Three million underwater volcanoes & Unrecognized underwater volcanic activity ---===0===--- It's not global warming, it's ocean warming (heated by underwater volcanoes), and it's leading us into the next ice age. ---===0===---
Three million underwater volcanoes . 9 Jul 07 - Researchers have counted 201,055 underwater cones, 10 times more than have been found before, and estimate that in total there could be about 3 million submarine volcanoes, 39,000 of which rise more than 1000 meters over the sea bed.
"The distribution of underwater volcanoes tells us something about what is happening in the centre of the Earth," says John Hillier of the University of Cambridge in the UK. That is because they give information about the flows of hot rock in the mantle beneath.
Since the late 1960s, research vessels have been criss-crossing the oceans using sonar instruments to measure the depth of the ocean floor. They have generated 40 million kilometres of linear profiles showing the topography of the ocean bed between 60E° North -- the latitude of southern Alaska -- and 60E° South -- corresponding to the tip of Patagonia.
But until now, no one had been able to sift through them all. So, Hillier and a colleague designed a computer programme that was able to analyse the huge amount of data and identify volcano-like shapes in the sonar lines.
The programme found 201,055 volcanoes over 100m tall. Previously, satellite data had identified 14,164 volcanoes over 1500 m high.
Hillier then extrapolated the data to estimate how many volcanoes exist beyond the areas the research vessels sounded out.
If you've read "Not by Fire but by Ice" then you understand how important this is. When I started writing this book, scientists thought there were 10,000 underwater volcanoes in the entire world.
Now they think there are three million!
As I've been saying all along, it's not global warming, it's ocean warming ((heated by underwater volcanoes), and it's leading us into the next ice age.
http://environment.newscientist.com/article/dn12218-thousand-of-new-v... Journal reference: Geophysical Research Letters (DOI: 10.1029/2007GL029874) ---===0===--- Unrecognized underwater volcanic activity . 13 Jul 07 - "Many earthquakes in the deep ocean are much smaller in magnitude than expected. Geophysicists from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) have found new evidence that the fragmented structure of seafloor faults, along with previously unrecognized volcanic activity (italics added), may be dampening the effects of these quakes.
"Examining data from 19 locations in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, researchers led by graduate student Patricia Gregg have found that "transform" faults are not developing or behaving as theories of plate tectonics say they should. Rather than stretching as long, continuous fault lines across the seafloor, the faults are often segmented and show signs of recent or ongoing volcanism (italics added) Both phenomena appear to prevent earthquakes from spreading across the seafloor, thus reducing their magnitude and impact.
"Gregg, a doctoral candidate in the MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography and Oceanographic Engineering, conducted the study with seismologist Jian Lin and geophysicists Mark Behn and Laurent Montesi, all from the WHOI Department of Geology and Geophysics. Their findings were published in the July 12 issue of the journal Nature.
"Oceanic transform faults cut across the mid-ocean ridge system, the 40,000-mile-long mountainous seam in Earth's crust that marks the edges of the planet's tectonic plates. Along some plate boundaries, such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, new crust is formed. In other regions, such as the western Pacific, old crust is driven back down into the Earth.
"If you imagine the mid-ocean ridge as the seams on a baseball, then transform faults are the red stitches, lying mostly perpendicular to the ridge. These faults help accommodate the motion and geometry of Earth's tectonic plates, cracking at the edges as the different pieces of rocky crust slip past each other.
'The researchers [examined] gravity data collected over three decades by ships and satellites, along with bathymetry maps of the seafloor. Conventional wisdom has held that transform faults should contain rocks that are colder, denser, and heavier than the new crust being formed at the mid-ocean ridge. Such colder and more brittle rocks should have a "positive gravity anomaly."
But Gregg "was surprised to find that the faults were not exerting extra gravitational pull. On the contrary, many seemed to have lighter rock within and beneath the faults.
"What we found was the complete opposite of the predictions," said Gregg. [Exactly the same experience found by the team examining the Gakkel Ridge in the Arctic Ocean in 2006]
"It is also possible that magma, or molten rock, from inside the earth is rising up beneath the faults. Earthquakes stem from the buildup of friction between brittle rock in Earth's plates and faults. Hot rock is more ductile and malleable, dampening the strains and jolts as the crust rubs together and serving as a sort of geological lubricant.
"The findings by Gregg, Lin, and colleagues may also have implications for understanding the theory of plate tectonics, which says that new crust (2,150-degree magma) is only formed at mid-ocean ridges. By traditional definitions, no crust can be created or destroyed at a transform fault. The new study raises the possibility that new crust (2,150-degree magma) may be forming along these faults and fractures at fast-spreading ridges such as the East Pacific Rise.
This story was originally entitled "Fragmented Structure Of Seafloor Faults May Dampen Effects Of Earthquakes." I think the discovery of so much unexpected underwater volcanic activity is the real news here.
> Kook A Doodle Doooo, and he's a moron too............
***** Those who call others "moron" need only look in a mirror to see a real moron.
--- --- "To date, no convincing evidence for AGW (anthropogenic global warming) has been discovered. And recent global climate behavior is not consistent with AGW model predictions."
*Dr. Richard Courtney, a UN IPCC expert reviewer and a UK-based climate and atmospheric science consultant
On Dec 24, 11:34 pm, Joker <joke...@gmail.com> wrote:
> That old volcano fairy tale is right up there with the Jews causing the Tsunami > back on Dec. 26 2004! Anything but reality to some people, eh?
***** So you say. ... But you are apparently describing your self.
> Do they have a special hospital to treat idiots for the dozens of carpal tunnel > syndrome cases caused by incessantly clutching at straws?
***** Have they fixed yours yet???
***** Indeed we have a joker whose jokes are neither clever nor funny.
***** I wonder how many degrees you have in Oceanography, Oceanographic Engineering, Seismology, Geology, Geophysics or any other scientific discipline.
I bet your "degrees" are in "Stupid Usenet Trolling". <GG> Switch to alt.usenet.kooks, that's where you belong and they will love you there.
"Examining data from 19 locations in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans, researchers led by graduate student Patricia Gregg have found that "transform" faults are not developing or behaving as theories of plate tectonics say they should. Rather than stretching as long, continuous fault lines across the seafloor, the faults are often segmented and show signs of recent or ongoing volcanism (italics added) Both phenomena appear to prevent earthquakes from spreading across the seafloor, thus reducing their magnitude and impact.
"Gregg, a doctoral candidate in the MIT/WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography and Oceanographic Engineering, conducted the study with seismologist Jian Lin and geophysicists Mark Behn and Laurent Montesi, all from the WHOI Department of Geology and Geophysics."
Their findings were published in the July 12 issue of the journal Nature.
**** According to the Smithsonian Institute there has been 280 active volcanos in the past 12 years, of which 32 are/were active in '07 and 18 currently are.
> Those who call others "moron" need only > look in a mirror to see a real moron.
Thanx for confirming that your a Moron Leonard.
The Associated Press: Rain Forests Fall at 'Alarming' RateGo to Google NewsRain Forests Fall at 'Alarming' Rate By EDWARD HARRIS - 4 days ago
ABO EBAM, Nigeria (AP) - In the gloomy shade deep in Africa's rain forest, the noontime silence was pierced by the whine of a far-off chain saw. It was the sound of destruction, echoed from wood to wood, continent to continent, in the tropical belt that circles the globe.
From Brazil to central Africa to once-lush islands in Asia's archipelagos, human encroachment is shrinking the world's rain forests.
The alarm was sounded decades ago by environmentalists - and was little heeded. The picture, meanwhile, has changed: Africa is now a leader in destructiveness. The numbers have changed: U.N. specialists estimate 60 acres of tropical forest are felled worldwide every minute, up from 50 a generation back. And the fears have changed.
Experts still warn of extinction of animal and plant life, of the loss of forest peoples' livelihoods, of soil erosion and other damage. But scientists today worry urgently about something else: the fateful feedback link of trees and climate.
Global warming is expected to dry up and kill off vast tracts of rain forest, and dying forests will feed global warming.
"If we lose forests, we lose the fight against climate change," declared more than 300 scientists, conservation groups, religious leaders and others in an appeal for action at December's climate conference in Bali, Indonesia.
The burning or rotting of trees that comes with deforestation - at the hands of ranchers, farmers, timbermen - sends more heat-trapping carbon dioxide into the atmosphere than all the world's planes, trains, trucks and automobiles. Forest destruction accounts for about 20 percent of manmade emissions, second only to burning of fossil fuels for electricity and heat. Conversely, healthy forests absorb carbon dioxide and store carbon.
"The stakes are so dire that if we don't start turning this around in the next 10 years, the extinction crisis and the climate crisis will begin to spiral out of control," said Roman Paul Czebiniak, a forest expert with Greenpeace International. "It's a very big deal."
The December U.N. session in Bali may have been a turning point, endorsing negotiations in which nations may fashion the first global financial plan for compensating developing countries for preserving their forests.
The latest data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) helped spur delegates to action.
"Deforestation continues at an alarming rate of about 13 million hectares (32 million acres) a year," the U.N. body said in its latest "State of the World's Forests" report.
Because northern forests remain essentially stable, that means 50,000 square miles of tropical forest are being cleared every 12 months - equivalent to one Mississippi or more than half a Britain. The lumber and fuelwood removed in the tropics alone would fill more than 1,000 Empire State Buildings, FAO figures show.
Although South America loses slightly more acreage than Africa, the rate of loss is higher here - almost 1 percent of African forests gone each year. In 2000-2005, the continent lost 10 million acres a year, including big chunks of forest in Sudan, Zambia and Tanzania, up from 9 million a decade earlier, the FAO reports.
> "Examining data from 19 locations in the Atlantic, > Pacific, and Indian oceans, researchers led by > graduate student Patricia Gregg have found that > "transform" faults are not developing or behaving > as theories of plate tectonics say they should. > Rather than stretching as long, continuous fault > lines across the seafloor, the faults are often > segmented and show signs of recent or ongoing > volcanism (italics added) Both phenomena appear > to prevent earthquakes from spreading across the > seafloor, thus reducing their magnitude and impact.
Ah. Support for your theory that the world is flat.
