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If Professor Ian Plimer's claim that the athmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has been at 1,000 times higher concentrations in the past this amounts to 384,380 parts per million, this can be also espressed as a percentage. Normally the athmospheric mixture is expressed as 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% of other gases such as argon 0.7%, carbon dioxide only 0.038%. Thus, the Professor Plimer's statement in Daily Express would seem to suggest to the newspaper readers that at some point in the past the athmospheric carbon dioxide at 384,380 p.p.m. amounts to 38% athmospheric concentration some time in the past when there were 1,000 times more carbon dioxide in the air.
If the present figure is high and we assumed Professor Plimer to having cited an old figure from an earlier year. These are as follows:
http://www.carbonify.com/carbon-dioxide-levels.htm
This page is regularly updated with atmospheric carbon dioxide level data; based on the previous month in the current year and history of saturation levels for the same month dating back to 1958. The readings are taken at the Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii.
The average saturation levels in the table below are in parts per million. Note that over the entire record, CO2 saturation levels have rarely dropped in a current month comparison to same month in the previous year. Pre-industrial (recent history) levels are said to have been at around 280 parts per million.
The other very disturbing issue is that the figures below don't include other greenhouse gases such as methane, which are also on the rise.
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October historical levels | ||
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1958 - na |
1975 - 328.35 |
1992 - 353.21 |
If we use the earliest instrumented figure as what the Professor Plimer intended to cite, this would be still well above 300 p.p.m. as seen from the above table going back half a century to October 1959, when the athmospheric concentration was 313.26 p.p.m. 1,000 fold increase from this would be 313,260 parts per million, or 31% of the air being made of carbon dioxide. The pre-industrial era concentrations 259 years back to year 1750 were around 280 parts per million. A thousand-fold increase of this equals to athmospheric concentration of 280,000 parts per million, or 28% of the air being made of carbon dioxide. Thus, whatever the reference point, 1,000 times higher means 30-40% CO2 levels.
How plausible the occurrence of the above Professor Ian Plimer's 30-40% carbon dioxide concentrations are which Daily Express refers to?
Not very likely at all. The possibility during any time when there has been life (or at least the more advanced forms of life) is virtually nil.
The chief problem in Professor Ian Plimers claim in Daily Express is that carbon dioxide becomes a toxic gas in high concentrations, unlike nitrogen or oxygen which occur at 78% and 21% concentrations, respectively.
Actually, a prolonged exposure to carbon dioxide already at 1,000 p.p.m., hardly twice the current level of the athmospheric carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, is known to be able to produce toxic symptoms. This means that even if the air contains only tiny 0.1% it is already mild toxin as a prolonged exposure at this level can already affect powers of concentration. The normal international safety limit (HSE, OSHA) limits carbon dioxide at work place to 5,000 p.p.m. which is just 0.5%, or 1/78th of the athmospheric concentration cited by Professor Ian Plimer. At 3% concentrations CO2 impairs hearing, at 4-5% a person starts to choking air after 30 minute exposure with clear signs of poisoning. At 5-10% unconsciousness follows in a few minutes. Professor Ian Plimer's claim of 30-40% CO2 in the past seemed so outrageous.
http://www.analox.net/site/content_HOSP_co2_dangers.php
The Dangers of Carbon Dioxide
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Therefore, I became curious to obtain the expensive data sets from Geological Society of America that go from the pre-industrial period back to the beginning of the Earth's history to find out if any period in the past any period had carbon dioxide content at 30-40% of the air.
I purchased a copy of the following report for 24 hour viewing at US$ 60 from Geological Society of America this report, which I cannot reproduce yourselves, does not have atmosphere have any 30-40% carbon dioxide concentrations at 300,000-400,000 p.p.m. appearing. Not at any time like Mining Geology Professor Ian Plimer lied to the readers of Daily Express. (I have copied this message to the author who may admit 30-40% CO2 is a climate change denialist's attempt to shake the Copenhagen Climate Summit. A number of politicians have already succumbed to this lie after hearing Professor Ian Plimer'sLondon press conference on Tuesday, 1st December 2009 and now after reading Professor Ian Plimer's lies being repeated by one of the leading UK daily newspapers whose editor also fully endorses Professor Plimer's claims.)
I enclose an abstract of Gregory J. Retallack's paper which surveys CO2 concentrations and which does not cite any evidence for 300,000-400,000 p.p.m. athmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations having occurred during the last 300 million years. Although may see Daily Express as a reputable news publication, this claim is a purely malicious one and in order to confuse the unsure public and the politicians from supporting the critical Copenhagen climate negotiations. We have seen in Australia one result of these unwarranted criticisms being fuelled by impossibly high CO2 levels of the past. Similar developments here in the UK after Professor Ian Plimer's London press conference on climate change yesterday was reported in the UK by The Independent on its front page news 02.12.2009: "Cameron hit by Tory backlash on environment". Daily Express is intentionally pressing to damage Copenhagen by a constant roll-out of critical commentary and lies like the pretext of Professor Ian Plimer's spurios allegation of 38% of CO2 in the air in the past, which is toxic enough to kill quickly almost all life.
Reference 5: The last 300 million years have not seen CO2 level to rise higher than 7,200 p.p.m. millions of years ago.
http://gsabulletin.gsapubs.org/content/121/9-10/1441.abstract
The Geological Society of America Bulletin.
Greenhouse crises of the past 300 million years
+ Author Affiliations
1. Department of Geological Sciences, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, USA1. †E-mail: gr...@uoregon.edu.
Abstract
Proxies of past CO2 and climate over the past 300 m.y. now reveal multiple global climate change events in unprecedented detail. Evidence for past CO2 spikes comes from expanded and refined stomatal index data of fossil Ginkgo and related leaves. New evidence for synchronous climatic change comes from paleosols in Montana, Utah, and neighboring states. Each CO2 spike was coeval with unusually clayey, red, and decalcified paleosols that can be traced throughout the Colorado Plateau. Spikes in atmospheric CO2 also were coeval with increases in paleosol alkali depletion as an indication of high temperature, and spikes in paleosol base depletion and depth to calcic horizons as indications of high precipitation. In the Colorado Plateau, times of warmer climate were also more humid, perhaps due to the greater moisture potential of warmer air. Seasonality of climate did not increase during warm-wet spikes. The Mesozoic greenhouse was not persistently hot with cool spells, but warm with hot flashes. These data furnish power laws predicting the sensitivity and magnitude of change in mean annual temperature (MAT) and mean annual precipitation (MAP) due to rising CO2 in a mid-latitude, mid-continental region. The magnitude of the coming anthropogenic greenhouse pales in comparison with past greenhouse spikes at times of global mass extinctions.
Footnotes
· ↵1GSA Data Repository item 2009025, Stomatal index and paleosol data, is available at http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/ft2009.htm or by request to edi...@geosociety.org.
·
o Received 11 October 2007.
o Revision received 23 September 2008.
o Accepted 6 October 2008.
· © 2009 Geological Society of America
In a conclusion of the above paper Gregory J. Retallac cites the figure 7,200 p.p.m. (0.72%) as the maximum CO2 athmospheric concentration which is still tens of times less than Daily Express and Professor Ian Plimer's lies. 0.72% is the highest concentration of carbon dioxide in the air. 30-40% concentrations have never occurred and all of these much 'lesser highs' are already linked to the major extinction events:
"Deep-time records, here taken back 300 m.y., enhance prediction by including conditions beyond those found during the Quaternary. Soaring levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide well in excess of predictions for the next century (865 ppmv CO2: Alley et al., 2007) are known in deep time, although levels in excess of 2000 ppmv were all associated with significant mass extinctions, and life was almost entirely extirpated under some 7200 ppmv at the Permian-Triassic boundary (252 Ma: Retallack et al., 2006)."
Daniel H. Rothman's paper extends back in time further 200 million years and the Permian-Triassic boundary remains the ssame highest concentration event at 7,200 p.p.m.
Reference 6: The last 500 million years (further 200 million years back in time) sees CO2 peaked at 7,200 p.p.m. event.
http://www.pnas.org/content/99/7/4167.full
Athmospheric carbon dioxide levels for the last 500 million years
E-mail: d...@segovia.mit.edu
CONCLUSIONS
If past performance is a guide to future performance, the geological record of past climate change could be useful in evaluating future response of climate to anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions. Using records of past climate in this way is an empirical rather than modeling approach to climate forecasting. Deep-time records, here taken back 300 m.y., enhance prediction by including conditions beyond those found during the Quaternary. Soaring levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide well in excess of predictions for the next century (865 ppmv CO2: Alley et al., 2007) are known in deep time, although levels in excess of 2000 ppmv were all associated with significant mass extinctions, and life was almost entirely extirpated under some 7200 ppmv at the Permian-Triassic boundary (252 Ma: Retallack et al., 2006). Past climatic responses to CO2 forcing support key predictions of greenhouse theory: climate became warmer and wetter in proportion to higher levels of atmospheric CO2. Paleoclimatic results presented here apply only to mid-latitude, mid-continental, summer-wet regions such as Utah, where they were based. The agreement of these results with modeling results suggests they may be representative of other regions as well, and there is potential to extend such techniques to other long paleosol sequences elsewhere.
IPCC report lists p. 441, several further carbon dioxide peaks: 50 million years ago at 3,700 p.p.m. (boron proxy method); 3,600 p.p.m. (stomata method) 4 million years ago at 2,200 p.p.m. (pedogenic carbonate method) 2 million years ago 600 p.p.m. (Phytoplancton method)
Reference 6: IPCC CO2 Peaks is No Match to Professor Plimer's and Daily Express Allegations either
http://www1.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter6.pdf
IPCC
Phone: +41-22-730-8208/84
e-mail: IPCC...@wmo.int
In my complaint to the Press Complaint Commission, I would like to re-iterate that I have not drawn attention to lesser claims such as the volcanoes controlling climate change at present time and the anthropogenic emissions being a negligible contributor against 1,000 times higher past athmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide.
1) Just days before the start of a climate summit attended by world leaders in Copenhagen, Prof Plimer said Governments were treating the public like “fools” and using climate change to increase taxes.
2) He said carbon dioxide has had no impact on temperature and that recent warming was part of the natural cycle of climate stretching over billions of years. If you have to argue your science by using fraud, your science is not valid.
3) The scientific consensus that mankind has caused climate change was rocked yesterday as a leading academic called it a “load of hot air underpinned by fraud”. Professor Ian Plimer condemned the climate change lobby as “climate comrades” keeping the “gravy train” going.
4) Professor Plimer said climate change was caused by natural events such as volcanic eruptions, the shifting of the Earth’s orbit and cosmic radiation. He said: “Carbon dioxide levels have been up to 1,000 times higher in the past. CO2 cannot be driving global warming now. This stipulates that the athmospheric concentrations would have to rise enormously beyond current levels to amounts where carbon dioxide would make a sizeable proportion of the air mass, perhaps hundreds or even thousands of times, but for him the present time carbon dioxide levels are not of any concern.
SUMMARY OF THE OFFENDING ARTICLE
As a summary I find the implied past concentration of 1,000 times more CO2 in the atmosphere at 384,380 p.p.m. (~38 % of CO2) offensive lie in an article that was guiding the readers to drop out before reaching the end of it to find out that Professor Ian Plimer is not a local scientist confessing to a climate fraud which University of Anglias' Climate Research Unit (CRU) has been alleged to have committed in order to obtain research funding for their climate science. The real scientists were cited as alternative theorists to outright lie that the athomosphere has had and can (implied) take 1,000 times more CO2 load than at present. This is as if to say that the sky has infinite number of invisible radio channels when in reality there is a finity in both.
It is also quantitatively doubtful that 1,000 times more CO2 could be put or has ever been in the air. When the Earth system condensed from the primodial proto-planetary disk, the very first atmosphere contained hydrogen and helium as a left overs from the gravity collapsed interstellar gas clouds whose density had exceeded the Chandrachekhar limit for whatever reason (galactic waves or by-passing solar systems). When sun started to warm up this first atmosphere originating as a leftover from the original interstellar gas cloud got heated and literally blown into space. This then was followed by bombardment of protoplanetary material falling from the planetary accredition disk. The countless collisions heated grounds and gradually heat from the radioactive decay became great enough for the first volcanoes to form. It is during this period when carbon dioxide was first breaken loose from the graphite and other carboneous materials. The accummulation of falling materials ceased and the radioactive decay became the primary source driving volcanoes. The water came from countless cometary impacts. The ice from cometary materials built up seas and volcanoes started to belch out carbon dioxide. Methane was also in plentiful supply. The advent of coccolithophorids life then cosuming carbon for calcium carbonate until chlorophyll driven life came into prominance. Both methane and carbon dioxide started to disappear forming gradually the oxygen rich atmosphere of today.
But what the above has to do with the present situation and the anthropogenic emissions to argue that no actions is required, and indeed, any effort to rain in emissions would be detrimental? Nothing. We are never going back today to the same processes that created the life in the very early primodial Earth, where Professor Ian Plimer's CO2 concentrations might possibly have been occurring at 400,000 p.p.m. which is very high given that available oxygen O2 is today in the atmosphere at 18%, not around 40%. If emissions are rised to 750 p.p.m. will Professor Ian Plimer and Daily Express still insist 1,000 times higher carbon dioxide concentrations at 750,000 p.p.m, CO2 at 75% of the air?
There is also an oft-repeated saying that the Arctic is a canary in coal mine. Ian Plimer, Professor of Mining Geology does not seem to head health and safety regulations and the old wisdom of putting a canary in coal mine to detect dangerous levels of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide that can make one dizzy and kill in a coal mine. It is inconceivable that a honest Professor in Mining Geology does not know that 30-40% carbon dioxide content in colliery are lethal and no one in their right mind should say that atmosphere is breathable even for short periods, let alone for sustained life of whole ecosystems. These are pure cold-blooded lies, and the alternative to UK Meteorlogical Office views or conspirators at University of Anglia CRU are cold-blooded liars themselves like the newspaper and its editor who supported Plimer.
It is a duty of Press Complaints Commission to put a rapid stop to these lies that are now spreading in some politicians heads like wild fires. This issue needs fully be investigated and the newspaper in question must stop its unwarranted attacks of climate scientists, politicians and unsuspecting public who cannot afford to spend US$ 60 to find out scientific reports, if, where, and when these 400,000 p.p.m. might have occurred. This position exceeds health and safety limits by wide margin which indicates abusive use of this Professor of Mining Geology his knowledge on colliery operations and the old story of canaries being kept in a coal mine to detect dangerous concentrations of odourless carbon oxides.
Reference 7: The Offending Article in Daily Express
http://www.dailyexpress.co.uk/posts/view/143573
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HOME > NEWS / SHOWBIZ > UK NEWS > Climate change 'fraud' UK NEWSCLIMATE CHANGE 'FRAUD'
CLIMATE CHANGE: Many experts claim man-made global warming is melting see ice Wednesday December 2,2009 By John InghamHave your say(23)THE scientific consensus that mankind has caused climate change was rocked yesterday as a leading academic called it a “load of hot air underpinned by fraud”.
Professor Ian Plimer condemned the climate change lobby as “climate comrades” keeping the “gravy train” going.
In a controversial talk just days before the start of a climate summit attended by world leaders in Copenhagen, Prof Plimer said Governments were treating the public like “fools” and using climate change to increase taxes.
He said carbon dioxide has had no impact on temperature and that recent warming was part of the natural cycle of climate stretching over billions of years.
Prof Plimer told a London audience: “Climates always change. They always have and they always will. They are driven by a number of factors that are random and cyclical.”
His comments came days after a scandal in climate-change research emerged through the leak of emails from the world-leading research unit at the University of East Anglia. They appeared to show that scientists had been massaging data to prove that global warming was taking place
The Climate Research Unit also admitted getting rid of much of its raw climate data, which means other scientists cannot check the subsequent research. Last night the head of the CRU, Professor Phil Jones, said he would stand down while an independent review took place.
Professor Plimer said climate change was caused by natural events such as volcanic eruptions, the shifting of the Earth’s orbit and cosmic radiation. He said: “Carbon dioxide levels have been up to 1,000 times higher in the past. CO2 cannot be driving global warming now.
“In the past we have had rapid and significant climate change with temperature changes greater than anything we are measuring today. They are driven by processes that have been going on since the beginning of time.” He cited periods of warming during the Roman Empire and in the Middle Ages – when Vikings grew crops on Greenland – and cooler phases such as the Dark Ages and the Little Ice Age from 1300 to 1850.
And he predicted that the next phase would cool the planet.
Climate change is widely blamed on the burning of fossil fuels which release greenhouse gases such as CO2 into the atmosphere, where they trap the sun’s heat.
The talks at Copenhagen are expected to find ways to reduce greenhouse gas emissions globally.
But Professor Plimer, of Adelaide and Melbourne Universities, said that to stop climate change Governments should find ways to prevent changes to the Earth’s orbit and ocean currents and avoid explosions of supernovae in space. Of the saga of the leaked emails, he said: “If you have to argue your science by using fraud, your science is not valid.”
The CRU’s Professor Jones has admitted some of the emails may have had “poorly chosen words” and were sent in the “heat of the moment”. But he has categorically denied manipulating data and said he stood by the science. And yesterday he dismissed suggestions of a conspiracy to alter evidence to support a theory of man-made global warming as “complete rubbish”.
But mining geology professor Plimer said there was a huge momentum behind the climate-change lobby.
He suggested many scientists had a vested interest in promoting climate change because it helped secure more funding for research. He said: “The climate comrades are trying to keep the gravy train going. Governments are also keen on putting their hands as deep as possible into our pockets.
“The average person has been talked down to. He has been treated like a fool. Yet the average person has common sense.”
But Vicky Pope, head of Met Office Climate Change Advice, said: “We are seeing changes in climate on a timescale we have not seen before.
“There clearly are natural variations. But the only way we can explain these trends is when we include both man-made and natural changes to the climate.
“We have also seen declines in summer sea ice over the past 30 years, glaciers retreating for 150 years, changing rainfall patterns and increases in subsurface and surface ocean temperatures.”
And as the war of words between the rival camps intensified, leading economist Lord Stern dismissed the sceptics as “muddled”.
Lord Stern, who produced a detailed report on the issue for the Government, said evidence of climate change was “overwhelming”. He accepted that all views should be heard but said the degree of scepticism among “real scientists” was very small.
Yours Sincerely,
Veli Albert Kallio, FRGS
HH Plenipotentiary Scientific Ambassador, Global Environmental Parliamnt Group.
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