Not anything portable or defined by the standard.

I might also note that "binary" is not a term defined by the Fortran
standard, and it is not well-defined what it means. The literal meaning
("base 2") is almost never what anyone means when talking about computer
files. Although different people use the term with different meanings
(which is why I avoid it), perhaps the most common meaning is to
describe an unformatted file that has no record structure. That takes a
pretty long stretch to connect to the word "binary", but still that's
the most common usage. If that happens to be what you mean, then such a
file doesn't *HAVE* an inherent record length to be known.

With most implementations, you can open such a file with any record
length as long as you are using direct access. "Records" are arbitrarily
defined to be chunks of data of whatever size you specify in the open,
but these records have no physical embodiment in the file. You usually
can't open such a file for sequential acess at all. Exceptions exist,
but that's the way most implementations work.

I might note that unformatted stream access, introduced in f2003, and
supported by most current compilers, is a more natural fit to such
"binary" files.