*[Enwl-eng] Fwd: Planetary Health Check
enwl
When agricultural expansion leads to forest loss, it reduces a wide range of ecosystem services and impacts several PB processes simultaneously. Forests often transpire more water than other land cover types, for exam- ple, by accessing deep soil water through their deep roots.38,39 Reduced forest cover means less transpiration, which in turn lowers at- mospheric moisture supply and reduces local and downwind precipitation..40,41 Additional- ly, the loss of forests increases near-surface wind speeds, which accelerates the drying of landscapes and reduces the time that mois- ture stays in the environment.42 Trees also re- lease organic compounds into the air that act as condensation nuclei — tiny particles that provide surfaces for water vapor to condense into clouds.43,44 Fewer trees mean fewer con- densation nuclei, leading to decreased cloud formation.42,45
With fewer clouds to reflect sunlight, more so- lar energy reaches the Earth's surface, caus- ing increased temperatures.46,47 Additionally, a reduced forest canopy means less shad- ing and cooling by evapotranspiration, which
further increases surface temperatures.48,49 Forest cover loss also results in open and dry understories, which elevate the likelihood of wildfires.50 Higher wind speeds increase ero- sion, the process by which soil is worn away by wind and water.51 Reduced rainfall, higher temperatures, erosion, and increased water demands force farmers to use more freshwater for irrigation.52,53
Forest loss almost always results in direct biodiversity loss through habitat loss, degra- dation, or fragmentation.54 Furthermore, the climate-related impacts mentioned above also lead to biodiversity loss in the remaining nat- ural and semi-natural areas. This occurs due to drastic climatic shifts with high speed — meaning rapid changes in climate that species and ecosystems may not be able to adapt to quickly enough.55 All these factors contribute to the loss of biomass (the total mass of living organisms in an area) and carbon sinks (natural systems that absorb more carbon dioxide than they emit) as well as their resilience, further ac- celerating global climate change"
От: Bulat Yessekin <bulat.y...@gmail.com>
Date: ср, 25 сент. 2024 г. в 11:21
Subject: Fwd: Обзор за 24 сентября: Доклад о состоянии здоровья Земли
To: cawatercouncil <cawater...@googlegroups.com>, ENWL <en...@enw.net.ru>
Опубликован Доклад о состоянии здоровья планеты 2024. Точно так же, как анализ крови позволяет получить представление о состоянии здоровья человеческого организма и выявить проблемные области, эта проверка планетарного здоровья оценивает 13 контрольных переменных для определения степени нарушенности 9 планетарных границ системы Земли, определяющих её стабильность, адаптивность и способность поддерживать жизнь — общее состояние здоровья нашей планеты. Оценка 2024 года показывает, что были нарушены шесть из девяти планетарных границ: изменение климата, функциональная целостность биосферы, изменение экосистем суши, изменение пресноводной системы, биогеохимические потоки и влияние новых факторов. Все это свидетельствует о тенденциях дальнейшего усугубления нарушенности в ближайшем будущем. Три процесса, связанных с планетарными границами, остаются в пределах пространства безопасного существования человечества: подкисление океана (тенденция к увеличению и близка к границе), атмосферная аэрозольная нагрузка (глобальная тенденция к снижению) и разрушение стратосферного озона (отсутствие тенденции). Подробно
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