Plagues, Pestilences and Diseases
AIDS virus in monkeys much older than thought: study
by Staff Writers
Washington (AFP) Sept 16, 2010
An HIV-like virus that infects monkeys is thousands of years older than
previously thought and its slow evolution could have disturbing
implications for humans, according to a new study.
Scientists said the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) -- the ancestor
to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes AIDS -- is
probably between 32,000 and 75,000 years old and may even date back a
million years.
"If it took thousands of years for SIV to evolve into a primarily
non-lethal state, it would likely take a very long time for HIV to
naturally follow the same trajectory," a statement from Tulane
University said.
The work led by researchers from Tulane and the University of Arizona
included a genetic analysis of SIV strains found in monkeys on Bioko,
an island off the coast of what is now Cameroon which split off the
continent of Africa after the ice age more than 10,000 years ago.
The study, published in the September 17 issue of the journal Science,
calls into question previous DNA sequencing data that estimated the
virus's age at only a few hundred years.
"The biology and geography of SIV is such that it goes from the
Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean all the way to the tip of Africa,"
said virologist Preston Marx of the Tulane National Primate Research
Center and a co-leader of the research.
"It would take many, many thousands of years to spread that far and
couldn't have happened in a couple of hundred years."
Marx tested his theory that SIV had ancient origins by seeking out DNA
samples from monkey populations that had been isolated for thousands of
years.
The researchers found four different strains of SIV that were
genetically divergent from those found on the mainland. They compared
DNA sequences of the viruses with the assumption that they were
tracking how both evolved over 10,000 years.
The computer modeling showed the rate of mutation to be much slower
than previously thought, indicating that virus is between 32,000 and
75,000 years old to have evolved to its current state. These dates set
a new minimum age for SIV, although it is likely to be even older, Marx
says.
Researcher Michael Worobey of the University of Arizona said this slow
evolution from a deadly virus to a relatively harmless suggests AIDS
may continue to be a killer.
"If HIV is going to evolve to lower virulence, it is unlikely to happen
anytime soon," he said.
But the scientists said the study also raises new questions about how
HIV became an epidemic. It remains unclear why, if humans had been
exposed to SIV-infected monkeys for thousands of years, the HIV
epidemic only began in the 20th century.
"Something happened in the 20th century to change this relatively
benign monkey virus into something that was much more potent and could
start the epidemic. We don't know what that flashpoint was, but there
had to be one," Marx said.