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Hindi-Chini-Bhai-Bhai: Sid Harth

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May 29, 2010, 10:57:00 AM5/29/10

Hindi-Chini-Bhai-Bhai: Sid Harth
http://navanavonmilita.wordpress.com/hindi-chini-bhai-bhai-sid-harth/

India's first prime minister, Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru, strongly
advocated the cause of admitting China, Communist China, in UN
Security Council.
Indian minister, Krishna Menon made his career in promoting that
cause, He had sort of charisma. The wheels of China's fortune, though,
did not
turn till president Nixon made a surprised visit to China. However,
there was a time when Nehru's friendly gestures brought an onslaught,
sort
of euphoria, in India-China relationship. The slogans, such as,
"Panchsheela," and "hindi-chini-bhai-bhai, Hindi for Indians and
Chinese are brothers,
became stock-phrases.

Chinese premier, Chow Enlai, visited India and was shown around. Being
a communist to the core, he wanted to visit Bombay's textile mills and
get to
know the poorly-paid mill workers. Textile mills were owned and
operated by the well established and rish Parsi, Gujarati and Bhatia
communities.
To communism, they were the capitalist cause of exploitation of the
masses. In one mill, Chow Enlai, Jawaharlal Nehru, Comrade Dange,
bunch of well
dressed capitalists and a throng of reporters and media persons walked
through the noisy mill floor. Nehru was talking and showing the
manufacturing
and processing of cotton fabrics. There was no chance for Chow Enlai
to interact with the scantily clad machine operators. They were doing
their daily
grinding routine.

Being the master of manipulation, Chow Enlai devised a last resort
plan to mingle with workers. The mid-day lunch break came and Chow
Enlai decided
to visit the workers' canteen. Nehru was flabberghasted but yielded to
the request. The place was quickly cleaned and spruced up, as far as
such a
thing is possible. The meal was served. Indians eat their mid-day meal
around noon. Indians never start their day with breakfast. Usually, a
cupp of
hot tea suffices. Cafeteria provides lunch, called "Rice Plate." It
consists of rice, lentil soup, a vegetable or two, couple of chapatis,
pickle,
and papadam. That time, it used to cost 'eight annas' about fifty
cents. For workers whose wages were measly, cafeterias used to
subsidize that meal.
In other words, the meal was not only cheap it was cheaply produced,
that means it was not meant for the distingwished visitors like
Jawaharlal Nehru
and Chow Enlai.

Chow Enlai ate it gladly, so they said in the newspapers. No mention
was made if other VIPs participated in that adventure. Maybe, comrade
Dange had
few bites to keep company. The moral of the story is, "Know Your
Enemy."

Apparently, Nehru did not understand that dictum well enough. Later in
India-China relationship, Nehru learned it when China attacked India
and a
small war errupted.

Current Indian philosophy, political attitude is more like that of
Jawaharlal Nehru. Appeasing China. Indian president, Pratibha Patil is
in China,
even as we speak and being wined and dined in royal fashion. I don't
think for a minute that she would choose "Chow-Mein," to show
solidarity with Chinese
masses. She urged the Chinese that "there is room to grow for both
China and India." She was merely reading the script written for her by
Dr. manmohan Singh.

In my opinion, India is Kow-Towing to China. There never was and there
never will be a friendship between the two nations. Chinese had
civilization, much
ancient than India. They can eat India's high and mighty vainglory for
a breakfast and ask more for the lunch.

Clashes erupt in India-controlled Kashmir over killing of 3 youths in
fake encounter

English.news.cn 2010-05-29 19:10:10 FeedbackPrintRSS

SRINAGAR, India-controlled Kashmir, May 29 (Xinhua) -- Thousands of
villagers Saturday staged demonstrations against Indian Army for
allegedly killing three youths in a "fake gunfight" in India-
controlled Kashmir, officials and eyewitnesses said.

The demonstrations broke out at Nadihal-Rafiabad village of Baramulla
district, around 63 km northwest of Srinagar city, the summer capital
of India-controlled Kashmir.

Police resorted to aerial firing, burst tear smoke canisters and used
batons to chase out protesting villagers carrying coffins containing
exhumed bodies of three youth of the village.

The bodies of the youths were exhumed Friday afternoon from a
graveyard in frontier district of Kupwara, close to line-of- control
(LoC), northwest of Srinagar on the instructions of local government.
From there the bodies were sent to Nadihal-Rafiabad and handed over to
their families for re-burial.

The villagers were raising slogans against the Indian Army and
demanding stern punishment to the guilty.

Around a dozen people are reported to have sustained injuries in
police action.

"We were protesting peacefully against this cold-blooded murder but
police action on us is an example that government is supporting this
inhuman act," said Basharat Ahmad, a local of Nadihal in a telephonic
interview.

Indian Army on April 30 claimed killing three "infiltrators"
attempting to cross LoC in the Machil sector in frontier district of
Kupwara, around 150 km northwest of Srinagar. It also claimed recovery
of assault rifles and ammunition from their possession.

However, police investigations into the disappearance report of three
youths of Nadihal-Rafiabad village led to the involvement of Indian
Army.

The investigation reportedly revealed that the youths were lured for a
job in the Indian Army by an Army informer after which they were
handed over to an Army major, who took them to the Machil Sector and
allegedly killed them in a staged gunfight.

The youths were identified as Muhammad Shafi, Shezad Ahmad and Riyaz
Ahmad.

The region's Chief Minister Omar Abdullah has expressed his concern to
the Army's GOC 15 Corps Lt. Gen. N.C Marwah over the incident and Army
has assured full cooperation into the investigation.

Editor: Tang Danlu

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-05/29/c_13322747.htm

2 militants killed in gunfight near LoC in India-controlled Kashmir

English.news.cn 2010-05-26 18:28:31 FeedbackPrintRSS

SRINAGAR, India-controlled Kashmir, May 26 (Xinhua) -- Indian Army
Wednesday foiled an infiltration bid near line-of-control ( LoC) in
India-controlled Kashmir by killing two militants in a gunfight,
defense officials said.

The gunfight broke out early Wednesday morning in Tangdhar area close
to LoC in Kupwara district, around 140 km northwest of Srinagar city,
the summer capital of India-controlled Kashmir. "We have been able to
thwart an infiltration bid in Tangdhar sector. Two militants were
gunned down during a gunfight that triggered after our alert troops in
area observed suspicious movement this morning. The troopers asked the
intruders to surrender but they defied the warnings," said Col. Vineet
Sood, defense spokesman based in Srinagar.

The troops have cordoned off the entire area and a search operation is
underway.

The gun fighting between militants and Indian army troopers in India-
controlled Kashmir takes place intermittently.

Police and defense officials maintain that most of the times the
operations triggering gunfights are carried out on prior information
about presence of militants in specific areas.

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-05/26/c_13317333.htm

Separatist strike call closes India-controlled Kashmir

English.news.cn 2010-05-21 21:22:20 FeedbackPrintRSS

SRINAGAR, India-controlled Kashmir, May 21 (Xinhua) -- A shutdown call
by a Kashmiri separatist alliance, Hurriyat Conference, which is
headed by Mirwaiz Umar Farooq Friday paralyzed life in Muslim majority
areas of India- controlled Kashmir including Srinagar city, its summer
capital, officials said.

The shutdown was called to mark the death anniversaries of two
prominent leaders, Mirwaiz Moulvi Mohammad Farooq and Abdul Ghani
Lone.

Mirwaiz, father of Mirwaiz Umar Farooq, was murdered on May 21 in 1990
inside his residence. And Lone was killed on May 21, 2002 during one
such anniversary function.

The authorities in Srinagar have allowed the moderate Hurriyat faction
to conduct the rally, but imposes restrictions on it.

Editor: Liu

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-05/21/c_13308935.htm

Indian Army kills 3 militants in gunfight in India-controlled
Kashmir

English.news.cn 2010-05-19 22:55:43 FeedbackPrintRSS

SRINAGAR, India-controlled Kashmir, May 19 (Xinhua) -- Three militants
of Hizbul Mujahideen (HM) militant outfit, including a top commander,
were killed Wednesday in a fierce gunfight with Indian Army and police
in India-controlled Kashmir, police and defense officials said.

The gunfight broke out late afternoon at village Lassidaban- Drabgam
of Pulwama district, around 50 km south of Srinagar city, the summer
capital of India-controlled Kashmir.

"Three militants including a top commander of HM were killed today in
a gunfight in Pulwama," said Lt. Col J. S. Brar, the defense spokesman
based in Srinagar.

Police said the village was cordoned early Wednesday morning and
during the search operation the contingents of Indian Army and police
came under fire from militants.

"The cordon was laid around 06:30 a.m. local time but the gunfight
triggered around 15:15 p.m. and continued for couple of hours," said a
police official posted in Pulwama.

Defense officials also claimed recovery of two assault rifles and a
pistol from the slain militants.

In the exchange of fire a residential house belonging to Abdul Rashid
Khan was also damaged. Reports suggest that militants had taken
shelter in the house.

The slain militants have been identified as local recruits of HM.

The HM is region's leading indigenous militant group.

Earlier this month, an intense gunfight broke out in the region which
killed 11 militants and two Indian Army troopers.

Editor: yan

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-05/19/c_13304366.htm

Indian PM to visit India-controlled Kashmir

English.news.cn 2010-05-19 14:56:20 FeedbackPrintRSS

SRINAGAR, India-controlled Kashmir, May 19 (Xinhua) -- Indian Prime
Minister Manmohan Singh will visit India-controlled Kashmir on a two-
day trip from June 7, Indian official broadcaster-All India Radio
(AIR) reported Wednesday.

According to AIR, Singh is expected to renew the offer of talks with
separatists during his visit.

Quoting official sources, AIR reported that the prime minister will
also review the progress of the Round Table Conference, a peace
initiative that he announced for the region. "The prime minister is
expected to hold consultations with various political parties of the
state over the progress on recommendations made during the two
sessions of the Round Table Conference chaired by him," AIR reported.

The Indian prime minister will be visiting the region at the
invitation of the region's Governor N. N. Vohra.

Last year Indian Home Minister P. Chidambaram stated that quiet
diplomacy with the leaders of all shades in India-controlled Kashmir
will be initiated to find a solution to the Kashmiri issue.

Though it seemed to pick up earlier this year, moderate separatist
leader of the region Mirwaiz Umar Farooq has announced that back
channel talks with New Delhi have stopped.

In the past the moderates held several rounds of talks with New Delhi
during the tenure of governments headed by Atal Behari Vajpayee and
Manmohan Singh.

Editor: Mo Hong'e

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-05/19/c_13303591.htm

7 killed in road accident in India-controlled Kashmir

English.news.cn 2010-05-16 21:43:57 FeedbackPrintRSS

SRINAGAR, India-controlled Kashmir, May 16 (Xinhua) -- At least seven
people were killed and seven others injured when a truck collided head-
on with a mini bus in India-controlled Kashmir Saturday evening, said
police on Sunday.

The accident took place Saturday late evening at Mankotia Morh
indistrict Kathua 65 km south of Jammu, the winter capital of India-
controlled Kashmir.

Officials said six people died on spot, while the injured were moved
to hospital immediately, of whom another one succumbed to his
injuries.

Soon after the accident the authorities pressed up ambulance services
to carry the dead and remove injured to the hospitals. "There was a
head on collision between a truck and a mini-bus. Primary
investigation has revealed that truck driver was driving the vehicle
in a negligent way," said a police official.

Deadly road accidents are common in this mountainous region often
caused by overloading, bad condition of roads and reckless driving.

According to traffic department officials last year 1,031 people
diedin more than 5,000 road accidents in India-controlled Kashmir.

Editor: Lu Hui

http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2010-05/16/c_13297754.htm

Sino-Indian relations
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

China-India relations

India China
Sino-Indian relations, also called India-China relations, refer to the
ties and relations between the People's Republic of China and the
Republic of India. The economic and diplomatic importance of China and
India, which are the two most populous states and the world's fastest
growing major economies, has in recent years increased the
significance of their bilateral relationship.

Relations between China and India date back to ancient times. China
and India are two of the world’s oldest civilizations and have
coexisted in peace for millennia.[1] Trade relations via the Silk Road
acted as economic contact between the two regions. However, since the
early 1950s, their relationship has been characterized by border
disputes,[1] resulting in military conflict (the Sino-Indian War of
1962, the Chola incident in 1967, and the 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish).

Both countries have in recent years successfully attempted to reignite
diplomatic and economic ties, and consequently, the two countries'
relations have become closer. Today, China is India's largest trading
partner,[2] and has recently reverted its stance on India's bid for a
UNSC seat, after Chinese assistant Foreign Minister Kong Quan formally
declared that China will back India's UNSC bid.[3]

Country comparison

People's Republic of China Republic of India

Area 9,639,688 km² (3,721,904 sq mi) 3,287,240 km² (1,269,210 sq mi)
Population 1,345,751,000 1,176,622,000
Population Density 140/km² (363/sq mi) 358/km² (927/sq mi)
Capital Beijing New Delhi
Largest City Shanghai Mumbai
Government Unitary socialist republic (one country, two systems)
Federal republic
Official languages Chinese (see the list) Hindi, English (see the
list)
GDP (nominal) $4.327 trillion $1.242 trillion
GDP (PPP) $7.916 trillion $3.298 trillion
GDP (nominal) per capita $3,259 $1,017
GDP (PPP) per capita $5,963 $2,930
Human Development Index 0.772 0.612
Foreign exchange reserves 2,400,000 (millions of USD) 287,000
(millions of USD)
Military expenditures $70 billion $30 billion

Geographical overview

Map of Eastern and Southern Asia.

(The border between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of
India over Arunachal Pradesh / South Tibet reflects actual control,
without dotted line showing claims.)China and India are separated by
the formidable geographical obstacles of the Himalayan mountain chain.
China and India today share a border along the Himalayas and Nepal and
Bhutan, two states lying along the Himalaya range, and acting as
buffer states. In addition, the disputed Kashmir province (claimed by
Pakistan) borders both the PRC and India. As Pakistan has tense
relations with India, Kashmir's state of unrest serves as a natural
ally to the PRC.[citation needed]

Two territories are currently disputed between the People's Republic
of China and India: Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh. Arunachal
Pradesh is located near the far east of India, while Aksai Chin is
located near the northwest corner of India, at the junction of India,
Pakistan, and the PRC. However, all sides in the dispute have agreed
to respect the Line of Actual Control and this border dispute is not
widely seen as a major flashpoint.

Early history
Antiquity
India and China had relatively little modern political contact before
the 1950s. However, both countries have had extensive and close
historical cultural contact since the first century, especially with
the transmission of Buddhism from India to China. Trade relations via
the Silk Road acted as economic contact between the two regions.

China and India have also had some contact before the transmission of
Buddhism. References to a people called the Chinas, now believed to be
the Chinese, are found in ancient Indian literature. The Indian epic
Mahabharata (c. 5th century BC) contains references to "China", which
may have been referring to the Qin state which later became the Qin
Dynasty. Chanakya (c. 350-283 BC), the prime minister of the Maurya
Empire and a professor at Takshashila University, refers to Chinese
silk as "cinamsuka" (Chinese silk dress) and "cinapatta" (Chinese silk
bundle) in his Arthashastra.

In the Records of the Grand Historian, Zhang Qian (d. 113 BC) and Sima
Qian (145-90 BC) make references to "Shendu", which may have been
referring to the Indus Valley (the Sindh province in modern Pakistan),
originally known as "Sindhu" in Sanskrit. When Yunnan was annexed by
the Han Dynasty in the first century, Chinese authorities reported an
Indian "Shendu" community living there.[4]

Middle Ages
After the transmission of Buddhism from India to China from the first
century onwards, many Indian scholars and monks travelled to China,
such as Batuo (fl. 464-495 AD)—founder of the Shaolin Monastery—and
Bodhidharma—founder of Chan/Zen Buddhism—while many Chinese scholars
and monks also travelled to India, such as Xuanzang (b. 604) and I
Ching (635-713), both of whom were students at Nalanda University in
Bihar. Xuanzang wrote the Great Tang Records on the Western Regions,
an account of his journey to India, which later inspired Wu Cheng'en's
Ming Dynasty novel Journey to the West, one of the Four Great
Classical Novels of Chinese literature.

Tang and Harsha dynasties
During the 7th century, Tang Dynasty China gained control over large
portions of the Silk Road and Central Asia. Wang Xuance had sent a
diplomatic mission to northern India, which was embroiled by civil war
just following the death of Emperor Harsha (590–647). After the murder
of 30 members of this mission by usurper claiments to the throne, Wang
fled, and returned with allied Nepali and Tibetan troops to back the
opposing claimant. With his forces, Wang besieged and captured the
capital, while his deputy Jiang Shiren (蒋师仁) captured the usurper and
sent him back to Emperor Tang Taizong (599-649) in Chang'an as a
prisoner.

During the 8th century, the astronomical table of sines by the Indian
astronomer and mathematician, Aryabhata (476-550), were translated
into the Chinese astronomical and mathematical book of the Treatise on
Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era (Kaiyuan Zhanjing), compiled in 718 AD
during the Tang Dynasty.[5] The Kaiyuan Zhanjing was compiled by
Gautama Siddha, an astronomer and astrologer born in Chang'an, and
whose family was originally from India. He was also notable for his
translation of the Navagraha calendar into Chinese.

Ming dynasty
Between 1405 and 1433, the Ming Dynasty China sponsored a series of
seven naval expeditions. Emperor Yongle designed them to establish a
Chinese presence, impose imperial control over trade, and impress
foreign people in the Indian Ocean basin. He also might have wanted to
extend the tributary system, by which Chinese dynasties traditionally
recognized foreign peoples.

Admiral Zheng He was dispatched to lead a series of huge naval
expeditions to explore these regions. The largest of his voyages
included over 317 ships and 28,000 men, and the largest of his
treasure ships were over 126.73 m in length. During his voyages, he
visited numerous Indian kingdoms and ports. On the first three
voyages, Zheng He visited southeast Asia, India, and Ceylon. The
fourth expedition went to the Persian Gulf and Arabia, and later
expeditions ventured down the east African coast, as far as Malindi in
what is now Kenya. Throughout his travels, Zheng He liberally
dispensed Chinese gifts of silk, porcelain, and other goods. In
return, he received rich and unusual presents from his hosts,
including African zebras and giraffes that ended their days in the
Ming imperial zoo. Zheng He and his company paid respects to local
deities and customs, and in Ceylon they erected a monument (Galle
Trilingual Inscription) honouring Buddha, Allah, and Vishnu.

Sino-Sikh War
In the 18th to 19th centuries, the Sikh Confederacy of the Punjab
region in India was expanding into neighbouring lands. It had annexed
Ladakh into the state of Jammu in 1834. In 1841, they invaded Tibet
with an army and overran parts of western Tibet. Chinese forces
defeated the Sikh army in December 1841, forcing the Sikh army to
withdraw from Tibet, and in turn entered Ladakh and besieged Leh,
where they were in turn defeated by the Sikh Army. At this point,
neither side wished to continue the conflict, as the Sikhs were
embroiled in tensions with the British that would lead up to the First
Anglo-Sikh War, while the Chinese was in the midst of the First Opium
War with the British East India Company. The Chinese and the Sikhs
signed a treaty in September 1842, which stipulated no transgressions
or interference in the other country's frontiers.[6]

After independence
Jawaharlal Nehru based his vision of "resurgent Asia" on friendship
between the two largest states of Asia; his vision of an
internationalist foreign policy governed by the ethics of the
Panchsheel, which he initially believed was shared by China, came to
grief when it became clear that the two countries had a conflict of
interest in Tibet, which had traditionally served as a geographical
and political buffer zone, and where India believed it had inherited
special privileges from the British Raj.

However, the initial focus of the leaders of both the nations was not
the foreign policy, but the internal development of their respective
states. When they did concentrate on the foreign policies, their
concern wasn’t one another, but rather the United States of America
and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the alliance systems
which dominated by the two superpowers.

1950s
On October 1, 1949 the People’s Liberation Army defeated the
Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) of China in a civil war and established
the People's Republic of China. On August 15, 1947, India became an
independent dominion under British Commonwealth and became a federal,
democratic republic after its constitution came into effect on January
26, 1950. Mao Zedong, the Commander of the Liberation Army and the
Chairman of the Communist Party of China viewed Tibet as an integral
part of the Chinese State. Mao was determined to bring Tibet under
direct administrative and military control of People’s Republic of
China and saw Indian concern over Tibet as a manifestation of the
Indian Government's interference in the internal affairs of the
People’s Republic of China. The PRC sought to reassert control over
Tibet and to end Lamaism (Tibetan Buddhism) and feudalism, which it
did by force of arms in 1950. To avoid antagonizing the People's
Republic of China, Nehru informed Chinese leaders that India had
neither political nor territorial ambitions, nor did it seek special
privileges in Tibet, but that traditional trading rights must
continue. With Indian support, Tibetan delegates signed an agreement
in May 1951 recognizing PRC sovereignty but guaranteeing that the
existing political and social system of Tibet would continue. Direct
negotiations between India and the PRC commenced in an atmosphere
improved by India's mediation efforts in ending the Korean War (1950–
1953).

Meanwhile, India was the 16th state to establish diplomatic relations
with the People's Republic of China, and did so on April 1, 1950.

In April 1954, India and the PRC signed an eight-year agreement on
Tibet that set forth the basis of their relationship in the form of
the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence (or Panch Shila). Although
critics called the Panch Shila naive, Nehru calculated that in the
absence of either the wherewithal or a policy for defense of the
Himalayan region, India's best guarantee of security was to establish
a psychological buffer zone in place of the lost physical buffer of
Tibet. Thus the catch phrase of India's diplomacy with China in the
1950s was Hindi-Chini bhai-bhai, which means, in Hindi, "Indians and
Chinese are brothers". Up until 1959, despite border skirmishes and
discrepancies between Indian and Chinese maps, Chinese leaders
amicably had assured India that there was no territorial controversy
on the border though there is some evidence that India avoided
bringing up the border issue in high level meetings.[7]

In 1954, India published new maps that included the Aksai Chin region
within the boundaries of India (maps published at the time of India's
independence did not clearly indicate whether the region was in India
or Tibet).[8] When an Indian reconnaissance party discovered a
completed Chinese road running through the Aksai Chin region of the
Ladakh District of Jammu and Kashmir, border clashes and Indian
protests became more frequent and serious. In January 1959, PRC
premier Zhou Enlai wrote to Nehru, rejecting Nehru's contention that
the border was based on treaty and custom and pointing out that no
government in China had accepted as legal the McMahon Line, which in
the 1914 Simla Convention defined the eastern section of the border
between India and Tibet. The Dalai Lama, spiritual and temporal head
of the Tibetan people, sought sanctuary in Dharmsala, Himachal
Pradesh, in March 1959, and thousands of Tibetan refugees settled in
northwestern India, particularly in Himachal Pradesh. The People's
Republic of China accused India of expansionism and imperialism in
Tibet and throughout the Himalayan region. China claimed 104,000 km²
of territory over which India's maps showed clear sovereignty, and
demanded "rectification" of the entire border.

Zhou proposed that China relinquish its claim to most of India's
northeast in exchange for India's abandonment of its claim to Aksai
Chin. The Indian government, constrained by domestic public opinion,
rejected the idea of a settlement based on uncompensated loss of
territory as being humiliating and unequal.

1960s
Sino-Indian War
Main article: Sino-Indian War
Border disputes resulted in a short border war between the People's
Republic of China and India in 20 October 1962. The PRC pushed the
unprepared and inadequately led Indian forces to within forty-eight
kilometres of the Assam plains in the northeast and occupied strategic
points in Ladakh, until the PRC declared a unilateral cease-fire on 21
November and withdrew twenty kilometers behind its contended line of
control.

At the time of Sino-Indian border conflict, a severe political split
was taking place in the Communist Party of India. One section was
accused by the Indian government as being pro-PRC, and a large number
of political leaders were jailed. Subsequently, CPI split with the
leftist section forming the Communist Party of India (Marxist) in
1964. CPI(M) held some contacts with the Communist Party of China in
the initial period after the split, but did not fully embrace the
political line of Mao Zedong.

Relations between the PRC and India deteriorated during the rest of
the 1960s and the early 1970s as Sino-Pakistani relations improved and
Sino-Soviet relations worsened. The PRC backed Pakistan in its 1965
war with India. Between 1967 and 1971, an all-weather road was built
across territory claimed by India, linking PRC's Xinjiang Uyghur
Autonomous Region with Pakistan; India could do no more than protest.
The PRC continued an active propaganda campaign against India and
supplied ideological, financial, and other assistance to dissident
groups, especially to tribes in northeastern India. The PRC accused
India of assisting the Khampa rebels in Tibet. Diplomatic contact
between the two governments was minimal although not formally severed.
The flow of cultural and other exchanges that had marked the 1950s
ceased entirely. The flourishing wool, fur and spice trade between
Lhasa and India through the Nathula Pass, an offshoot of the ancient
Silk Road in the then Indian protectorate of Sikkim was also severed.
However, the biweekly postal network through this pass was kept alive,
which exists till today.

Later skirmishes
Main articles: Chola incident, Naxalbari, and 1987 Sino-Indian
skirmish
In late 1967, there were two skirmishes between Indian and Chinese
forces in Sikkim. The first one was dubbed the "Nathu La incident",
and the other the "Chola incident". Prior to these incidents had been
the Naxalbari uprising in India by the Communist Naxalites and Maoists.
[9]

In 1967 a peasant uprising broke out in Naxalbari, led by pro-Maoist
elements. A pronunciation by Mao titled "Spring Thunder over India"
gave full moral support for the uprising. The support for the revolt
marked the end for the relations between CPC and CPI(M). Naxalbari-
inspired communists organized armed revolts in several parts of India,
and in 1969 they formed the Communist Party of India (Marxist-
Leninist). However, as the naxalite movement disintegrated in various
splits, the PRC withdrew its political support and turned non-
committal towards the various Indian groups.

On 11 September 1967, troops of the Indian Army's 2nd GRENADIERS were
protecting an Engineering Company that was fencing the North Shoulder
of Nathula, when Chinese troops opened fire on them. This escalated
over the next five days to an exchange of heavy artillery and mortar
fire between the Indians and the Chinese. 62 Indian soldiers, from the
2nd Grenadiers and the Artillery regiments were killed.[10] Brigadier
Rai Singh Yadav, the Commanding Officer, was awarded the MVC and Capt
PS Dager was awarded a VrC (posthumous) for their gallant actions.The
extent of Chinese casualties in this incident is not known.

In the second, on 1 October 1967, a group of Indian Gurkha Rifles
soldiers (from the 7th Battalion of the 11th Regiment) noticed Chinese
troops surrounding a sentry post near a boulder at the Chola outpost
in Sikkim. After a heated argument over the control of the boulder, a
Chinese soldier bayoneted a Gurkha rifleman, triggering the start of a
close-quarters knife and fire-fight, which then escalted to a mortar
and HMG duel.[11] The Chinese troops had to signal a ceasefire just
after three hours of fighting, but later scaled Point 15450 to
establish themselves there.[11] The Gurkhas outflanked them the next
day to regain Point 15450 and the Chinese retreated across the LAC.
[11] 21 Indian soldiers were killed in this action.[10] The Indian
government awarded Vir Chakras to Rifleman Limbu (posthumous) and
battalion commander Major K.B. Joshi for their gallant actions. The
extent of Chinese casualties in this skirmish is also not known.

1970s
In August 1971, India signed its Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and
Cooperation with the Soviet Union, and the United States and the PRC
sided with Pakistan in its December 1971 war with India. By this time,
the PRC had just replaced the Republic of China in the UN where its
representatives denounced India as being a "tool of Soviet
expansionism."

India and the PRC renewed efforts to improve relations after the
Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan in December 1979. The PRC modified
its pro-Pakistan stand on Kashmir and appeared willing to remain
silent on India's absorption of Sikkim and its special advisory
relationship with Bhutan. The PRC's leaders agreed to discuss the
boundary issue, India's priority, as the first step to a broadening of
relations. The two countries hosted each others' news agencies, and
Mount Kailash and Mansarowar Lake in Tibet, the mythological home of
the Hindu pantheon, were opened to annual pilgrimages from India.

1980s
In 1981 PRC minister of foreign affairs Huang Hua was invited to
India, where he made complimentary remarks about India's role in South
Asia. PRC premier Zhao Ziyang concurrently toured Pakistan, Nepal, and
Bangladesh.

In 1980, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi approved a plan to
upgrade the deployment of forces around the Line of Actual Control to
avoid unilateral redefinitions of the line. India also increased funds
for infrastructural development in these areas.[12][13]

In 1984, squads of Indian soldiers began actively patrolling the
Sumdorong Chu Valley in Arunachal Pradesh (formerly NEFA), which is
north of the McMahon Line as drawn on the Simla Treaty map but south
of the ridge which Indian claims is meant to delineate the McMahon
Line. The Sumdorong Chu valley "seemed to lie to the north of the
McMahon line; but is south of the highest ridge in the area, and the
McMahon line is meant to follow the highest points" according to the
Indian claims, while the Chinese did not recognize the McMahon Line as
legitimate and were not prepared to accept an Indian claim line even
further north than that.[14][15][16] The Indian team left the area
before the winter. In the winter of 1986, the Chinese deployed their
troops to the Sumdorong Chu before the Indian team could arrive in the
summer and built a Helipad at Wandung.[17] Surprised by the Chinese
occupation, India's then Chief of Army Staff, General K.Sundarji,
airlifted a brigade to the region.[13][18]

Chinese troops could not move any further into the valley and were
forced to move sideways along the Thag La ridge, away from the valley.
[19] By 1987, Beijing's reaction was similar to that in 1962 and this
prompted many Western diplomats to predict war. However, Indian
foreign minister N.D. Tiwari and Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi travelled
to Beijing over the following months to negotiate a mutual de-
escalation.[13]

After the Huang visit, India and the PRC held eight rounds of border
negotiations between December 1981 and November 1987. These talks
initially raised hopes that progress could be made on the border
issue. However, in 1985 the PRC stiffened its position on the border
and insisted on mutual concessions without defining the exact terms of
its "package proposal" or where the actual line of control lay. In
1986 and 1987, the negotiations achieved nothing, given the charges
exchanged between the two countries of military encroachment in the
Sumdorung Chu Valley of the Tawang tract on the eastern sector of the
border. China's construction of a military post and helicopter pad in
the area in 1986 and India's grant of statehood to Arunachal Pradesh
(formerly the North-East Frontier Agency) in February 1987 caused both
sides to deploy new troops to the area, raising tensions and fears of
a new border war. The PRC relayed warnings that it would "teach India
a lesson" if it did not cease "nibbling" at Chinese territory. By the
summer of 1987, however, both sides had backed away from conflict and
denied that military clashes had taken place.

A warming trend in relations was facilitated by Rajiv Gandhi's visit
to China in December 1988. The two sides issued a joint communiqué
that stressed the need to restore friendly relations on the basis of
the Panch Shila and noted the importance of the first visit by an
Indian prime minister to China since Nehru's 1954 visit. India and the
People's Republic of China agreed to broaden bilateral ties in various
areas, working to achieve a "fair and reasonable settlement while
seeking a mutually acceptable solution" to the border dispute. The
communiqué also expressed China's concern about agitation by Tibetan
separatists in India and reiterated China's position that Tibet was an
integral part of China and that anti-China political activities by
expatriate Tibetans was not to be tolerated. Rajiv Gandhi signed
bilateral agreements on science and technology cooperation, on civil
aviation to establish direct air links, and on cultural exchanges. The
two sides also agreed to hold annual diplomatic consultations between
foreign ministers, and to set up a joint ministerial committee on
economic and scientific cooperation and a joint working group on the
boundary issue. The latter group was to be led by the Indian foreign
secretary and the Chinese vice minister of foreign affairs.

1990s
As the mid-1990s approached, slow but steady improvement in relations
with China was visible. Top-level dialogue continued with the December
1991 visit of PRC premier Li Peng to India and the May 1992 visit to
China of Indian president R. Venkataraman. Six rounds of talks of the
Indian-Chinese Joint Working Group on the Border Issue were held
between December 1988 and June 1993. Progress was also made in
reducing tensions on the border via confidence-building measures,
including mutual troop reductions, regular meetings of local military
commanders, and advance notification of military exercises. Border
trade resumed in July 1992 after a hiatus of more than thirty years,
consulates reopened in Bombay (Mumbai) and Shanghai in December 1992,
and, in June 1993, the two sides agreed to open an additional border
trading post. During Sharad Pawar's July 1992 visit to Beijing, the
first ever by an Indian minister of defence, the two defense
establishments agreed to develop academic, military, scientific, and
technological exchanges and to schedule an Indian port call by a
Chinese naval vessel.

Substantial movement in relations continued in 1993. The sixth-round
joint working group talks were held in June in New Delhi but resulted
in only minor developments. However, as the year progressed the long-
standing border dispute was eased as a result of bilateral pledges to
reduce troop levels and to respect the cease-fire line along the India-
China border. Prime Minister Narasimha Rao and Premier Li Peng signed
the border agreement and three other agreements (on cross-border
trade, and on increased cooperation on the environment and in radio
and television broadcasting) during the former's visit to Beijing in
September. A senior-level Chinese military delegation made a six-day
goodwill visit to India in December 1993 aimed at "fostering
confidence-building measures between the defense forces of the two
countries." The visit, however, came at a time when press reports
revealed that, as a result of improved relations between the PRC and
Burma, China was exporting greater amounts of military matériel to
Burma's army, navy, and air force and sending an increasing number of
technicians to Burma. Of concern to Indian security officials was the
presence of Chinese radar technicians in Burma's Coco Islands, which
border India's Union Territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
Nevertheless, movement continued in 1994 on troop reductions along the
Himalayan frontier. Moreover, in January 1994 Beijing announced that
it not only favored a negotiated solution on Kashmir, but also opposed
any form of independence for the region.

Talks were held in New Delhi in February 1994 aimed at confirming
established "confidence-building measures" and discussing
clarification of the "line of actual control", reduction of armed
forces along the line, and prior information about forthcoming
military exercises. China's hope for settlement of the boundary issue
was reiterated.

The 1993 Chinese military visit to India was reciprocated by Indian
army chief of staff General B. C. Joshi. During talks in Beijing in
July 1994, the two sides agreed that border problems should be
resolved peacefully through "mutual understanding and concessions."
The border issue was raised in September 1994 when PRC minister of
national defense Chi Haotian visited New Delhi for extensive talks
with high-level Indian trade and defense officials. Further talks in
New Delhi in March 1995 by the India-China Expert Group led to an
agreement to set up two additional points of contact along the 4,000
km border to facilitate meetings between military personnel. The two
sides also were reported as "seriously engaged" in defining the
McMahon Line and the line of actual control vis-à-vis military
exercises and prevention of air intrusion. Talks in Beijing in July
1995 aimed at better border security and combating cross-border crimes
and in New Delhi in August 1995 on additional troop withdrawals from
the border made further progress in reducing tensions.

Possibly indicative of the further relaxation of India-China
relations, at least there was little notice taken in Beijing, was the
April 1995 announcement, after a year of consultation, of the opening
of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Center in New Delhi. The center
serves as the representative office of the Republic of China (Taiwan)
and is the counterpart of the India-Taipei Association in Taiwan; both
institutions have the goal of improving relations between the two
sides, which have been strained since New Delhi's recognition of
Beijing in 1950.

Sino-Indian relations hit a low point in 1998 following India's
nuclear tests in May. Indian Defense Minister George Fernandes
declared that "China is India's number one threat", hinting that India
developed nuclear weapons in defense against China's nuclear arsenal.
In 1998, China was one of the strongest international critics of
India's nuclear tests and entry into the nuclear club. Relations
between India and China stayed strained until the end of the decade.

2000s
With Indian President K. R. Narayanan's visit to China, 2000 marked a
gradual re-engagement of Indian and Chinese diplomacy. In a major
embarrassment for China, the 17th Karmapa, Urgyen Trinley Dorje, who
was proclaimed by China, made a dramatic escape from Tibet to the
Rumtek Monastery in Sikkim. Chinese officials were in a quandary on
this issue as any protest to India on the issue would mean an explicit
endorsement on India's governance of Sikkim, which the Chinese still
hadn't recognised. In 2002, Chinese Premier Zhu Rongji reciprocated by
visiting India, with a focus on economic issues. 2003 ushered in a
marked improvement in Sino-Indian relations following Indian Prime
Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee's landmark June 2003 visit to China.
China officially recognized Indian sovereignty over Sikkim as the two
nations moved toward resolving their border disputes.

2004 also witnessed a gradual improvement in the international area
when the two countries proposed opening up the Nathula and Jelepla
Passes in Sikkim which would be mutually beneficial to both countries.
2004 was a milestone in Sino-Indian bilateral trade, surpassing the
$10 billion mark for the first time. In April 2005, Chinese Premier
Wen Jiabao visited Bangalore to push for increased Sino-Indian
cooperation in high-tech industries. In a speech, Wen stated
"Cooperation is just like two pagodas (temples), one hardware and one
software. Combined, we can take the leadership position in the world."
Wen stated that the twenty-first century will be "the Asian century of
the IT industry." The high-level visit was also expected to produce
several agreements to deepen political, cultural and economic ties
between the two nations. Regarding the issue of India gaining a
permanent seat on the UN Security Council, on his visit, Wen Jiabao
initially seemed to support the idea, but had returned to a neutral
position on the subject by the time he returned to China. In the South
Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Summit (2005) China
was granted an observer status. While other countries in the region
are ready to consider China for permanent membership in the SAARC,
India seems reluctant.

A very important dimension of the evolving Sino-Indian relationship is
based on the energy requirements of their industrial expansion and
their readiness to proactively secure them by investing in the
oilfields abroad - in Africa, the Middle East and Central Asia. On the
one hand, these ventures entail competition (which has been evident in
oil biddings for various international projects recently). But on the
other hand, a degree of cooperation too is visible, as they are
increasingly confronting bigger players in the global oil market. This
cooperation was sealed in Beijing on January 12, 2006 during the visit
of Petroleum and Natural Gas Minister Mani Shankar Aiyar, who signed
an agreement which envisages ONGC Videsh Ltd (OVL) and the China
National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) placing joint bids for promising
projects elsewhere. This may have important consequences for their
international relations.

On July 6, 2006, China and India re-opened Nathula, an ancient trade
route which was part of the Silk Road. Nathula is a pass through the
Himalayas and it was closed 44 years prior to 2006 when the Sino-
Indian War broke out in 1962. The initial agreement for the re-opening
of the trade route was reached in 2003, and a final agreement was
formalized on June 18, 2006. Officials say that the re-opening of
border trade will help ease the economic isolation of the region.[20]
In November 2006, China and India had a verbal spat over claim of the
north-east Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. India claimed that China
was occupying 38,000 square kilometres of its territory in Kashmir,
while China claimed the whole of Arunachal Pradesh as its own.[21] In
May 2007, China denied the application for visa from an Indian
Administrative Service officer in Arunachal Pradesh. According to
China, since Arunachal Pradesh is a territory of China, he would not
need a visa to visit his own country.[22] Later in December 2007,
China appeared to have reversed its policy by granting a visa to Marpe
Sora, an Arunachal born professor in computer science.[23][24] In
January 2008, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited China and met with
President Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao and had bilateral
discussions related to trade, commerce, defense, military, and various
other issues.

Until 2008 the British Government's position remained the same as had
been since the Simla Accord of 1913: that China held suzerainty over
Tibet but not sovereignty. Britain revised this view on 29 October
2008, when it recognised Chinese sovereignty over Tibet by issuing a
statement on its website.[25][26][27] The Economist stated that
although the British Foreign Office's website does not use the word
sovereignty, officials at the Foreign Office said "it means that, as
far as Britain is concerned, 'Tibet is part of China. Full stop.'"[28]
This change in Britain's position affects India's claim to its North
Eastern territories which rely on the same Simla Accord that Britain's
prior position on Tibet's sovereignty was based upon.[29]

In October 2009, Asian Development Bank formally acknowledging
Arunachal Pradesh as part of India, approved a loan to India for a
development project there. Earlier China had excercised pressure on
the bank to cease the loan,[30] however India succeeded in securing
the loan with the help of USA and Japan. China expressed displeasure
at ADB[31][32] for the same.

In April 2010, the second BRIC summit was held in Brasilia.