List of separation processes
Bryan Bishop
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_process
Here it is in a slightly more usable format.
* Adsorption
* Centrifugation and Cyclones - density differences
* Chromatography involves the separation of different dissolved
substances as they travel through a material. The dissolved substances
are separated based on their interaction with the stationary phase.
* Crystallization
* Decantation
* Demister (Vapor) - removing liquid droplets from gas streams
* Distillation - used for mixtures of liquids with different boiling
points, or for a solid dissolved in a liquid.
* Drying - removing liquid from a solid by vaporising it
* Electrophoresis Organic molecules, such as protein are placed in a
gel. A voltage is applied and the molecules move through the gel
because they are charged. The gel restricts the motion so that
different proteins will make different amounts of progress in any
given time.
* Elutriation
* Evaporation
* Extraction
** Leaching
** Liquid-liquid extraction
** Solid phase extraction
* Flotation
** Dissolved air flotation - suspended solids are non-selectively
removed from slurry by bubbles that are generated by air coming out of
solution
** Froth flotation - valuable, hydrophobic solids are attached to air
bubbles generated in the flotation machine by mechanical agitation of
an air-slurry mixture, float, and are recovered
** Deinking - hydrophobic ink particles are separated from
hydrophilic paper pulp in paper recycling
* Flocculation - density differences utilization a flocculant such as
soap or detergent
* Filtration. Mesh, bag and paper filters are used to remove large
particulates suspended in fluids, eg. fly ash, while membrane
processes including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration,
reverse osmosis, dialysis (biochemistry) utilising synthetic membranes
can separate micrometre-sized or smaller species.
* Fractional distillation
* Fractional freezing
* Oil-water separation - gravimetric separator used to remove
suspended oil droplets from wastewaters in oil refineries,
petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas processing plants and
similar industries.
* Magnetic Separation
* Precipitation
* Recrystallization
* Sedimentation - density differences
** Gravity separation
* Sieving
* Stripping
* Sublimation
* Vapor-liquid separation - designed by using the Souders-Brown equation.
* Winnowing
* Zone refining
Why is this useful? It's nice to be able to see what capacities you
have in your fablab versus what you want to add, or what you can
separate. There was a handbook of separation processes that I was
reading the other day. I took some notes. One of the sections
mentioned a way to optimize a sequence of separation processes for
particular starting and ending conditions. Here's my notes:
http://heybryan.org/books/papers/protein-purification/notes.txt
In particular see these subsections:
* Logical combinations of chromatographic steps
crude sample -> GF (desalt mode) -> AC -> ___ -> GF
crude sample -> GF (desalt mode) -> IEX -> ___ -> GF
crude sample -> Hlc (dilution may be needed) -> IEX -> GF
crude sample -> GF (desalt mode) -> IEX -> HlC -> GF
clear or very dilute samples -> AC -> GF or RPC
clear or very dilute samples -> IEX -> GF or RPC
clear or very dilute samples -> IEX -> HlC -> GF
clear or very dilute samples -> precipitation (e.g., in high ionic
strength) -> resolubilise -> treat as for sample in high salt
concentration
* suitability of purification techniques for the Three Phase
Purification Strategy: - a rewrite of a section that I did so that the
data is in YAML. Have fun.
If anyone is interested, this could be turned into some useful
software just like the 'grammar rules for retrosynthetic analysis'
project, except these would be 'rules' for starting and ending
conditions of different separation processes. Of course, it's
completely useless if you don't have any of the machines laying
around, so that has to be fixed, too. :-)
Mackenzie Cowell
mac
p: 231.313.9062
e: m...@diybio.org
tw: @macowell
Bryan Bishop
> If the handbook on separation processes was digital, could you share it?
Protein purification handbook
http://adl.serveftp.org/papers/protein-purification/Protein%20purification%20handbook.pdf