I know NServiceBus has the concept of an IMessageModule, but I'm not sure if it provides the hooks necessary to "handle" a message. I'm not familiar enough with NServiceBus to say for sure.
One possible way with NServiceBus is to have an implementation of IMessageHandler<object> that would handle all messages, and this could be the hook to invoke the behavior chain.
Send conventions have its limitations or at least the ones I've thought through. One of the most basic things that could be setup, is that when a method has output, there would be a behavior after the ActionCall that issues a bus.Reply, and potentially based on other conventions, it could issue Publish, etc. Feel free to elaborate if you have more specific ideas in mind that you would like to be driven by convention.