Similarly, no one believes that =
something will someday become nothing; it is unbelievable. Something =
will remain something, although it will go through the process of =
metamorphosis. Again, the question of nothing changing its form does not =
arise at all. So nothing will remain nothing.

This universe of Parama Purus=CC=81a has been moving along the path of =
pratisain=CC=ADcara. The more it advances on the path of =
pratisain=CC=ADcara, the sweeter is its expression, because it comes =
nearer to the nucleus of the Cosmic body. Birds and animals are more =
beautiful than bricks, stones or wood, and human beings are more sublime =
than birds and animals. The human mind is full of tenderness, softness, =
sweetness and other qualities of the divine flow. No other creature is =
as sublime as human beings, because no heart other than the human heart =
has such subtle sentimentality. The human heart is sweet because its =
sentimentality is sweet. And as the human heart is sweet, the human mind =
is also sweet. However bad a person may be, when he or she remains in =
his or her permanent composure, he or she remains a sweet and sublime =
personality. That is why the inner expression of Parama Purus=CC=81a in =
the human ectoplasmic world is decidedly more sublime than His =
manifestation in the outer world. For He is drawing human beings, =
attracting them in their ectoplasmic world. He says, =E2=80=9CCome =
along, come to Me. You will have to come.=E2=80=9D Humanity cannot but =
respond to His irresistible call.

Ru=CC=81pa la=CC=81gi a=CC=81n=CC=ADkhi jhure gun=CC=81e mana bhor; =
Prati aun=CC=ADga la=CC=81gi ka=CC=81nde prati aun=CC=ADga mor.

=E2=80=9CMy eyes are saturated with the joy of beautiful forms. My mind =
is full of His qualities. Each of my limbs is yearning for access to =
Him.=E2=80=9D

Sparsha tanma=CC=81tra: We cannot remain separated from Him. He is =
attracting through sparsha tanma=CC=81tra [touch inference]. As an =
Entity, Parama Purus=CC=81a is as sweet as He is soft. People experience =
His softness in the deepest cavity of their hearts and in the =
controlling point of human sentimentality. There is no scope for =
harshness there. When one thinks of another entity, he or she thinks =
with the softness of the heart, not with harshness. For instance, =
suppose a little girl does not go to school. Her mother, in displeasure, =
bursts out, =E2=80=9CBlast you =E2=80=93 neglecting your studies. You =
naughty child! If you don=E2=80=99t change your ways, you=E2=80=99ll go =
to hell.=E2=80=9D Later on she has second thoughts about her words, she =
realizes her mistake. She tells herself, =E2=80=9CIt wasn=E2=80=99t =
proper to chastise my little child that way. Supposing she =
didn=E2=80=99t go to school, what of it? I wished her death. O God, I =
beseech You, don=E2=80=99t take her life. They were only words from my =
mouth, O Lord. I didn=E2=80=99t really mean them.=E2=80=9D

The subterranean Cosmic flow operating in the human heart is always =
soft, never harsh, and there my Vraja Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a and my =
Pa=CC=81rthasa=CC=81rathi are one. This is the flow of sparsha =
tanma=CC=81tra in human beings. This is how Parama Purus=CC=81a is =
attracting people in the world of touch inferences. He does not allow =
people to be harsh, He wants them to remain soft. Outwardly, these =
soft-minded people will have to assume a harsh composure against the =
wicked. This is the way of the world. By nature you are not =
hard-hearted. There are people whom we call cruel because of their =
hard-heartedness. But if those very wicked persons go deeper into their =
beings, they will no longer remain wicked or hard-hearted. Mostly it is =
just that they take a superficial view of life. Had they gone deep into =
their minds, had they tried to realize Parama Purus=CC=81a with their =
sentimentality, they would certainly have felt the presence of the =
undercurrents of His softness. The difficulty with them is that they =
never go deep into their sentimentality and hence they have a tendency =
towards hard-heartedness.

Shabda tanma=CC=81tra: Next comes shabda tanma=CC=81tra. Parama =
Purus=CC=81a is drawing the microcosms through the sound inference. The =
very existential feeling of jiivas lies covert in the =
mu=CC=81la=CC=81dha=CC=81ra cakra [the lowest psycho-spiritual plexus in =
the human body], and the very urge to speak gradually takes the actual =
form of expression through successive stages of language formation =
=E2=80=93 para=CC=81, pashyanti, madhyama=CC=81, dyotama=CC=81na=CC=81, =
vaekharii and shrutigocara=CC=81 =E2=80=93 and finally gives rise to =
audible language through successive waves. When people enter the core of =
the world of sounds, they experience their existential feeling, along =
with the shabda tanma=CC=81tras, through different stages of =
realization: sa=CC=81lokya, sa=CC=81miipya, sa=CC=81yujya, =
sa=CC=81ru=CC=81pya, sa=CC=81rs=CC=81t=CC=81hi and kaevalya.(1) That is, =
as long as the sound inferences are there, sound is very evident to =
them, and in the subtlest stage of shabda tanma=CC=81tra they get Parama =
Purus=CC=81a in the form of on=CC=ADm=CC=81ka=CC=81ra. The sa=CC=81dhaka =
advances on the spiritual path while realizing =
Pran=CC=81ava=CC=81tmakam=CC=81 Brahma [=E2=80=9CBrahma is of the same =
nature as pran=CC=81ava=E2=80=9D]. But at the last stage of realization, =
a sa=CC=81dhaka discovers that there is no sound, because if there is no =
curvature, there cannot be any sound. When waves get straightened, all =
sounds stop =E2=80=93 only an all-pervading silence prevails. When sound =
is transcended, the spiritual aspirant enjoys unbounded spiritual bliss =
due to perfect psycho-spiritual parallelism. This shabda tanma=CC=81tra =
leads human beings towards the state of communion between jiiva =
bha=CC=81va and Shiva bha=CC=81va. That is why Parama Purus=CC=81a has =
been attracting the microcosms through all the inferential perceptions.

Many people come to me and say, =E2=80=9CBa=CC=81ba=CC=81, we are sinful =
persons, what will befall us?=E2=80=9D Frankly speaking, I don=E2=80=99t =
feel happy at all when I hear these words. Parama Purus=CC=81a loves =
saints and sinners alike. He attracts all through madhura bha=CC=81va =
[sweetness], not kat=CC=81hor bha=CC=81va [harshness] =E2=80=93 that is, =
through all kinds of inferential vibrations. So, why should anyone worry =
about his or her future? This has no proper justification. Parama =
Purus=CC=81a takes care of all such worries. He is always lovingly =
calling people very, very close to Himself through the tanma=CC=81tras. =
This is the central theme of mohana vijin=CC=ADa=CC=81na. That is, human =
beings are always moving, not in the Vrindavana of the physical world, =
but in the Vrindavana of the world of bha=CC=81va. When =
Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a was in the Vrindavana of the physical world, there =
were both the physical Vrindavana and the spiritual Vrindavana.

Today, for all His devotees, and even for His non-devotees, there is =
very much spiritual Vrindavana. And Lord Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a is always =
there, for He said, Vrnda=CC=81vanam=CC=81 parityajya =
pa=CC=81damekam=CC=81 na gaccha=CC=81mi [=E2=80=9CI won=E2=80=99t go =
anywhere, not even one step, from Vrindavana=E2=80=9D]. This is not the =
terrestrial Vrindavana, but the Vrindavana of the devotee=E2=80=99s =
heart. In this Vrindavana, both the devotee and the Lord are there. They =
are playing the game of hide and seek =E2=80=93 now He attracts the =
devotee, now He hides Himself. When the devotee rushes to Him, he or she =
discovers that the One who was attracting from behind the scenes was =
actually close at hand; and so he or she attains Him.

Nitya a=CC=81chi Vrn=CC=81d=CC=81avane, a=CC=81mi to nai Hari =
cha=CC=81r=CC=81a=CC=81 D=CC=81a=CC=81kle Hari a=CC=81sbe ka=CC=81che =
d=CC=81a=CC=81kle pare-i dey se sa=CC=81r=CC=81a=CC=81.

[I am always in Vrindavana. I am never alone or without Him. The moment =
one calls Him, He responds forthwith.]

In this Vrindavana of the devotee=E2=80=99s heart, Vraja =
Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a and Pa=CC=81rthasa=CC=81rathi are mingled into one. =
Both are attracting devotees by bonds of love. This is the inner spirit =
of mohana vijin=CC=ADa=CC=81na. When devotees feel the presence of =
Parama Purus=CC=81a in the Vrindavana of sentimentality and rush towards =
Him with all the sweetness of their hearts, then there is no difference =
between Vraja Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a and Pa=CC=81rthasa=CC=81rathi, between =
Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a the king and Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a the cowherd boy; =
Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a of the yogis and Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a of the =
philosophers, Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a of the naraliila=CC=81 [sport of playing =
a human role] and Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a of the Prabhuliila=CC=81 [sport of =
playing a divine role]. They all merge into one. The liila=CC=81nanda =
[sportive manifestation] aspect of Parama Purus=CC=81a is suspended into =
the nitya=CC=81nanda [eternal] aspect of Parama Purus=E2=80=99a. That =
exalted state of realization =E2=80=93 the highest attainment for a =
bhakta =E2=80=93 is also the supreme achievement for a =
jin=CC=ADa=CC=81nii [person of knowledge] and also for a karmii [person =
of action].

The sooner one responds to the call of Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a, the lord of =
mohanatattva [attracting power], the better. Any delay means wasting =
one=E2=80=99s valuable time. Hence, it is proper that human beings =
should rush towards Him only, as time is very short. When devotees come =
in close proximity to this Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a, then all expressions of =
Parama Purus=CC=81a are suspended into one supreme existence. In that =
most exalted state of realization, the devotee exclaims in ecstatic joy:

Jaya Vrn=CC=81d=CC=81a=CC=81vana jaya naraliila=CC=81 jaya Govardhana =
cetanashila=CC=81, Jaya Na=CC=81ra=CC=81yan=CC=81a =
Na=CC=81ra=CC=81yan=CC=81a Na=CC=81ra=CC=81yan=CC=81a =
Na=CC=81ra=CC=81yan=CC=81a he, Jaya Shrii Yamuna=CC=81 jaya =
Vrajaren=CC=81u jaya kuin=CC=ADjavana gopika=CC=81ven=CC=81u Jaya =
Na=CC=81ra=CC=81yan=CC=81a Na=CC=81ra=CC=81yan=CC=81a =
Na=CC=81ra=CC=81yan=CC=81a Na=CC=81ra=CC=81yan=CC=81a he.(2)

Then the devotee frankly says, =E2=80=9CO my Lord, my Parama =
Purus=CC=81a, I don=E2=80=99t hesitate to admit that I have been unable =
to realize You, but now I understand who You are.=E2=80=9D Then the =
devotee can bring all his or her powers, all his or her sentimentality, =
to one point, and proclaim the highest realization:

Gopa=CC=81lapa=CC=81lam=CC=81 Shishupa=CC=81lapa=CC=81lam=CC=81 =
Shriikrs=CC=81n=CC=81acandram=CC=81 satatam=CC=81 nama=CC=81mi.

[O beloved Krs=CC=81n=CC=81a, the protector of the good and the redeemer =
of the wicked, I salute You always.]
12 April 1981, Calcutta

Footnotes

(1) See Chapter 3. =E2=80=93Eds.

(2) Jaya=E2=80=A6: =E2=80=9CVictory=E2=80=9D to the many entities. =
=E2=80=93Eds.