Den 11-05-2012 23:29, KL skrev:
There are two main reasons John Sanford's Genetic Entropy argument is completely
off base:
1. It is based on a simplistic computer model with no empirical evidence to
support it. In science, you get the evidence then you make the model. He made
the model without any evidence, he made it instead assuming all mutations are
bad and of course it shows that evolution is not possible.
2. Sanford's definition of fitness is flawed. He seems to think that "full
fitness" equals 1. He's assuming that there is a such thing as ideal fitness and
that's completely wrong. Some genotypes are favorable in some environments,
others are favorable in other environments. For example, dark skin is favorable
in areas near the equator (prevents melanoma/skin cancers) but unfavorable away
from the equator (leads to other cancers and rickets). Light skin is the
opposite, near the equator whites will get melonoma, but away from the equator
they'll have lower incidences of other cancers and rickets. The same is true for
every single attribute in every organism. Besides null mutations (those
destroying the reproductive system or killing the animal), there are no
mutations that cannot be beneficial in some circumstances.
There are other problems. He doesn't factor in environmental influence in his
model because he considers it noise. What? Does he know what natural selection
is? He also does not factor in things like hybridization and genetic drift--all
of which are instrumental in speciation.
He claims his model, called Mendel's Accountant is the most complex and
comprehensive computer simulation for genetic evolution ever created. Fine, but
it's still too simplistic in comparison to the real world. He makes assumptions
like the beneficial mutation rate and the selection rate--both of which are
arbitrarily drawn up by him.
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Q: "You don't know all the factors interacting with this mutation, so to say
something is slightly negative is an assumption. I guess what I'm getting at, is
do you have an example of a slightly deleterious mutation?"
A (Sandford):"There have been many experiments done where we expose--for example
plants to radiation and most of them die and you get all sorts of weird stuff.
But these things usually die or can't reproduce. You don't want mutations in
your genome because it's bad--give me a show of hands how many people want
mutations in their genomes?"
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Of course no one wants mutations in their genomes, but we're not talking about
mutations in living animals, we're talking about mutations in germ lines. You
can't get evolution from mutations in a living organism.