Hello,
Fault-Tolerant Avionics
For safety-critical systems, fault tolerance must be used to tolerate design faults which are predominately software- and timing-related. It is not enough to eliminate almost all faults introduced in the later stages of a life cycle; assurance is needed that they have been eliminated, or are extremely improbable. Safety requirements for commercial aviation dictate that a failure causing loss of life must be extremely improbable, on the order of 10^-9 per flight-hour. The designer of safety-critical fault-tolerant systems should keep current with new development in this field since both design and validation methods continue to advance in capability.
Read more here:
https://www.cs.unc.edu/~anderson/teach/comp790/papers/fault_tolerance_avionics.pdf
Thank you,
Amine Moulay Ramdane.