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ATR FAQ (part 2: outside Britain)
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From: Francois R. Velde <ve...@heraldicaNOTSPAM.invalid>
Newsgroups: alt.talk.royalty
Subject: ATR FAQ (part 2: outside Britain)
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Summary: alt.talk.royalty FAQ (part 2: outside Britain)
Originator: ve...@heraldicaNOTSPAM.invalid (Francois R. Velde)
Originator: ve...@ripco.com (Francois R. Velde)
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS FOR ALT.TALK.ROYALTY
-- ROYAL & NOBLE FAMILIES OF THE WORLD --
SUMMARY:
This monthly posting contains a list of Frequently Asked Questions
(FAQs) and their answers and other useful information about royal and
noble families of the world, excluding Britain's royal and noble
families. (The British Royal & Noble Families FAQ can be found at
http://www.heraldica.org/faqs/britfaq.html) It should be read by anyone
who wishes to post to the alt.talk.royalty newsgroup.
A separate posting lists only the changes made during the last month to
this document: http://tinyurl.com/ymaapk.
Note: the FAQ contains European characters (accented letters) which may
not show on your browser/newsreader or may show garbled characters. Ask
your Internet Service Provider for an "8-bit clean feed" if you have
this problem.
Last updated: 08 Nov 2008
For comments, additions, or suggestions, please contact the maintainer
François Velde (http://www.heraldica.org/contact.html).
__________________________________________________________________
Table of Contents:
Part I: Introduction
1. What is alt.talk.royalty?
2. How do I access alt.talk.royalty?
3. Welcome to alt.talk.royalty!
4. History of the alt.talk.royalty FAQ
5. Basic newsgroup "netiquette".
6. What kind of postings are appropriate in alt.talk.royalty?
7. Examples of "good" and "bad" posts.
8. Are there archives where I can find older posts on a subject?
9. What other newsgroups and chat groups are there?
10. Can I sell or advertise in this newsgroup?
11. Where can I get the latest version of the FAQ?
Part II: Royal Families of the World
1. Are there other monarchies in the world besides England?
2. Who are the members of the European royal families?
3. What are the dynastic names of the European royal families?
4. Lines of succession to the current European Thrones.
5. Laws of succession for the current European monarchies.
6. Lines of succession to the current non-European Thrones.
7. What are the differences between HRH, HH and HSH?
8. What are the styles and titles of the world's current monarchs?
9. What are the full titles of the current European monarchs?
10. Formerly-reigning monarchs and present-day claimants in Europe and
the Americas since 1849.
11. When did the world's current monarchs succeed?
12. Birthdays of the world's current monarchs.
13. Official Birthdays and National Holidays.
14. Royal Landmarks (Places of Interest).
15. What are the addresses of the world's current monarchs?
16. How are the Reuss princes numbered and why are they all named
Heinrich?
17. What happens when a king dies and his widow is pregnant?
Part III: Nobility
1. What does it mean to be a noble?
2. What does it mean to be a German noble?
Part IV: Resources
1. On-line Sources of Information
2. Useful Addresses
3. Electronic (on-line) Magazines
4. Bibliography
5. Lexicon
__________________________________________________________________
Part I: Introduction
1. What is alt.talk.royalty?
alt.talk.royalty is an unmoderated newsgroup created for the purpose of
discussion of all aspects of royalty and nobility of any time period
anywhere in the world. There is no mailing list gated to this group.
Please remember that one cannot subscribe to or unsubscribe from
alt.talk.royalty via a mailing list, as is the case, e.g., for
soc.genealogy.medieval.
alt.talk.royalty was first proposed in December 1994 and was created in
February 1995 (according to:
ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/control/alt/alt.talk.royalty)
Despite the FAQ compiler's efforts, it has not been determined who
began alt.talk.royalty nor who is responsible for composing its
charter.
The charter states: "The group is oriented to discussion of royalty and
nobility of all nationalities, both present day and historical.
Discussions of the British royal family, the possibility of a restored
Russian monarchy, Henry VIII's foibles, and the forms of address used
in the Spanish court would all be appropriate. Advertising and
commercialism are not welcome, especially since everyone knows that
involvement in retail commerce results in attainder!"
All those who have access to alt.talk.royalty and are interested in
royalty and nobility are encouraged to participate. (Before interested
individuals "discovered" alt.talk.royalty and began posting to it
regularly, they posted their questions in rec.heraldry.) The scope of
the group encompasses topics such as the sovereigns or rulers of
nations, royal and noble genealogies, vital statistics (births,
marriages, deaths), lines of succession, royal residences, biographies,
current events, pretenders or claimants to thrones, mistresses and
illegitimate children, so on and so forth.
alt.talk.royalty is not here for the glorification of royalty. All
views, positive, negative and in-between, are permitted. We are here
to talk about royalty and nobility. You will find, however, most people
who post to alt.talk.royalty talk in favor of royalty and that they are
not anti-royalist. You can express anti-royalist sentiments, but it is
a fair assumption that you will get a heated and vociferous response.
Royalty discussions can bring out the best and the worst in people;
they engender strong emotions and opinions.
alt.talk.royalty has in its midst authors, genealogists, historians,
journalists and other such posters (and lurkers). Some of our members
post to the group while others prefer to lurk. Our members are
international: as of this edition of the FAQ, the majority are from the
United States, while the rest are from Australia, Canada, Denmark,
France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Sweden and
the United Kingdom.
Back to Table of Contents
__________________________________________________________________
2. How do I access alt.talk.royalty?
alt.talk.royalty is an Internet (or Usenet) newsgroup. To access it,
you need a "client" (software application) on your computer and access
to a "news (or Usenet) server". The client will connect to the server,
retrieve the posts, and send your own replies. The server will then
disseminate your posts to the rest of the world.
If you have access to the Web, your web browser can serve as client,
and you can access a server over the Web. See Yahoo directory for
"Usenet servers" for a list. Google Groups (http://groups.google.com)
also offers access.
Alternatively, contact your ISP (Internet Service Provider) and ask
them if they have a news server and what software they provide to
connect to it. Again, your web browser can serve as a news client to
connect to the news server.
Back to Table of Contents
3. Welcome to alt.talk.royalty!
This purpose of this chapter is to provide useful information for new
members of alt.talk.royalty. First-time users, or even those who've
been here a few times, have found the newsgroup's atmosphere
intimidating. When posting for the first time, some people find
themselves the object of criticism or downright abuse. The
new-to-the-group poster might not understand that that kind of behavior
happens with regularity in newsgroups. And so, at the suggestion of
some alt.talk.royalty regulars, the FAQ compiler and maintainer has
developed this section which will hopefully explain the personalities
of the regular members as well as provide tips on how to "survive" in
alt.talk.royalty.
One of the first things that is noticeable about alt.talk.royalty is
that it has a dual personality. Some days, it has a pleasant, quiet,
stress-free atmosphere, while on other days it can be testy, noisy and
combative. Some days, it can be academic and instructive in tone, yet
gossipy and disruptive on other days. It has been suggested that,
generally speaking, the male members of alt.talk.royalty are
competitive (with some positively thriving on this), while the female
members seem cooperative. For the most part, alt.talk.royalty's members
are pro-royalty/monarchy. What sets us apart are our personal
perspectives and biases.
alt.talk.royalty has quite an interesting mix of people. While we can't
tell you about the lurkers (they obviously prefer to remain anonymous),
we can tell you about those who post with some regularity. There are
authors (Greg King, author of The Last Empress; Marlene Koenig, author
under the name of Marlene A. Eilers, of Queen Victoria's Descendants;
Peter Kurth, author of Anastasia: The Riddle of Anna Anderson; Ted
Rosvall, author of Bernadotte-Attlingar; William Addams Reitwiesner,
author of The American Ancestors and Relatives of Lady Diana Frances
Spencer, Guy Stair Sainty, author of The Orders of Chivalry and Merit
of the Bourbon Two Sicilies Dynasty, Daniel Willis, author under the
name of Daniel Brewer-Ward of The House of Habsburg: a genealogy of the
descendants of Empress Maria Theresia), art dealer (Guy Stair Sainty),
author (Grant Hayter-Menzies), lawyer (Patrick Cracroft- Brennan),
librarian (Noel McFerran), medical doctor (Sam Dotson), university
professors (Stephen Stillwell, Peter Kurrild-Klitgaard, and Jeffrey
Taliaferro, the last two political scientists), some who share
ancestors with royalty or are descendants of royalty (Frank Johansen
and Grant Menzies), and even an aristocrat or two (Gilbert von Studnitz
and Eric von Ehrenberg). Of course, there are also the average,
everyday type of person who posts to alt.talk.royalty.
If one observes alt.talk.royalty for some time, individual types become
obvious and one finds that they usually view and respond about
royalty/monarchy in a predictable way. For example, there are the
absolute monarchists (Louis Epstein, Noel McFerran), the genealogists
(Sam Dotson, Marlene Koenig, Steven Lavallee, William Addams
Reitwiesner, Darren Shelton, Paul Theroff, Daniel Willis), the
historians (François Velde), the legalists (Paul Johnson, Guy Stair
Sainty), the legitimists (Dimitry Macedonsky), so on and so on. One can
continue to categorize alt.talk.royalty's members into those types who
enjoy the gossip/daily lives aspect of royalty, those whose only
interest is the British royal family enthusiasts (with a subset
focussed on Diana, Princess of Wales), those who view royalty from a
religious aspect, from a political aspect, so on and so forth.
Some of alt.talk.royalty's members use an alias, but most post under
their real names. Some posters have obvious favorite areas and share
willingly their knowledge. Other posters are more generalists, but
share their knowledge with the same generosity. Some posters will only
post or reply when their favorite topic comes up for discussion. Other
posters will reply to just about everything and anything. Some of the
regulars always provide references for their replies which can annoy
some people, while others feel it useful and informative. Other posters
never cite their sources. Some posters reply to questions succinctly
while others provide mini-essays. Some posters will point out spelling
and grammar errors while others never do so. Some posters reply to
others in a light- hearted way while others are business-like. Some
posters will criticize another member's question for whatever reason,
while other posters will reply kindly and helpfully. Some posters have
strong beliefs and won't budge an inch when discussing a particular
topic, while others seem flexible and willing to see other points of
view. Lastly, some of the nastier posters (and they are only a handful,
thankfully) almost always use foul language, are rude and hurtful and
seem to be in alt.talk.royalty only to disrupt the group.
New members and not-so-new ones will probably realize at this point
that given these types of personalities, it would not be easy to post
with confidence in alt.talk.royalty. The FAQ compiler and maintainer
has received emails from people who feel they've been poorly treated by
the regulars. Because of this, they chose to lurk instead of posting in
the group or vow never to return to alt.talk.royalty. Some posters
almost always behave in a certain way and their criticisms shouldn't be
taken personally because that is how they behave to just about
everyone. It is almost guaranteed that when a person posts to a
newsgroup he or she will eventually be criticized or abused. Please
don't be intimidated by the bad manners of some and leave
alt.talk.royalty too soon. There are lots of us who welcome newcomers
and we appreciate your ideas and input!
Back to Table of Contents
4. History of the alt.talk.royalty FAQ
There was talk in early 1996 of creating a FAQ for alt.talk.royalty and
some work for one had been started by members of the group. It did not
materialize into a finished product, however. A few months later, in
August 1996, another member of the group (Mark Odegard) posted a titles
FAQ to the group. It was called "A Glossary of European Noble,
Princely, Royal, and Imperial Titles". (It can now be found on the WWW
at:
http://www.heraldica.org/topics/odegard/titlefaq.htm.)
Nonetheless, alt.talk.royalty remained without a general, all-purpose
FAQ until May 1997. At that time, a rough draft version of a FAQ was
posted to the group; it had been created by Yvonne Demoskoff with the
help of several members. A number of additions, corrections and
suggestions were made over the next few months and by November 1997 the
rough draft was replaced with an official first version.
In June 1998, the FAQ was posted once again to the newsgroup but this
time it was in two distinct parts: one was called the Brit-FAQ
(Frequently Asked Questions for alt.talk.royalty - British Royal &
Noble Families) and the other was called the non-Brit-FAQ (Frequently
Asked Questions for alt.talk.royalty - Non-British Royal & Noble
Families).
In August 1998, François Velde took over the maintenance of the various
alt.talk.royalty FAQs.
Back to Table of Contents
5. Basic newsgroup "netiquette".
Before posting to any Usenet group, please read the introductory
articles in the newsgroup news.announce.newusers. There, Emily Postnews
will help you through some netiquette you need to know before posting.
We highly recommend "lurking", that is, reading messages without
posting anything for a few weeks so that you get an idea of how people
typically phrase their postings. This will also give you an idea of the
flow of the newsgroup, the personalities of the regulars, and the like.
The easiest way to learn how to post in a.t.r. is to watch how others
do it. Start by reading the posts and try to figure out what people are
doing and why. After a few weeks, you will start to understand why
certain things are done and what things shouldn't be done.
Occasionally, you will see trolls (strong worded postings intended only
to provoke a lot of replies), flames and off-topic posts. The best way
to deal with these kinds of postings is to ignore them. If your
newsreader program allows the use of a kill-file make use of it to
filter out undesirable postings. Alternatively, if you see a blatantly
offensive message, do not respond with another post. Instead, send a
strong complaint to <postmas...@posters.site> and <ab...@posters.site>.
One last point to remember concerning inappropriate behavior: our
newsgroup, in common with other newsgroups, has its share of people who
seek to disrupt the group collectively and/or its posters individually.
alt.talk.royalty and its FAQ might not have an official policy as to
how one should deal with such disruptive behavior, but it can suggest
the following: DNFTEC. This stands for "Do Not Feed The Energy
Creature". An energy creature's favorite feeding tactic is to try to
hurt people's feelings or get them angry. The Energy Creature can then
feed off the pain and anger it has generated. Its second favorite
tactic is to hurt one person or the group's feelings while gathering
the sympathy of others. That way, when the injured party lashes back,
others will jump to the Energy Creature's defense. The Energy Creature
feeds off the attention and the negative energy generated by the people
fighting. Newsgroups will never be completely rid of such obnoxious,
offensive and ill-mannered beings, but much can be done to keep the
situation under control by remembering this simple formula: DNFTEC. If
the Energy Creature gets a response, it gets stronger. If it is
ignored, it will eventually weaken, wither and go away. Remember: do
not to feed the energy creatures.
Back to Table of Contents
6. What kind of postings are appropriate in alt.talk.royalty?
We are an unmoderated newsgroup. The only things not allowed here are
things prohibited by Usenet protocol, such as spams (the posting of
off-topic material to many Usenet groups) and illegal postings (e.g.
chain letters, sending non-exportable things, threatening to kill
people). However, inappropriate topics or posts are those which are
completely unrelated to royalty and nobility.
Attachments, whether they are text (batch files, system files) or
binaries (audio, video, pictures such as .JPGs, .GIFs, .TIFs and the
like, programs, and "web" files such as HTML, HTM, SHTML) are also
inappropriate. Binaries must be kept in groups with binaries in the
name; they cannot appear in alt.talk.royalty. If news administrators
find binaries in a.t.r., they could kill the group and move it to the
alt.binaries section. A better way of dealing with binaries is to post
the binary in a binaries group and to write a note in a.t.r. telling
the group where the particular binary can be found. In other words, do
not post anything other than plain text in our non-binary newsgroup.
Posts which refer to royalty and nobility in a negative way (such as
suggesting that one monarchy in particular, or all monarchies in
general should be overthrown), while not off-topic, will usually get no
response. Most of the posters in alt.talk.royalty are fully aware of
the strengths and weaknesses of hereditary systems, and are
participating in this newsgroup to explore the intricacies of these
systems, rather than to engage in flamewars with persons who are
opposed to the idea of these systems.
Patently offensive remarks are inappropriate.
Back to Table of Contents
7. Examples of "good" and "bad" posts.
Let's begin with "bad" posts:
"Please tell me EVERYTHING about Princess Diana."
"I need to know ALL the people in line to the British throne; my
homework is due tomorrow!"
"I'm looking for information about the kings of England."
-- these types of posts are usually met with well deserved
sarcasm or risk being completely ignored
"So-and-so is an idiot and should be shot!"
-- personal comments or attacks on a.t.r. members have no place
in a royalty newsgroup; take it to private e-mail, if you must
"This is a test."
-- there isn't any reason to test alt.talk.royalty, the system
works fine. If you have to test something, do it in a group with
'test' in it such as alt.test or misc.test.
And now "good" posts:
"Who succeeded King George II?"
"Why does Queen Elizabeth II celebrate her birthday in April and in
June?"
"Where is King Henry VIII buried?"
"Can someone tell me how King George V and Tsar Nicholas II are
related?"
(these "bad" and "good" posts are examples only and will not be
necessarily found in the FAQ)
Points to Remember:
* when the topic in a post has changed, please reflect that in the
subject heading by indicating the new subject and including a
reference to the old subject heading
* we suggest reading all the existing responses to a query before
posting one's own response; maybe the question has already been
answered, and the name of the game is not to show off how much one
knows
* people don't like to read things again and again; therefore, try to
avoid large quotes; quote only what you respond to
* please keep the lines of your messages to under 70 characters; long
lines will overflow when quoted by others and become very difficult
to read
* remember, it is generally considered rude to post private e-mail
correspondence without the permission of the author of that mail
* be careful about infringing upon copyrights and licenses; when
quoting, do not use more of the work than is necessary to make your
commentary; for more information on copyright, read "Copyright
Myths FAQ: 10 big myths about copyright explained" found at the
following URL: http://www.clari.net/brad/copymyths.html
* posts may be in any language, but will probably be understood by
the largest audience if in English
Back to Table of Contents
8. Are there archives where I can find older posts on a subject?
Most Internet Service Providers (ISPs) do not keep posts for more than
one or two weeks. Therefore, to find older posts, head over to the WWW
and check out "Google Groups" (formerly known as Deja News) at:
http://groups.google.com/groups?as_ugroup=alt.talk.royalty
Once there, you will be able to search old posts back to April 1995.
This is also a good starting point to see what questions have already
been asked in our newsgroup. It's possible that your particular
question has already been asked.
Back to Table of Contents
9. What other newsgroups and chat groups are there?
Some newsgroups that deal with royalty and/or related subjects are:
* alt.gossip.royalty
* rec.heraldry (discussions of coats of arms and of the honors they
can depict)
* soc.genealogy.medieval (discussions of genealogy, royal or
otherwise, mainly of the Middle Ages)
* soc.history
* soc.history.ancient
* soc.history.medieval
N.B.: not all ISPs carry "alt." and "clari." newsgroups; however, they
can be accessed by visiting the Google Groups web site at:
http://groups.google.com
We suggest that you find out more about these newsgroups by reading
their FAQs, if available, or by lurking, so that you post your queries
in the appropriate group and not haphazardly cross-post to all of them.
America Online (AOL) features chat groups about royalty for its
members. The royalty chats meet almost daily and the topics range from
discussions about the late Diana, Princess of Wales to the Romanovs to
the Tudors.
Back to Table of Contents
10. Can I sell or advertise in this newsgroup?
Usenet procedures heavily discourage advertising in newsgroups not
specifically designed for commerce. Having said that, one-time offers
to sell or buy books, and such, about British royalty and nobility,
will be tolerated. Those who wish to regularly advertise should post
their messages in the appropriate newsgroups (for example,
alt.genealogy.marketplace).
Back to Table of Contents
11. Where can I get the latest version of this FAQ?
You can obtain the latest version of the FAQ by visiting its web site
at:
http://www.heraldica.org/faqs/atrfaq.html
Back to Table of Contents
__________________________________________________________________
Part II: Royal Families of the World
1. Are there other monarchies in the world besides England?
We're glad you asked this question because it certainly seems to many
people that the United Kingdom (aka England) has the monopoly on
"royalty" and "royal family". The U.K. is but one of thirty-one
monarchies left today. Note that this list does not include
Commonwealth monarchies where Queen Elizabeth II is a monarch of an
independent monarchy (such as Canada or Australia, for example) nor
does it include Vatican City (The Holy See).
1. EUROPE
+ Grand Duchy:
o Luxembourg
+ Kingdoms:
o Belgium
o Denmark
o Netherlands
o Norway
o Spain
o Sweden
o United Kingdom
+ Principalities:
o Andorra (see Note 1)
o Liechtenstein
o Monaco
2. AFRICA
+ Kingdoms:
o Lesotho
o Morocco
o Swaziland
3. ASIA
+ Elected Monarchy:
o Malaysia (see Note 2)
+ Empire:
o Japan
+ Kingdoms:
o Bhutan
o Cambodia
o Thailand
+ Sultanate:
o Brunei
4. MIDDLE EAST
+ Emirates:
o Kuwait
o Qatar
o United Arab Emirates (see Note 4)
+ Kingdoms:
o Bahrain (since 14/2/2002)
o Jordan
o Saudi Arabia
+ Sultanate:
o Oman
5. OCEANIA
+ Kingdoms:
o Tonga
o Samoa (see Note 5)
Notes
1. Andorra is a co-principality, under the suzerainty of the President
of France and the Spanish Bishop of Urgel. Since 1993, these
positions are almost purely honorary and they are considered
titular Heads of States.
2. Malaysia is a federation consisting of thirteen states: Johore,
Kedah, Kelantan, Malacca, Negri Sembilan, Pahang, Penang, Perak,
Perlis, Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor, Trengganu. Its Head of State (or,
Supreme Head of Malaysia) is a monarch who is elected for a
five-year term by and from the hereditary rulers of nine of the
states.
3. The United Arab Emirates became independent of the United Kingdom
in 1971. They consist of seven sheikhdoms: Abu Dhabi, Dubai,
Sharjah, Ras al-Khaimah, Umm al-Qaiwain, Ajman, Fujairah. The Head
of State is an elected President chosen from one of the hereditary
rulers of the seven emirates.
4. Western Samoa achieved independent status from New Zealand in 1962.
Its Heads of State were two joint rulers, but in 1963 when one of
them died, the other became sole Head of State for life. His late
Highness Malietoa Tanumafili II performed the duties of a
constitutional monarch but was not titled 'king'. The Head of State
will be elected by the Legislative Assembly for a term of five
years.
Back to Table of Contents
__________________________________________________________________
2. Who are the members of the European royal families?
Conflicting information has been received as to who are official
members of these royal families, therefore, if anyone will be
suggesting additions or corrections, the FAQ maintainer would be
grateful if a source of information would be provided.
Belgium:
HM The King, his wife, their children, their grandchildren, HM
Queen Fabiola
Denmark:
HM The Queen, her husband, their sons and grandchildren, their
daughters-in-law, Princess Benedikte, her children, Princess
Elisabeth
Liechtenstein:
HSH Prince Hans Adam II, his wife, their children, their
grandchildren, Prince Philipp, his wife, their sons, Prince
Nikolaus, his wife, their children
Luxembourg:
HRH Grand Duke Henri, his wife, their children, HRH (the former)
Grand Duke Jean, his children
Monaco:
HSH Prince Albert II, his sisters, Princess Antoinette
Netherlands:
A distinction is made between the royal house ( head of state,
the former head of state, the members of the royal family in
line for the throne, and their spouses) and the royal family.
The royal house consists of HM The Queen; her sons
Willem-Alexander and Constantijn and their spouses and children;
HRH Princess Margriet and her husband, sons and
daughters-in-law.
Norway:
A distinction is made between the royal house (sovereign and
spouse, heir apparent and spouse, princes and princesses
entitled to the style of Royal Highness) and the royal family
(other descendants of the King and Queen and their spouses,
siblings of the King and their spouses). Thus, the royal house
consists of HM King Harald, HM Queen Sonja, HRH Crown Prince
Haakon, HRH Crown Princess Mette-Marit and HRH Princess Ingrid
Alexandra. The royal family includes in addition Prince Sverre
Magnus, Princess Märtha Louise, Ari Behn, their children Maud
Angelica and Leah Isadora Behn, Princess Ragnhild Mrs.
Lorentzen, Erling Sven Lorentzen, Princess Astrid, Mrs. Ferner
and Johan Martin Ferner.
Spain:
HM The King, his wife, their children, his sisters (Infanta
Pilar, Duchess of Badajoz, Infanta Margarita, Duchess of Soria),
Infante Don Carlos de Borbón (first cousin of the king).
Sweden:
HM The King, his wife, their children, HRH Princess Lilian,
Duchess of Halland, Princess Birgitta
Back to Table of Contents
__________________________________________________________________
3. What are the dynastic names of the European royal families?
The dynastic names for the European royal families are taken from
Burke's Royal Families of the World, Volume I, 1977. Other possibly
correct dynastic names will be indicated in parentheses.
Belgium:
House of Wettin (Saxe-Coburg and Gotha)
Denmark:
House of Glücksborg
(cadet line of the house of Oldenborg, on the throne since 1863)
(the house of Oldenborg had been on the throne since 1448)
Liechtenstein:
House of Liechtenstein
Luxembourg:
House of Nassau
Monaco:
House of Grimaldi
Netherlands:
House of Orange-Nassau (van Oranje-Nassau)
Norway:
House of Glücksburg
Spain:
House of Borbón
Sweden:
House of Bernadotte
Back to Table of Contents
__________________________________________________________________
4. Lines of succession to the current European thrones.
The following lines of succession are limited to the first ten or less
people in line of succession of the present European thrones. Each
person's relationship is indicated by one or two letters (s=son,
d=daughter, b=brother, ss=sister, u=uncle, a=aunt, fc=first cousin,
sc=second cousin) followed by a digit (0 stands for the current
sovereign). For example, s0 means son of the current sovereign, d4
means daughter of person 4 on the list.
Belgium
1. HRH Prince Philippe of Belgium, Duke of Brabant (b. 1960, s0)
2. HRH Princess Elisabeth of Belgium (b. 2001, d1)
3. HRH Prince Gabriel of Belgium (b. 2003, s1)
4. HRH Prince Emmanuel of Belgium (b. 2005, s1)
5. HRH Princess Astrid of Belgium (b. 1962, d0)
6. Amadeo of Habsburg-Lorraine, Prince of Belgium, Prince Imperial and
Archduke of Austria-Este, Prince Royal of Hungary and Bohemia (b.
1986, s5)
7. Maria Laura of Habsburg-Lorraine, Princess of Belgium, Princess
Imperial and Archduchess of Austria-Este, Princess Royal of Hungary
and Bohemia (b. 1988, d5)
8. Joachim of Habsburg-Lorraine, Prince of Belgium, Prince Imperial
and Archduke of Austria-Este, Prince Royal of Hungary and Bohemia
(b. 1991, s5)
9. Louisa Maria of Habsburg-Lorraine, Princess of Belgium, Princess
Imperial and Archduchess of Austria-Este, Princess Royal of Hungary
and Bohemia (b. 1995, d5)
10. Laeticia Maria of Habsburg-Lorraine, Princess of Belgium, Princess
Imperial and Archduchess of Austria-Este, Princess Royal of Hungary
and Bohemia (b. 2003, d5)
11. HRH Prince Laurent of Belgium (b. 1963, s0)
12. HRH Princess Louise of Belgium (b. 2004, d11)
13. HRH Prince Nicolas of Belgium (b. 2005, s11)
14. HRH Prince Aymeric of Belgium (b. 2005, s11)
Denmark
1. HRH Crown Prince Frederik of Denmark (b. 1968, s0)
2. HRH Prince Christian of Denmark (b. 2005, s1)
3. HRH Princess Isabella of Denmark (b. 2007, d1)
4. HRH Prince Joachim of Denmark (b. 1969, s0)
5. HH Prince Nikolai of Denmark (b. 28-8-1999, s4)
6. HH Prince Felix of Denmark (b. 22-7-2002, s4)
7. HRH Princess Benedikte of Denmark (b. 1944, ss0)
8. HH Princess Elisabeth of Denmark (b. 1935, fc0)
(For more on the law of succession in Denmark, see the essay by Peter
Kurrild-Klitgaard at http://www.geocities.com/dagtho/dk-suc-law.html.)
Liechtenstein
1. HSH Hereditary Prince Alois of Liechtenstein (b. 1968)
2. HSH Prince Joseph-Wenzel of Liechtenstein (b. 1995)
3. HSH Prince Georg of Liechtenstein (b. 1999)
4. HSH Prince Nikolaus Sebastian of Liechtenstein (b. 2000)
5. HSH Prince Maximilian of Liechtenstein (b. 1969)
6. HSH Prince Alfons of Liechtenstein (b. 2001)
7. HSH Prince Constantin of Liechtenstein (b. 1972)
8. HSH Prince Philipp of Liechtenstein (b. 1946)
9. HSH Prince Alexander of Liechtenstein (b. 1972)
10. HSH Prince Wenzeslaus of Liechtenstein (b. 1974)
11. HSH Prince Rudolf of Liechtenstein (b. 1975)
12. HSH Prince Nikolaus of Liechtenstein (b. 1947)
13. HSH Prince Josef-Emanuel of Liechtenstein (b. 1989)
Luxembourg
1. HRH Hereditary Grand Duke Guillaume of Luxembourg (b. 1981, s0)
2. HRH Prince Felix of Luxembourg (b. 1984, s0)
3. HRH Prince Louis of Luxembourg (b. 1986, s0)
4. HRH Prince Sébastien of Luxembourg (b. 1992, s0)
5. HRH Prince Guillaume of Luxembourg (b. 1963, b0)
6. HRH Prince Paul-Louis of Nassau (b. 1998, s5)
7. HRH Prince Léopold of Nassau (b. 2000, s5)
8. HRH Prince Jean of Nassau (b. 2004, s5)
Monaco
1. HRH Princess of Hanover [Caroline] (b. 1957, ss0)
2. Andrea Casiraghi (b. 1984, s1)
3. Pierre Casiraghi (b. 1987, s1)
4. Charlotte Casiraghi (b. 1986, d1)
5. HRH Princess Alexandra of Hanover (b. 1999, d1)
6. HSH Princess Stephanie of Monaco (b. 1965, ss0)
7. Louis Ducruet (b. 1992, s6)
8. Pauline Ducruet (b. 1994, d6)
Netherlands
1. HRH Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange,
Prince of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer van Amsberg (b. 1967, s0)
2. HRH Princess Catharina-Amalia of the Netherlands, Princess of
Orange-Nassau (b. 2003, d1)
3. HRH Princess Alexia of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau
(b. 2005, d1)
4. HRH Princess Ariane of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau
(b. 2007, d1)
5. HRH Prince Constantijn of the Netherlands, Prince of Orange-Nassau,
Jonkheer van Amsberg (b. 1969, s0)
6. Countess Eloise of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouw van Amsberg (b. 2002,
d5)
7. Count Claus-Casimir of Orange-Nassau, Jonkheer van Amsberg (b.
2004, s5)
8. Countess Leonore of Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouw van Amsberg (b. 2006,
d5)
9. HRH Princess Margriet of the Netherlands, Princess of
Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld (b. 1943, ss0)
10. HH Prince Maurits of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven (b. 1968, s9)
11. HH Prince Bernhard of Orange-Nassau, van Vollenhoven (b. 1969, s9)
Norway
1. HRH Crown Prince Haakon of Norway (b. 1973, s0)
2. HRH Princess Ingrid Alexandra of Norway (b. 2004, d1)
3. Prince Sverre Magnus of Norway (b. 2005, s1)
4. Princess Märtha Louise of Norway (b. 1971, d0)
5. Maud Angelica Behn (b. 2003, d4)
6. Leah Isadora Behn (b. 2005, d4)
7. Emma Tallulah Behn (b. 2008, d4)
Spain
1. HRH Infante Felipe of Spain, Prince of Asturias (b. 1968, s0)
2. HRH Infanta Leonor of Spain (b. 2005, d1)
3. HRH Infanta Sofia of Spain (b. 2007, d1)
4. HRH Infanta Elena of Spain, Duchess of Lugo (b. 1963, d0)
5. HE Felipe de Marichalar y de Borbón (b. 1998, s4)
6. HE Victoria Federica de Marichalar y de Borbón (b. 2000, d4)
7. HRH Infanta Cristina of Spain, Duchess of Palma de Mallorca (b.
1965, d0)
8. HE Juan Urdangarin y de Borbón (b. 1999, s7)
9. HE Pablo Urdangarin y de Borbón (b. 2000, s7)
10. HE Miguel Urdangarin y de Borbón (b. 2002, s7)
11. HE Irene Urdangarin y de Borbón (b. 2005, d7)
Sweden
1. HRH Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland (b.
1977, d0)
2. HRH Prince Carl Philip of Sweden, Duke of Värmland (b. 1979, s0)
3. HRH Princess Madeleine of Sweden, Duchess of Hälsingland and
Gästrikland (b. 1982, d0)
Back to Table of Contents
__________________________________________________________________
5. Laws of succession for the current European monarchies.
Sources: Le Petit Gotha (1993) and the "International Constitutional
Law" website at: http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/home.html
Belgium
* religion:
* marriage must be with consent of:
the King
* must contract a lawful marriage:
* type of succession law:
Cognatic (Absolute) Primogeniture (see note) in effect since 1991
(applicable to the descent of King Albert II; formerly, Salic Law)
Denmark
(Constitution, latest revision 1953; law of succession to the throne,
27 March 1953).
* religion:
Lutheran Evangelical Church (for the King, Const. II.6)
* marriage must be with consent of:
the Parliament (for the monarch) the Sovereign with the Council of
Ministers (for all other eventual heirs)
* must contract a lawful marriage:
yes
* type of succession law:
Primogeniture (see note) (was semi-Salic from 1660 to 1863, Salic
from 1863 to 1953)
Liechtenstein
* religion:
Roman Catholic (for the Sovereign Prince)
* marriage must be with consent of:
the Sovereign Prince
* must contract a lawful marriage:
yes
* type of succession law:
Semi-Salic Law (see note)
Luxembourg
* religion:
* marriage must be with consent of:
the Grand Duke (for the princes of the family)
* must contract a lawful marriage:
* type of succession law:
Semi-Salic Law (see note)
Monaco
(Constitution of 17 Dec 1962, revised 2 Apr 2002; House laws of May 15,
1882 modified by ordonnances of 30 and 31 Oct 1918 and 1959)
* religion:
* marriage must be with consent of:
the Sovereign Prince (however, if a prince or princess marries
without the consent of the Sovereign Prince, no children are born
and the marriage is dissolved, then the prince recovers dynastic
rights)
* must contract a lawful marriage:
* other:
- The crown is hereditary in the legitimate issue of the previous
prince, or failing that, in the issue of his or her siblings; in
the absence of heir, the Crown Council appoints a collateral heir
who must be of monegasque citizenship.
* type of succession law:
Primogeniture (see note)
Netherlands
* religion:
* marriage must be with consent of:
the Parliament
* must contract a lawful marriage:
* type of succession law:
Cognatic (Absolute) Primogeniture (see note) in effect since 1983
* other:
- the degrees of relationship between a new monarch and the
predecessor cannot be more than 3.
Norway
* religion:
Evangelical Lutheran faith (the King must always belong to this
faith)
* marriage must be with consent of:
the King
* must contract a lawful marriage:
* other:
- a royal prince cannot accept the crown of another country unless
he first seeks the consent of Parliament
* type of succession law:
Cognatic (Absolute) Primogeniture (see note) in effect since 1990 &
beginning with descendants of Crown Prince Haakon (b. 1973) with an
exception made for Princess Märtha Louise so as to not displace her
younger brother which is what happened in Sweden in 1980 (formerly,
Salic Law)
Spain
* religion:
- marriage cannot occur against express prohibition of: the King
and the Parliament (for all those who have a right to the
succession)
* must contract a lawful marriage:
must also be a Roman Catholic marriage
* type of succession law:
Primogeniture (see note)
Sweden
* religion:
Lutheran (for the King & princes of the royal family)
* marriage must be with consent of:
the King with the advice of the Council of Ministers (for princes &
princesses)
* must contract a lawful marriage:
* type of succession law:
Cognatic (Absolute) Primogeniture (see note) in effect since 1980
(formerly, Salic Law)
Notes On Types of Laws of Succession
Salic Law (a.k.a. agnatic):
- the law "which entirely excludes females from the hereditary
succession" (The Monarchy and the Constitution, by Vernon
Bogdanor, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995, page 42)
- applicable to Albania, Bulgaria, France (Royal; Empire),
Italy, Montenegro, Parma, Prussia (and German Empire), Roumania,
Yugoslavia
Semi-Salic Law:
- in which the succession is reserved firstly to all the male
dynastic descendants of all the eligible branches by order of
primogeniture, then upon total extinction of these male
descendants to the eldest of the dynastic female descendants
- applicable to Liechtenstein, Luxembourg; also applicable to
Austria, Bavaria, Hanover, Russia, Saxony, Tuscany, Two
Sicilies, Württemberg
Primogeniture:
- the law in which "male heirs take precedence over female, with
children representing their deceased ancestors; and under the
rule of primogeniture, the older son precedes the younger" (The
Monarchy and the Constitution, by Vernon Bogdanor, Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1995, page 42)
- applicable to Denmark, Monaco, Spain, United Kingdom; also
applicable to Brazil, Greece, Portugal
Cognatic (absolute) Primogeniture:
- the law in which "the right of succession passes to the eldest
child of the sovereign, regardless of gender, females enjoying
the same right of succession as males" (The Monarchy and the
Constitution, by Vernon Bogdanor, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995,
page 42)
- applicable to Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden
Back to Table of Contents
__________________________________________________________________
6. Lines of succession to the current non-European Thrones.
This section was prepared using The International Who's Who, 1992-93,
56th edition, and Burke's Royal Families of the World, Vol. II, 1980,
with complements from the Almanach de Bruxelles and C. Buyers's Royal
Ark. Although the people listed in the following lines of succession
are members of their respective families, it is not always certain if
these people actually hold a place in the line of succession.
Bahrain
1. Sheikh Salman, Crown Prince, son of the King (b. 1969)
2. oldest son of Sheikh Salman
3. younger son of Sheikh Salman
4. Sheikh Abdullah, son of the King (b. 1975)
5. Sheikh Khalifa, son of the King (b. 1977)
Bhutan
son of the King (due to succeed in 2008) -->
Brunei
1. HRH Crown Prince Haji al-Muhtadee Billah (b. 1977), eldest son of
the Sultan
Japan
(see Note 1)
1. HIH Crown Prince Naruhito (b. 1960), son of the Emperor
2. HIH Prince Akishino (b. 1965), son of the Emperor
3. HIH Prince Hisahito (b. 2006), son of Prince Akishino
4. HIH Prince Hitachi (b. 1935), brother of the Emperor
5. HIH Prince Mikasa (b. 1915), uncle of the Emperor
6. HIH Prince Mikasa Tomohito (b. 1946), son of Prince Mikasa
7. HIH Prince Katsura (b. 1948), son of Prince Mikasa
Jordan
The throne of the Kingdom is passed on through inheritance within the
dynasty of King Abdullah Ibn Al Hussein (first king and
great-grandfather of the present king Abdullah), in the direct line of
his male heirs. The King may designate a Crown Prince. The brother of
the present king, Prince Hamzah, was Crown Prince from Feb 7, 1999 to
Nov 28, 2004.
Kuwait
1. Sheikh Nawaf al-Ahmad al-Sabah, Crown Prince (from 7 Feb 2006) (b.
1937)
Lesotho
Malaysia
The Malaysian throne is elective and rotating among the rulers of the
member states of the Federation (see art. 38 of the constitution of
Malaysia).
Morocco
The Moroccan Crown and the constitutional rights thereof shall be
hereditary and handed down, from father to son, to descendants in
direct male line and by order of primogeniture among the offspring of
His Majesty King Hassan II, unless the King should, during his
lifetime, designate a successor among his sons apart from the eldest
one. In case of failing descendants in direct male line, the right of
succession to the Throne shall, under the same conditions, be invested
in the closest male in the collateral consanguinity. (art. 20 of the
constitution of 1996)
1. HRH Prince Moulay Hassan (b. 2003), son of the King
2. HRH Prince Moulay Rachid (b. 1970), brother of the King
Oman
Qatar
1. HH Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad al-Thani, 4th son of the Sheikh (b.
1979), app. Aug 5, 2003
Saudi Arabia
(see Note 2)
1. HRH Prince Sultan ibn Abdul Aziz, Crown Prince (b. 1924?), younger
brother of the King
Swaziland
(see Note 3)
Thailand
1. HRH Prince Vajiralongkorn, Crown Prince (from December 1972) (b.
1952), son of the King
Tonga
1. HRH Prince Tupouto'a Lavaka (b. 1959), brother of the King
United Arab Emirates
Notes:
* 1. the Imperial Household Law (1947) governs the succession; only
legitimate male descendants of an emperor can succeed; type of
succession law: Salic Law
* 2. in Saudi Arabia, no more than one heir is named at a time,
apparently
* 3. in Swaziland, the heir to the throne is only chosen after a
King's death from among his younger sons
Back to Table of Contents
__________________________________________________________________
7. What are the differences between HRH, HH and HSH?
Because the answer to this question is now formatted using tables,
which don't 'translate' well when viewed as a text document, Part A -
the Styles of Sovereigns, and Part B - the Styles of Children of
Sovereigns can be viewed at this URL:
http://www.heraldica.org/faqs/styles.html
Back to Table of Contents
__________________________________________________________________
8. What are the styles and titles of the world's current monarchs?
The styles and titles of the world's current monarchs depend whether
they are sovereigns of a kingdom, a principality, a grand duchy, an
empire, etc...
Bahrain:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: King (Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa)
Belgium:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: The King (Albert II)
Bhutan:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King) (Jigme Khesar Namgyel
Wangchuk)
Brunei:
+ type: sultanate
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: Sultan and Yang di Pertuan (Haji Hassanal Bolkiah)
Cambodia:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: The King (Norodom Sihanouk)
Denmark:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: Her Majesty (HM)
+ title: The Queen (Margrethe II)
Japan:
+ type: empire
+ style: His Imperial Majesty (HIM)
+ title: The Emperor (Akihito)
Jordan:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: The King (Abdallah)
Kuwait:
+ type: emirate
+ style: His Highness (HH)
+ title: Emir (Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah)
Lesotho:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: The King (Letsie III)
Liechtenstein:
+ type: principality
+ style: His Serene Highness (HSH)
+ title: The Prince (Hans Adam II)
Luxembourg:
+ type: grand duchy
+ style: His Royal Highness (HRH)
+ title: The Grand Duke (Henri)
Malaysia:
(see Note 1)
+ type: federation of states
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: Supreme Head of State (Yang di-Pertuan Agong) (Ja'afar)
Monaco:
+ type: principality
+ style: His Serene Highness (HSH)
+ title: The Prince (Albert II)
Morocco:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: The King (Mohammed VI)
Netherlands
:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: Her Majesty (HM)
+ title: The Queen (Beatrix)
Norway:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: The King (Harald V)
Oman:
+ type: sultanate
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: Sultan (Qaboos bin Said)
Qatar:
+ type: emirate
+ style: His Highness (HH)
+ title: Emir (Hamad Khalifa al-Thani)
Saudi Arabia:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: The King (Abdullah)
Spain:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: The King (Juan Carlos I)
Swaziland:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: The King (Mswati III)
Sweden:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: The King (Carl XVI Gustaf)
Thailand:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: The King (Bhumibol)
Tonga:
+ type: kingdom
+ style: His Majesty (HM)
+ title: The King (King Siaosi Tupou V)
United Arab Emirates:
(see Note 2)
+ type: emirate
+ style: His Highness (HH)
+ title: President (Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed al-Nahyan)
Notes:
+ 1. The nine Hereditary Malay rulers are as follows:
1. Raja of Perlis and Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia:
Tuanku Syed SIRAJUDDIN Ibni Almarhum Tuanku Syed Putra
Jamalullail, born 16 May 1943, acceded 17 April 2000 (on
the death of his father Tuanku Syed Putra Ibni Al-Marhum
Syed Hassan Jamalullail, who was 3rd Yang di-Pertuan
Agong 1960-1965 and was ruling when Malaya united with
Sabah and Sarawak to form Malaysia in 1963); became 12th
Yang di-Pertuan Agong 12 Dec 2001.
2. Sultan of Selangor: Sultan Tengku Idris Shah ibni Sultan
Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah (born 24 December 1945),
acceded 22 Nov 2001 (on the death of his father
Salahuddin Abdul Aziz Shah Alhaj Ibni Almarhum Sultan
Hisamuddin Alam Shah Alhaj, who was 11th Yang di-Pertuan
Agong from 1999 to his death).
3. Sultan of Terengganu: Sultan MIZAN ZAINAL ABIDIN Ibni
Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Al-Muktafi Billah Shah, born 22
January 1962, acceded 15 May 1998 (grandson and second
successor of Tuanku Ismail Nasiruddin Shah Ibni Al-Marhum
Sultan Zainal Abidin, who was 4th Yang di-Pertuan Agong
1965-70). Became Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong
(vice-king) in April 1999.
4. Sultan of Kedah: Al-Sultan Almutasimu Billahi Muhibbuddin
Tuanku Alhaj ABDUL HALIM MUADZAM SHAH ibni Al-Marhum
Sultan Badlishah, born 28 November 1927, acceded 14 July
1958; was 5th Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1970-1975.
5. Sultan of Kelantan: Tuanku ISMAIL PETRA ibni Al-Marhum
Sultan Yahya Petra, born 11 November 1949, acceded 30
March 1979 (on the death of his father Tuanku Yahya Petra
Ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Ibrahim, who was 6th Yang
di-Pertuan Agong 1975-1979).
6. Sultan of Pahang: Sultan Haji AHMAD SHAH Al-Mustain
Billah ibni Al-Marhum Sultan Abu Bakar RiAyatuddin
Al-Muadzam Shah, born 24th October 1930, acceded 7 May
1974; was 7th Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1979-1984.
7. Sultan of Johor: Sultan (MAHMUD) ISKANDAR Al-Haj Ibni
Almarhum Sultan Ismail, born 8 April 1932, acceded 11th
May 1981; was 8th Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1984-1989.
8. Sultan of Perak: Paduka Seri Sultan AZLAN MUHIBBUDDIN
SHAH ibni Almarhum Sultan Yussuf Izzuddin Shah
Ghafarullahu-lah, born 19 April 1928, acceded 3 February
1984; was 9th Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1989-1994.
9. Yang di-Pertuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan: Tuanku JAAFAR
Ibni Almarhum Tuanku Abdul Rahman, born 19 July 1922,
acceded 19 April 1967 (son and second successor of Tuanku
Abdul Rahman Ibni Al-Marhum Tuanku Muhammad, who was the
first Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaya 1957-1960); was
10th Yang di-Pertuan Agong 1994-1999; Negeri Sembilan is
a federation of six (originally nine) states but the
throne is hereditary in this family.
Sources:
www.penerangan.gov.my
www.almanak.com.my
www.dreamwater.net/regiment/RoyalArk
+ 2. The seven Emirs of the United Arab Emirates are as follows:
1. Abu Dhabi: HH Sheikh Khalifa bin Sultan al-Nahyan
(President of the U.A.E.), acceded 2004 on the death of
his father Sheikh Zayed;
2. Dubai: HH Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum acceeded
2006 on the death of his brother Maktoum (Vice President
of the UAE)
3. Sharjah: HH Sheikh Sultan bin Mohammed al-Qassimi,
acceded 1972 after his brother Khalid was killed by
forces loyal to their cousin Saqr bin Sultan who had been
deposed 1965 (Sharjah had been divided in 1866 among the
chief Sheikh's four sons into Sharjah, Ras al-Khaimah,
Kalba (absorbed into Sharjah 1952) and Dibba)
4. Ras al-Khaimah: HH Sheikh Saqr bin Mohammed al-Qassimi,
acceded 1948
5. Umm al-Qaiwan: HH Sheikh Rashid bin Ahmed al-Mualla,
acceded 1981, his father had reigned since 1920s
6. Ajman: HH Sheikh Humaid bin Rashid al-Nuaimi, acceded
1981, his father had reigned since 1920s
7. Fujairah: HH Sheikh Hamad bin Mohammed al-Sharqi, acceded
1974
Back to Table of Contents
___________________________________________________________
9. What are the full titles of the current European monarchs?
Belgium
HM Albert II, King of the Belgians, Prince of Belgium
(S.M. Albert II, Roi des Belges, prince de Belgique)
Denmark
HM Margrethe II, by the Grace of God, Denmark's Queen
Liechtenstein
HSH Hans Adam II, by the Grace of God, Sovereign Prince of
Liechtenstein, Duke of Troppau and Jägerndorf, Count of
Rietberg
Luxembourg
HRH Henri Grand Duke of Luxembourg, Duke of Nassau, Prince
of Bourbon of Parma, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Count of
Sayn, of Königstein, of Katzenelnbogen, and of Dietz,
Burgrave of Hammerstein, Lord of Mahlberg, of Wiesbaden,
of Idstein, of Merenberg, of Limburg, of Eppstein.
Grand Duke Henri discontinued the use of the phrase "by
the grace of God".
Monaco
HSH Albert II, Prince of Monaco, Duc de Valentinois,
Marquis des Baux, Comte de Carlades, Baron de Buis,
Seigneur de Saint-Rémy, Sire de Matignon, Comte de
Thorigny, Baron de Saint-Lô, de la Luthumière et de
Hambye, Duc d'Estouteville, de Mazarin et de Mayenne,
Prince de Château-Porcien, Comte de Ferrette, de Belfort,
de Thann et de Rosemont, Baron d'Altkirch, Seigneur
d'Isenheim, Marquis de Chilly, Comte de Longjumeau, Baron
de Massy, Marquis de Guiscard
Netherlands
HM Beatrix, by the Grace of God, Queen of the Netherlands,
Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld,
Jonkvrouwe Van Amsberg (etc...)
Norway
HM Harald V, King of Norway
Spain
HM Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (according to the 1978
Constitution; however, the titles borne by previous Kings
of Spain have not been abolished; thus: His Catholic
Majesty Juan Carlos, By the Grace of God, King of Spain,
Castile, Leon, Aragon, the Two Sicilies, of Jerusalem,
Navarre, Granada, Toledo, Valencia, Galicia, Mallorca,
Menorca, Seville, Cardeñ;a, Cordoba, Cocega, Murcia, Jaen,
Algeria, Algernon, Gibraltar, the East and West Indies,
the Canary Islands, and the Oceanic Colonies, Archduke of
Austria, Duke of Burgundy, Brabant and Milan, Count of
Habsburg, Flanders, Tirol and Barcelona, Lord of Vizcaya
and Molina)
Sweden
HM Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden
Back to Table of Contents
___________________________________________________________
10. Formerly-reigning monarchs and present-day claimants in Europe and the
Americas since 1849.
In this list, one will find first, the formerly-reigning monarch
or the present-day claimant [when known], and second, the year
when the monarchy ceased to reign.
In some instances, there are two claimants. The order in which
the two claimants are listed is determined randomly each time
this file is read.
Those who once reigned will be refered to as 'King N'. Those who
have never reigned (be they Crown Prince, Hereditary Grand Duke,
or only a claimant) will be refered to as 'Titular King N'. In
the cases of Simeon II of Bulgaria and Constantine II of the
Hellenes (who have never abdicated) and Michael of Roumania (who
was forced to abdicate), it is correct to continue to refer to
them as King and incorrect to refer to them as ex-King.
According to the late Sir Iain Moncreiffe of that Ilk: "A king
who has not abdicated remains a king, even though his power may
not extend de facto over a former realm." (David Williamson,
Co-Editor of Debrett's Peerage, in a letter to the editor of
'The Daily Telegraph' of 2 July 1987.) Even for kings who have
abdicated, the custom is that they continue to enjoy their
former styles.
Albania
o Leka I, Titular King of the Albanians (b. 1939)
o 1946: when the monarchy was abolished
Anhalt
o Eduard II, Titular Duke of Anhalt (b. 1941)
o 1918: when Prince Aribert of Anhalt, Regent of the Duchy
of Anhalt, abdicated in the name of Joachim Ernst, Duke
of Anhalt
Austria
o Otto von Habsburg-Lorraine (Otto I, Titular Emperor of
Austria) (b. 1912)
o 1919: when Emperor Karl I was deposed from his sovereign
rights (see Note 1)
Baden
o Maximilian (Max), Margrave of Baden (Maximilian, Titular
Grand Duke of Baden) (b. 1933)
o 1918: when Friedrich II, Grand Duke of Baden abdicated
Bavaria
o Franz, Duke of Bavaria (Franz, Titular King of Bavaria)
(b. 1933)
o 1918: when the throne was lost through the revolution
Brazil
o rival claimants:
# Luíz Gastao, Prince of Orleans e Bragança (Luíz I,
Titular Emperor of Brazil) (b. 1938)
# Pedro Carlos, Prince of Orleans e Bragança (b. 1945)
o 1889: when Dom Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil, was deposed
following a military uprising
Brunswick
o Ernst August, Prince of Hanover (Ernst August, Titular
Duke of Brunswick) (b. 1954)
o 1918: when Ernst August, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg
abdicated (see also Hanover)
Bulgaria
o Simeon II, King of the Bulgarians (b. 1937)
o 1946: when King Simeon II left the country, without
having abdicated, following a communist-rigged plebiscite
France
Monarchy
o rival claimants:
# Luís Alfonso de Borbón y Martínez-Bordiú, duc
d'Anjou (Louis XX, Titular King of France) (b. 1974)
# Henri, Comte de Paris (Henri VII, Titular King of
France) (b. 1933)
o 1830: when Charles X abdicated following a revolution
o 1848: when Louis Philippe I abdicated following a
revolution
Empire
o Charles, Prince Napoléon (Charles, Titular Emperor of the
French) (b. 1950)
o 1870: when Emperor Napoléon III was deposed
Greece
o Constantine II, King of the Hellenes (b. 1940)
o 1974: when a plebiscite decided against the return of
King Constantine II (had been deposed in 1973)
Hanover
o Ernst August, Prince of Hanover (Ernst August V, Titular
King of Hanover) (b. 1954)
o 1866: when Hanover was annexed to Prussia (see also
Brunswick)
Hesse
(a) Hesse-Cassel
o Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse (Moritz, Titular Elector of
Hesse) (b. 1926)
o 1866: when Friedrich Wilhelm, Elector of Hesse lost his
Throne when the Electorate of Hesse was annexed to the
Kingdom of Prussia
(b) Hesse-Philippsthal
(not regnant after 1815)
o the line of Landgraves of H.-P. became extinct in 1925
(c) Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld
(not regnant after 1815)
o Wilhelm, Prince and Landgrave of Hesse (b. 1933)
(d) Hesse and by Rhine
o Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse (b. 1926) (had been adopted in
1960/ 1961 by Ludwig V, Titular Grand Duke of Hesse and
by Rhine)
o 1918: when Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine
lost his throne on the proclamation of the Republic of
Hesse
(e) Hesse-Homburg
o the line of Landgraves of H.-H. became extinct in 1866
Hohenzollern
(a) Hohenzollern-Hechingen
o Friedrich Wilhelm, Prince of H.-H. ceded his sovereign
rights to the King of Prussia in December 1849
(b) Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
o Friedrich Wilhelm, Titular Prince of Hohenzollern (b.
1924)
o Karl Anton, Prince of H.-S., later Prince of H., ceded
his sovereign rights to the King of Prussia in December
1849
Italy
o Victor Emanuel, Prince of Naples (Vittorio Emanuele IV,
Titular King of Italy) (b. 1937)
o 1946: when King Umberto II left the country (following a
referendum which showed a majority in favour of a
republic)
Lippe
(a) Lippe (-Detmold)
o the Princes of Lippe became extinct in the male line in
1905
(b) Lippe-Biesterfeld
o Friedrich Wilhelm, Titular Prince of Lippe (b. 1947)
o 1918: when Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe abdicated
Mecklenburg
(a) Mecklenburg-Schwerin
o Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of
Mecklenburg-Schwerin (Friedrich Franz V, Titular Grand
Duke of M.-S.) (1910-2001)
The male line is now extinct; but see below
o 1918 (Nov): when Friedrich Franz IV, Grand Duke of M.-S.
renounced the throne
(b) Mecklenburg-Strelitz
o same as M.-Schwerin since 1918
o 1918 (Feb): when the throne became vacant on the death of
Adolf Friedrich VI, Grand Duke of M.-S.
(c) Mecklenburg
o Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia (Georg Friedrich,
Titular German Emperor, King of Prussia, Grand Duke of
Mecklenburg) (b. 1976)
by virtue of a 1442 succession pact, the claim to
Mecklenburg reverted to the margraves of Brandenburg on
extinction of the dynasty in 2001
Mexico
(House of Habsburg-Lorraine)
o 1867: when Maximilian I, Emperor of Mexico was shot and
the country became a republic
Modena
o 1860: when Francesco V, Duke of Modena lost his throne
when Modena was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia
Montenegro
o Nicholas, Prince Petrovic-Njegos of Montenegro (Nicholas
II, Titular King of Montenegro) (b. 1944)
o 1918: when Montenegro was annexed to the Kingdom of the
Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later, Yugoslavia)
Nassau
o 1866: when Adolf, Duke of Nassau lost his throne when
Nassau was annexed to the Kingdom of Prussia (he later
succeeded as Grand Duke of Luxembourg in 1890)
Oldenburg
o Anton Günther, Duke of Oldenburg (Anton Günther, Titular
Grand Duke of Oldenburg) (b. 1923)
o 1918: when Friedrich August, Grand Duke of Oldenburg
renounced the throne
Parma
o Carlos Hugo (Charles Hugues), Titular Duke of Parma (b.
1930)
o 1859: when the Duchy of Parma was annexed to the Kingdom
of Sardinia
Portugal
o Duarte, Duke of Braganza (Duarte III, Titular King of
Portugal and the Algarves) (b. 1945)
o 1910: when King Manoel II lost the Throne through the
revolution
Prussia
o Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia (Georg Friedrich,
Titular German Emperor, King of Prussia) (b. 1976)
o 1918: when German Emperor Wilhelm II abdicated (see also
Mecklenburg)
Reuss
I. Reuss Elder Line (Reuss-Greiz)
o 1918: when Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss zu Greiz renounced
the throne (the Elder Line of the House of Reuss became
extinct in 1927)
II. Reuss Younger Line
(a) Reuss-Schleiz
o Heinrich VIII, Titular Prince Reuss zu Schleiz (b. 1944)
o 1918: when Heinrich XXVII, Prince R. zu S. renounced the
throne
(b) Reuss-Schleiz-Köstritz
o Heinrich IV, Titular Fürst Reuss (on his father's death
1946 but not fully recognized as such until 1962 with
effect from 1953)
Roumania
o Michael, King of Roumania (b. 1921)
o 1947: when King Michael was forced to abdicate
Russia
o rival claimants:
# Grand Duchess Maria Wladimirovna of Russia (Maria,
Titular Empress and Autocrat of All the Russias) (b.
1953)
# Prince Nicholas Romanov (b. 1922)
o 1917: when Emperor Nicholas II abdicated
Saxon duchies
(a) Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
o Michael-Benedict, Prince of S.-W.-E. (Titular Grand Duke
of S.-W.-E.) (b. 1946)
o 1918: when Wilhelm Ernst, Grand Duke of S.-W.-E. lost the
throne
(b) Saxe-Meiningen
o Friedrich-Konrad, Titular Duke of S.-M. (b. 1952)
o 1918: when Bernhard III, Duke of S.-M. abdicated
(c) Saxe-Altenburg
o the Ducal House of Saxe-Altenburg became extinct in 1991
o 1918: when Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg renounced the
throne
(d) Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
o Andreas, Titular Duke of S.-C. and G. (b. 1943)
o 1918: when Karl Eduard, Duke of S.-C. and G. abdicated
Royal Saxony
o Maria Emanuel, Margrave of Meissen (Maria Emanuel,
Titular King of Saxony) (b. 1926)
o 1918: when King Friedrich August III renounced the Throne
Schaumburg-Lippe
o Alexander Christian, Titular Prince of S.-L. (b. 1958)
o 1918: when Adolf II, Prince of S.-L. renounced the throne
Schleswig-Holstein
(present Glücksburg branch not regnant since the 17th c.
but listed because of its branches in Russia, Oldenburg
and Denmark)
(a) Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg
o 1931: when the Augustenburg line of the family became
extinct
(b) Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg
o Christoph, Prince of S.-H.-S.-G. (Christoph, Titular Duke
of S.-H.-S.-G.) (b. 1949)
Schwarzburg
(a) Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen
o 1909: when the male line of S.-S. became extinct
(b) Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
o 1918: when Gunther, Prince of S. abdicated
o 1971: the Princely House of Schwarzburg became extinct in
male line
Note: Schwarzburg had semi-Salic succession, so a
potential claimant would be Friedrich Magnus, Graf zu
Solms- Wildenfels, (b. 1927)
Tuscany
o Sigismund, Titular Grand Duke of Tuscany (b. 1966) (see
Note 2)
o 1860: when Ferdinando IV, Grand Duke of Tuscany lost his
throne when Tuscany was united to the Kingdom of Sardinia
Two Sicilies
o rival claimants:
# Ferdinando, Duke of Castro (Ferdinando IV, Titular
King of the Kingdom of The Two Sicilies) (b. 1926)
# Carlos, Duke of Calabria (Carlo VIII, Titular King
of the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily) (b. 1938)
o 1860: when The Two Sicilies were annexed to the new
Kingdom of Italy
Waldeck and Pyrmont
o Wittekind, Titular Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont (b.
1936)
o 1918: when Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont
abdicated
Württemberg
o Carl, Duke of Württemberg (Carl II, Titular King of
Württemberg) (b. 1936)
o 1918: when King Wilhelm II abdicated
Yugoslavia
o Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia (Alexander II,
Titular King of Yugoslavia) (b. 1945)
o 1945: when the monarchy was abolished
Notes:
1. On 31 May 1961, by written declaration, Archduke Otto
renounced his rights to the Austrian throne as well as his
membership in the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and declared
himself to be a citizen of Austria. This 'political fiction'
was done for the benefit of the Austrian republic and to allow
Otto to journey to Austria whenever he so wished. This
"renunciation" was viewed as such and understood for what it
was by the members of the Imperial family. (Les Manuscrits du
C.E.D.R.E.: L'Empire d'Autriche, volume III, 1991, page 69.)
2. On 12 April 1994, Leopold III, Titular Grand Duke of Tuscany,
abdicated as Titular Grand Duke in favor of his elder son,
Archduke Sigismund; his civil remarriage after a divorce
conflicted with heading the Roman Catholic order of St.
Stephen.
Back to Table of Contents
___________________________________________________________
11. When did the world's current monarchs succeed?
Here are the dates of succession of the world's presently
reigning monarchs:
Bahrain
- Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa succeeded upon the death
of his father Shaikh Isa bin Sulman al-Khalifa on 6 March
1999. The constitution promulgated on 14 Feb 2002 defines
Bahrain to be a kingdom.
Belgium
- King Albert II succeeded upon the death of his elder
brother King Baudouin on 31 July 1993 (took the oath on 9
August 1993)
Bhutan
- Druk Gyalpo ("Dragon King") Jigme Khesar Namgyel
Wangchuk succeeded upon the abdication of his father Druk
Gyalpo Jigme Singye Wangchuk on 14 Dec 2006 (crowned 2
June 1974)
Brunei
- Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah succeeded upon the
abdication of his father Sultan Haji Omar Ali Saifuddien
III on 4 October 1967 (crowned 1 August 1968)
Cambodia
- King Norodom Sihamoni was elevated to the throne on Oct
14, 2004 following the abdication of his father King
Norodom Sihanouk
Denmark
- Queen Margrethe II succeeded upon the death of her
father King Frederik IX on 14 January 1972
Japan
- Emperor Akihito succeed upon the death of his father
Emperor Hirohito (known posthumously as Emperor Showa) on
7 January 1989 (crowned 12 November 1990)
Jordan
- King Abdullah succeeded upon the death of his father
King Hussein on 7 February 1999
Kuwait
- Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah succeeded Sheikh Saad
Al-Abdullah Al-Salem Al-Sabah on the latter's
deposition/abdication on Jan 24, 2006
Lesotho
- King Letsie III succeeded as King on 7 February 1996
following death of his father King Moshoeshoe (on 15
January 1996) current reign (crowned 31 October 1997)
N.B.: King Letsie III had previously been King from
November 1990 to January 1995
Liechtenstein
- Prince Hans Adam II succeeded upon the death of his
father Prince Franz Josef II on 13 November 1989
Luxembourg
- Grand Duke Henri succeeded upon the abdication of his
father Grand Duke Jean on 7 October 2000
Malaysia
- Sultan Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin Syed Putra Jamalulla was
installed as Yang di-Pertuan Agong (King of Malaysia) on
12 Dec 2001
Monaco
- Prince Albert II succeeded upon the death of his father
Prince Rainier III on 6 Apr 2005
Morocco
- King Mohammed VI succeeded upon the death of his father
King Hassan II on 23 July 1999
Nepal
The monarchy was abolished May 28, 2008.
Netherlands
- Queen Beatrix succeeded upon the abdication of her
mother Queen Juliana on 30 April 1980
Norway
- King Harald V succeeded upon the death of his father
King Olav on 17 January 1991 (sworn in on 21 January 1991;
consecration on 23 June 1991)
Oman
- Sultan Qaboos assumed power after deposing his father
Sultan Said bin Taimur on 23 July 1970
Qatar
- Sheikh Hamad Khalifa al-Thani succeeded when he deposed
his father Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad al-Thani on 27 June
1995
Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah succeeded upon the death of his brother
King Fahd on 1 August 2005
Spain
- King Juan Carlos I was proclaimed king following the
death of Generalissimo Francisco Franco, Chief of State,
on 22 November 1975
N.B.: at this time, King Juan Carlos's father, Don Juan,
Count of Barcelona, was de jure King of Spain; it wasn't
until 14 May 1977 that Don Juan renounced his rights
Swaziland
- King Mswati III was installed as ruler on 25 April 1986
(his father King Sobhuza II died on 21 August 1982)
Sweden
- King Carl XVI Gustaf succeeded upon the death of his
grandfather King Gustaf VI Adolf on 15 September 1973
Thailand
- King Bhumibol succeeded upon the death of his brother
King Ananda Mahidol on 9 June 1946 (crowned 5 May 1950)
Tonga
- King Siaosi Tupou V succeeded upon the death of his
father King Taufa'ahau Tupou IV on September 10, 2006
United arab emirates
- Sheikh Khalifa bin Sultan an-Nahyan, Ruler of Abu Dhabi,
took office as President of the U.A.E. on 3 November 2004
Samoa
- HH Malietoa Tanumafili II succeeded as co-ruler (joint
Head of State) on 1 January 1962 and as sole ruler (Head
of State) on 5 April 1963; he died on May 11, 2007.
Henceforth the head of state will serve five-year terms.
Back to Table of Contents
___________________________________________________________
12. Birthdays of the world's current monarchs.
See also Netty's Royalty Page which also has anniversaries and
birthdays of close relatives.
January:
5 - Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (b. 1938)
28 - Shaikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa (b. 1950)
30 - Abdullah, King of Jordan (b. 1962)
31 - Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands (b. 1938)
February:
14 - Hans Adam II, Prince of Liechtenstein (b. 1945)
21 - Harald V, King of Norway (b. 1937)
21 - Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuk, King of Bhutan (b.
1980)
March:
14 - Albert II, Prince of Monaco (b. 1958)
April:
16 - Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (b. 1940)
16 - Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (b. 1955)
19 - Mswati III, King of Swaziland (b. 1968)
30 - Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (b. 1946)
May:
4 - King Siaosi Tupou V, king of Tonga 16 - Sultan Tuanku
Syed Sirajuddin, king of Malaysia (b. 1943)
June:
6 - Albert II, King of the Belgians (b. 1934)
July:
15 - Haji Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei (b. 1946)
17 - Letsie III, King of Lesotho (b. 1963)
August:
21 - King Mohammed VI of Morocco (b. 1963)
September:
October:
31 - Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cambodia (b. 1922)
November:
18 - Qaboos bin Said, Sultan of Oman (b. 1940)
December:
5 - Bhumibol, King of Thailand (b. 1927)
23 - Akihito, Emperor of Japan (b. 1933)
N.B.: the following monarchs are not shown because of incomplete
dates of birth: King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia (b. 1924), Sheikh
Hamad Khalifa al-Thani of Qatar (b. 1950), President Sheikh
Khalifa of the United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Sabah of Kuwait
Back to Table of Contents
___________________________________________________________
13. Official Birthdays and National Holidays.
Some monarchs have both a real birthday and an official
birthday, that is, a birthday which is celebrated publicly on a
day other than their day of birth. Not all monarchs have an
official birthday.
Andorra
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 8 September
Bahrain
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 16 December
Belgium
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 21 July
Bhutan
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 17 December
Brunei
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 23 February
15 July (Sultan's Birthday)
Cambodia
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 9 January
Denmark
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 16 April (which coincides with the
Queen's real
birthday)
Japan
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 23 December (the Emperor's real
birthday)
Jordan
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 14 November (the King's real birthday)
Kuwait
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 25 February
Lesotho
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 2 May (King's Birthday)
Liechtenstein
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 15 August
Luxembourg
- official birthday: 23 June
- national holiday: 23 June
Malaysia
- official birthday: 3 June (the Yang di-Pertuan Agong)
- national birthday: 31 August
Monaco
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 19 November (Fête du Prince)
Morocco
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 23 July (Festival of the Throne,
anniversary of King Mohammed's accession)
Netherlands
- official birthday: 30 April (the Queen's real birthday
is in January)
- national holiday: 30 April (Queen's Day; celebration of
the Queen's accession)
Norway
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 17 May
Oman
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 18 November
19 November (Birthday of the Sultan)
Qatar
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 27 June (anniversary of the Emir's
accession)
3 September
Saudi Arabia
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 23 September
Spain
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 12 October
Swaziland
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 19 April (Birthday of King Mswati)
Sweden
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 6 June
Thailand
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 5 December (King's Birthday)
Tonga
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 4 May (The King's Birthday)
United Arab Emirates
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 2 December
Samoa
- official birthday:
- national holiday: 1 January
Back to Table of Contents
___________________________________________________________
14. Royal Landmarks (Places of Interest).
Eric-Jan Noomen, a member of a.t.r., prepared a list of royal
landmarks in 1996. He posted his list to our newsgroup in the
spring of 1997 and a revised version of the list can now be
found as a separate part of a.t.r.'s FAQ at this URL:
http://www.heraldica.org/faqs/landmark.html
Back to Table of Contents
___________________________________________________________
15. What are the addresses of the world's current monarchs?
Before dealing with the addresses, the FAQ wishes to state that
it realises some people chafe at etiquette, protocol and
conventions. The FAQ does not wish to tell how one must deal
with royal correspondence; rather, it suggests the following
points:
+ it is always correct and in good taste to address one's letter
and envelope to the Private Secretary (or Equerry or
Lady-in-Waiting) to monarchs or other members of royal
families
+ in Scandinavia, where things are less formal, generally
speaking, one may address one's letter directly to the
Sovereign depending on the nature of one's letter (e.g.:
letters of a personal nature); when writing "business-type"
letters, addressing such correspondence to the P.S. is
preferable
+ when writing to Private Secretaries, the letter and envelope
are written to the Private Secretary by office, not by name
+ for those who wish, reading Debrett's Correct Form, or Titles
and Forms of Address, or even appropriate chapters within
etiquette books such as Emily Post's Etiquette and The Amy
Vanderbilt Complete Book of Etiquette will be of help
ADDRESSES OF SELECTED MONARCHS:
+ Zayed bin Sultan al-Nahayan, Sheikh of Abu Dhabi
Amiri Palace
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
+ HM Hamad bin Isa al-Khalifa, King of Bahrain
Rifa'a Palace
Manama, Bahrain
+ The Private Secretary to HM The King
Palais de Bruxelles
B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
+ HM Gyalpo Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuk, King of Bhutan
The Royal Palace
Thimphu, Bhutan
+ HM Haji Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei
Istana Darul Hana
Brunei
+ HM Norodom Sihanouk, King of Cambodia
Khemarindra Palace
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
+ The Private Secretary to HM The Queen
Amalienborg
DK-1257 Copenhagen K., Denmark
+ Mohammed bin Rashid al-Maktoum, Sheikh of Dubai
The Royal Palace
Dubai, United Arab Emirates
+ HIM The Emperor of Japan
The Imperial Palace
1-1 Chiyoda
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo
Japan
+ HM Abdullah, King of Jordan
The Royal Palace
Amman, Jordan
+ HH Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait
Sief Palace
Amiry Diwan, Kuwait
+ The Private Secretary to HSH The Prince
Schloss Vaduz
FL-9490 Vaduz
Liechtenstein
+ The Private Secretary to HRH The Grand Duke
Schloss Berg
L-2013 Colmar Berg, Luxembourg
+ The Private Secretary to HSH The Prince
Palais de Monaco
Boîte Postale 518
MC-98015 Monaco-Ville, Monaco
+ HM Mohammed VI, King of Morocco
The Royal Palace
Rabat, Morocco
+ HM The Queen of the Netherlands
Noordeinde 68
2514 GL 's-Gravenhage
The Netherlands
+ The Private Secretary to HM The King
The Royal Court
NO-0010 Oslo, Norway
+ Qaboos bin Said, Sultan of Oman
The Palace
Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
+ Hamad Khalifa al-Thani, Sheikh of Qatar
The Royal Palace
Doha, Qatar
+ HM Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia
Royal Diwan
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
+ The Private Secretary to HM The King
Palacio de la Zarzuela
El Pardo
E-28048 Madrid, Spain
+ The Private Secretary to HM The King
The Royal Palace
S-111 30 Stockholm, Sweden
+ HM Bhumibol, King of Thailand
Chitralada Villa
Bangkok, Thailand
+ HM Siaosi Tupou V, King of Tonga
The Palace
P.O. Box 6
Nuku'alofa, Tonga
+ Rashid bin Ahmed al-Mu'alla, Sheikh of Uum Al-Qaiwain
The Ruler's Palace
Uum Al-Qaiwain, United Arab Emirates
Back to Table of Contents
___________________________________________________________
16. How are the Reuss princes numbered and why are they all named Heinrich?
[thanks to William Addams Reitwiesner for letting me adapt his
post about the Reuss princes; this post has appeared in
alt.talk.royalty on a number of ocassions - November 1995, April
1997 and July 1998 ]
There's been a lot of confusion about the Reuss family,
especially about how their male members, all of whom are named
"Heinrich", are numbered. Here are the facts, based on
Isenburg's Europäische Stammtafeln, Band I, Tafel 163-174.
The Reuss family divided into two branches, the senior descended
from Heinrich XIV (1506-1572) and the junior descended from his
youngest half-brother Heinrich XVI (1530-1572).
Senior Branch
Starting with Heinrich XIV (1506-1572), who was renumbered as
Heinrich I, *every* male in the senior line numbered his sons
Heinrich I, Heinrich II, Heinrich III, etc. After a while this
got clumsy, and starting in about 1640 the entire Senior Branch
started numbering its Heinrichs sequentially, based on birth
order *within the Branch*, not within the sibship. This
continued through 1678 with the birth of Heinrich XVI, and the
next birth, in 1693, was Heinrich I. This sequence continued
through the entire Senior Branch, which didn't have very many
males, down to 1878 with the birth of Heinrich XXIV, the last
male of the Senior Branch, who died unmarried in 1927. This
Senior Branch is also called "Reuss-Greiz", and a sister of this
Heinrich XXIV was Hermine, second wife of Kaiser Wilhelm II.
Junior Branch
Heinrich XVI died in 1572 leaving daughters and a pregnant wife.
This turned out to be a son, Heinrich Posthumous (1572-1635).
Heinrich Posthumous had ten sons, Heinrich I through Heinrich X.
The grandsons of Heinrich Posthumous started a new sequence with
Heinrich I in 1639. This sequence continued for the entire
Junior Branch through the birth of Heinrich XXIX in 1699. A new
sequence for the Junior Branch started with Heinrich I in 1695
(okay, so it got a little out of order) and continued through
the birth of Heinrich LXXV in 1800, then a new sequence started
with Heinrich I in 1803 and continued through Heinrich XLVII in
1897. The current sequence started with Heinrich I in 1910 and
continues through at least Heinrich XXVI, born in 1988.
Territories in this Junior Branch include "Reuss-Gera" (extinct
in 1802), "Reuss-Schleiz" (extinct apparently in 1945),
"Reuss-Lobenstein" (extinct in 1824), "Reuss-Ebersdorf" (extinct
in 1853, Queen Victoria's grandmother was one of these), and
Reuss-Köstritz, which itself was divided into three branches
(the oldest extinct in 1878 and the younger two still survive).
The numbering has never gone higher than Heinrich LXXV (who died
age one year, but Heinrich LXXIV lived to be 87). Heinrich Licco
is son of a marriage which at various times was considered to be
morganatic, which is why (in my opinion) his name is not
standard. The family compact of 1887 didn't make the Counts of
Plauen "ebenbürtig", it actually un-"ebenbürtig"-ed them (what
with the marriage of Heinrich LXIX to Matilda Locke being
considered "ebenbürtig" I guess they had to draw the line
somewhere), which is why (in my opinion) they and their
descendants' names are not standard (even though some of them
get numbers).
Back to Table of Contents
17. What happens when a king dies and his widow is pregnant?
It depends on the applicable law of succession. If, under that law, there was
an heir apparent at the time of death, than that heir immediately succeeds. If
there was only an heir presumptive, then in all likelihood a regency of some
kind would be put in place until the birth of the child; a conceivable
alternative being a "conditional proclamation" of the heir presumptive (see
the Brit-FAQ 2.44). The situation is rarely, if ever, explicitly foreseen in
succession laws.
Specifically:
1. If the deceased king already has at least one son, then, under
any existing succession law, the son would immediately
succeed.
2. If he has no son but at least one daughter, and if absolute
primogeniture is the rule, then the eldest one would
immediately succeed.
3. In all other cases, the unborn child could displace existing
heirs presumptive.
There are several historical examples:
+ In 1316, Louis X of France died leaving a daughter and a
pregnant widow. The daughter was not called to succeed, but
the brother of the deceased became regent until the birth of a
son, known as Jean I, who died within days. The regent
succeeded him as Philip V.
+ In 1328, Charles IV of France died leaving a daughter and a
pregnant widow. Again, the daughter was excluded, and the heir
presumptive Philip of Valois became regent, until the birth of
a daughter, after which he was retroactively made king from
the death of his predecessor.
+ In 1885, Alfonso XII of Spain died leaving two daughters and a
pregnant widow. The succession law was mixed primogeniture
(preference to males). The widow became regent until the birth
of a son, who became Alfonso XIII.
The case may be paradoxical in the face of such maxims as "the
king is dead, long live the king" and the notion of absolute
continuity of the throne. In both instances, the throne was
vacant for several months. Such a vacancy was avoided in the
rather exotic case of Shapur II, Sassanid king of Persia,
crowned while in his mother's womb in 309 AD (after magi had
assured that the child would be a boy).
___________________________________________________________
Part III: Nobility
1. What does it mean to be a noble?
(I hope readers of the FAQ will bear in mind that this answer
cannot enumerate the history, laws or succession rules of every
country or title. There are exceptions to every rule on the
nobility, and the objective of this section is to provide broad
guidelines.)
Nobility is, historically, a legally defined status, largely
inherited once acquired, and enjoying once extensive privileges
which, in modern Europe, have been reduced (except see British
sub-FAQ) to nominal membership in the noble class with or
without a hereditary title in, e.g., BeNeLux, Denmark, Spain and
Sweden. The nobility has been abolished, with varying degrees of
governmental tolerance for continued use of once noble
attributes, in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Italy and Portugal.
Titles (not nobility) are recognized and protected in France.
Titles exist as part of the surname in Germany. Titles are not
indigenous to or not permitted in Austria, the Balkans, Greece,
Norway, Poland, Switzerland or former constituent states of the
Soviet Union.
The most common titles associated with nobility in Europe were,
in descending order Prince, Duke, Marquis, Count, Viscount,
Baron, Knight and Noble, although some countries had more
titles, some fewer. In Belgium, France, Portugal and Spain peers
were the category of highest nobles; although most dukes were
peers, some peers held lower titles.
Except for peers, titles indicated official rank, but not
substantially different privileges. In fact, the majority of
Europe's nobles never held hereditary titles. Even in countries
where many did, it was often the longevity of a family's
membership in the noble class and/or history of court/military
service and/or wealth which was of greater importance in
assessing its status than any legal title.
Evaluating titles across boundaries is virtually impossible, not
only because they were bestowed more liberally in some countries
than in others, but because their rules of descent and attached
privileges also varied.
In France, Portugal, Scandinavia and Spain, the rank of prince
was limited to members of the reigning dynasty, but the title
was also sometimes borne by non-royal nobles in the Balkan
countries, Bohemia, France, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Poland,
Russia. In Scandinavia, "duke" usually implies royal kinship and
in Germany, semi- sovereign rank, but until the 16th century,
dukes were mostly great land-owning nobles in France, Italy,
Portugal and Spain who often were equal to or outranked princes,
especially in Italy.
Counts, were originally companions of or regional governors
appointed by the Holy Roman Emperor or by kings. In Germany many
of these "grafen" retained semi-sovereign status (Reichsstand),
acknowledging only nominally the authority of the Emperor and
inflating their dignity with prefixes (e.g. margrave, landgrave,
palsgrave, etc.) and their number by eschewing primogeniture.
But most European counts were vassals of greater princes, even
within the Empire (i.e. Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, northern
Italy and Poland) where titles were mostly granted by the
Emperor until the 19th century, transmissible to males and
females through the male line.
It was not rare for sovereigns to grant hereditary titles to
subjects of other realms, which honors conferred no legal rank
in the recipient's country. That did not stop the Emperor from
living in Vienna while making princes or counts of Bohemians,
Dalmatians, Hungarians, Lithuanians and Poles. (Nearly all
titles of baron in Poland were foreign.) The King of Spain
recognized only his heir apparent as a prince in Madrid, but he
created scores of them in Naples and Sicily and dozens more in
Belgium.
In Scandinavia, there were few counts before the 17th century.
In Russia, there weren't any counts until Peter the Great's
reign from 1682 to 1725. Countships and baronies were
distributed more sparingly in the North, sometimes descending to
all children and sometime by masculine primogeniture.
In Latin countries, the titles of Marquis, Count, Viscount and
Baron descended according to primogeniture, although in Italy
some also descended to the entire male-line. In Spain, Marques
was the most common title; in Portugal, Vizconde; and in Italy,
Conte.
The Spanish grandee is equivalent to the French peer, ranking
above all other Spanish nobles regardless of title. But Spain is
unique inasmuch as men are far less favored over women than in
most nobilities. Titles descend to daughters or sisters before
being heritable by more distant male kinsmen. A holder of
multiple titles is not bound by primogeniture, but may
distribute them among children. The husband of a duquesa or
vizcondesa is a duque or vizconde.
Below the rank of baron, in Germany there was the knight
(Ritter), lord (Herr), nobleman (Edler) and untitled noble who
usually took the predicate "von" or the higher one of "zu" which
implied continued possession of the family seat. Note that lord
(Herr) was used as a title, especially in Bohemia, but for many
many years it was just a designation of an untitled noble. The
Netherlands has the Jonkheer (strictly speaking a predicate
rather than a title) below the Ridder, while Belgium has the
chevalier.
Italy's lower titles are Cavaliere, Nobili, Patrician and
Coscritto. Hungary, Bohemia and Poland all have Counts but
nearly all titles of baron were foreign. Russia had princes and
counts, and hundred of barons. Ranking below them were the
dvorianstvo (untitled nobles).
Back to Table of Contents
___________________________________________________________
2. What does it mean to be a German noble?
The answer to this question is taken from an article written by
Gilbert von Studnitz in "Der Blumenbaum", a publication of the
Sacramento German Genealogy Society, Vol. 9, number 4,
April-June 1992. Gilbert, an a.t.r. member, has graciously given
his permission for a revised version of this article to be used
in the a.t.r. FAQ.
The German Nobility
Copyright © 1992 by Gilbert von Studnitz
The German system of nobility, as indeed the European system in
general, is quite different from the English system with which
most Americans are familiar. The English have a peerage system
and not an extensive system of nobility, though their squires or
landed gentry would tend to be the closest thing. In England
only the eldest son usually inherits the title and the rest are
considered commoners, though they may bear "courtesy titles" if
their father has more than one, or may be called "Lord" or
"Lady" without actually being one.
The German nobility is divided into two major divisions, that of
the lower (niedriger Adel) and the high (hoher Adel). It is
further divided into the ancient nobility (Uradel) and the newer
nobility (commonly known as Briefadel, or literally nobility by
letter-cachet, but also including other groups.) The Uradel may
be of either the lower or high nobility, but the Briefadel is
almost always of the lower.
In Germany, all legitimate children of a nobleman become nobles
themselves, and most titles pass onto all the children with few
exceptions. All the children of sovereigns did not, of course,
become kings or electors, but did become princes or princesses.
In the last decades of the German Empire, in imitation of the
English system, a few families were ennobled with titles that
passed on only to the eldest son, the remainder retaining either
their father's former title (which he also still carried) or
just untitled nobility.
The hereditary and legal privileges of the nobility as the first
class of the realm ended in August of 1919 when the Constitution
of the so-called Weimar Republic came into force. The laws that
concerned the nobility for some one thousand years before 1919
stated that hereditary nobility could only be passed on through
legitimate biological descent from a noble father but not
through adoption and especially not through purchase. When
non-nobles were adopted the family name could be carried by the
adoptee, but none of the noble designations of the family (such
as a title or the "von".) If such an adoptee wished to become
noble, he or she had to apply to their sovereign for such status
in the same manner as any other subject. An exemption to this
was and is still made by the "legitimatio per matrimonium
subsequens", which allowed the legitimation of children born out
of wedlock after the marriage of their noble parents. By this
the children became full hereditary nobles, though some social
stigma still remained.
Since 1919, according to the German republican government, the
nobility no longer exists as a legal entity. Nevertheless, the
titles and noble designations of the nobility have not been
abolished, as they have in Austria, and may still be carried.
Legally they are now merely parts of the family name and in
theory convey no status. Following this rule all children of,
for example, a Count von Beust, whether male or female, would
have the family name Count von Beust. Similarly your could find
ladies named Elisabeth Duke of Saxony or Luise Prince of
Prussia. A woman married to the Hereditary Grand Duke of Baden
would, in law, also be named Hereditary Grand Duke of Baden, as
would all their children. To avoid making all this seem too
ridiculous the German government ignores much of its own law and
allows the wives and children of nobles to take the
gender-specific titles appropriate to their sex.
Another example of society ignoring the 1919 law and following
traditional practice is that in all German telephone books a
person named, for instance, Baron von Richthofen would be listed
under a "R" for Richthofen rather than a "v" for "von" or a "B"
for "Baron". The U.S. telephone books are (unwittingly) more
compliant with current German legal writ by listing all persons
with a "von" under "v".
The 1919 law also causes difficulties in the case of children
inheriting senior titles of their fathers. For example, in
certain families only the senior member is a count, and the rest
are untitled nobles. For a child to use the inherited title of
"count" upon his father's death would involve a court petition
for a name change, which is not always granted when the judge or
magistrate has an anti-noble bias.
Current law allows a person adopted by a noble to use the noble
family name, and since the title is considered part of the name,
that is also conveyed by adoption. It should be noted that the
German nobility never acknowledges such persons to be noble, no
matter what they call themselves.
Those persons who claim nobility through adoption or purchase,
such as the notorious Claus von Bülow, the Nazi foreign minister
von Ribbentrop, or Zsa-Zsa Gabor's husband who uses a Saxon
princely title, are not recognized as part of the historical
nobility and are no more members of that class than anyone else
claiming a status to which they are not entitled. Most such
persons are essentially deluding themselves while trying to fool
others.
The basic designation of the nobility is the predicate "von",
which the vast majority of German nobles carry. There are a
small number of noble houses, almost exclusively of the Uradel,
which have never used the "von" or any other noble predicate,
but are nevertheless of fully equal standing with those that do.
In northern and eastern Germany there are a substantial number
of families (such as the von Kranichfelds) that use the "von" as
designations of the towns where they come from (as is the case
with most older noble families) but have never been noble and
make no pretense to be so.
A few noble houses use "von und zu", meaning they are not only
from the place mentioned but still retain it. Another Uradel
house is named "aus dem Winckel" instead of "von dem Winckel"
but having the same meaning. Other noble predicates sometimes
seen are "von dem", "von der", or "vom". "Van" is not used by
German nobles but is Dutch or Flemish and does not usually
connote nobility in those countries. As a way of differentiating
themselves from non-nobles, the aristocracy of northern Germany
in most cases uses the abbreviation "v.", instead of writing out
the "von", while still pronouncing the whole word. The southern
Germans most often write out the "von". It is always spelled
with a small "v" unless it would be grammatically incorrect,
such as in the beginning of a sentence.
Notwithstanding regional preferences, the "Bible" of the
nobility, the Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels (Genealogical
Handbook of the Nobility), published by C. A. Starke in
Limburg/Lahn, uses the "v." to designate nobles and spells out
the "von" for non-noble families or individual non-nobles within
aristocratic families. This handbook, colloquially known as the
"Gotha" for it's predecessor the Almanach de Gotha (in German,
Gothaisches Hofkalendar) attempts a comprehensive listing of all
German noble houses currently or recently in existence and comes
out in several volumes on a yearly basis, listing all living
members of a family and all those deceased since the last
edition. The handbook is divided into several series with the
binding in different colors: Royal & Princely houses, Counts,
Barons, Untitled nobles, and Family histories. Within these
series the families are, except since recently the Counts and
Barons, divided into Uradel or Briefadel.
The advantage of having these books is obvious: there is a
wealth of genealogical information, and as it lists addresses,
many potential contacts can be found. It is also a way of being
able to investigate people's claims to noble status, though this
kind of checking is not considered "gentlemanly". The listing
are thorough and are checked for accuracy, though they depend to
a large degree on the individual's honesty in telling the truth
about themselves.
Not every German noble family is included, as most often the
family concerned must contribute financially to its inclusion,
or the family may be too small, poor, or unwilling to warrant
repeated updating. For instance, my own family, with some 70
members, appeared lastly in 1985 and will do so again in 1999,
but that of my grandmother, von Bulmerincq, has not appeared
since 1936. The current series of books has been published since
1951, and is available at a number of larger libraries. German
nobles, especially the Uradel, have a particular class
consciousness and consider themselves interrelated and cousins
even if they don't know exactly how. Often in the case of the
ancient families this is correct due to centuries of
intermarriage. All members of the Uradel are considered by
themselves to be of the same status, whether they are untitled,
barons, counts, or whatever else they may be. The particular
title of a person is far less important among the nobility than
the age and standing of the family. This is particularly true as
a number of old families have branches of various levels. For
instance, the Counts, Barons, and untitled von Bothmers are all
part of the same family. The Uradel also tend to look down on
the Briefadel as parvenus, even when the Briefadel may have been
noble for centuries. I recall visiting a cousin on the
Lüneburger Heath in Lower Saxony who had a brass plate on his
front door stating "Liferanten und Briefadel zur Hintertuer",
meaning "Deliveries and Briefadel to the rear entrance". Though
meant as a joke, there was still a bit of seriousness behind it.
Uradel
This oldest level of the nobility is made up of those houses
which by no later than 1400 were members of the knightly class,
or patricians of a free Imperial city such as Frankfurt/Main.
Most often these houses are counted as noble since "time
immemorial" as at their first appearance in written records they
were already noble. The families that make up this segment of
the nobility usually descend from the knights or most important
warriors of a sovereign that were the basis of his fighting
force, or more rarely from a senior civil official of the time.
The Uradel often had legal privileges over the newer nobility
certifying their higher standing, such as in the Nobles Law of
the Kingdom of Saxony of 1902. There are far fewer Uradel
families still in existence than Briefadel due to the fact that
families die out over the centuries and no Uradel has been
created in almost 600 years.
Briefadel
This level of the nobility is made up of those houses which were
ennobled since the beginning of the 15th Century through the end
of the German or Austrian Empires in 1918. There were widely
differing prerequisites for this level of the nobility, though
most often military or civil service to the sovereign were the
qualities most valued. The Briefadel includes houses ennobled or
recognized as noble by the Emperor or one of the sovereigns of
the high nobility. Also included are patricians of the free
Imperial cities and non-German noble houses that immigrated over
the centuries, such as the Counts von Polier from France or the
Herren von Zerboni di Sposetti from Italy.
High Nobility
The High Nobility is made up of those families that had
Reichsstandschaft, or had a seat in the Parliament of the Holy
Roman Empire. These seats were reserved for sovereign houses.
These families were also Reichsunmittelbar, or in a feudal sense
holding their lands directly from the Holy Roman Emperor, who
for four centuries, until the end of the empire in 1806, came
from the house of Habsburg. In essence, these families were
rulers of their own countries, often in times of a weak emperor
paying only lip service to their subservience to him. Their
relationship to the emperor was then much like that of today's
Commonwealth rulers to the British Queen. Even in times of a
strong emperor he was to them more like a chairman of the board
rather than a ruler. Up to the early 19th Century, there were
some baronial and untitled families that held lands directly of
the emperor, so essentially being their own rulers, but had no
seat in the Parliament, thus being members of the lower
nobility. Many families of the high nobility have house laws
applicable to their members. Often these laws do not allow
marriage outside their ranks, even to the lower nobility which
would be considered a morganatic alliance. Even today, the
children of a member of the high nobility who marries
morganatically become members of the lower nobility.
Ranks of the High Nobility
Within this division of the nobility the highest title is
Emperor, or Kaiser, deriving from Caesar in Latin. Through most
of German history, there was only one of these, the Holy Roman
Emperor of the German Nation, lasting from the crowning of
Charlemagne in the year 800 through the renunciation of the last
emperor, Franz II, in 1806 under the influence of Napoleon, who
by then had proclaimed himself Emperor of the French. Kaiser
Franz had already declared himself Emperor of Austria, as Franz
I, in 1804. In essence, the emperor just changed his title so as
to more accurately reflect the political realities of the time.
A second German empire was established in 1871 after the victory
of the German states over Napoleon III, when King Wilhelm I of
Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor. He was never titled
Emperor of Germany, as this nation was not a unitary state but a
federation of monarchies and free city-states with
quasi-republican governments. The title of German Emperor was
always carried in conjunction with that of King of Prussia, and
he was addressed as Kaiserliche und Königliche Majestät
(Imperial and Royal Majesty). The Austrian Emperor, based to a
large degree upon his position as King of Hungary, was addressed
as Apostolic Majesty.
Both German and Austrian empires ceased to exist after World War
I, and the imperial titles have not been carried since the last
emperors died (Wilhelm II of Germany in 1941, Karl of Austria in
1922). The last empress, Zita of Austria, died in 1989.
The children of the German emperor were Princes of Prussia (not
Germany) and royal highnesses, except the eldest, who was German
Kronprinz (Crown Prince) and addressed as Imperial and Royal
Highness. The current heir to the throne is titled the, rather
than a, Prince of Prussia, and is the only one in Germany still
addressed as Imperial & Royal Highness. The children of the
Austrian emperor were titled Archdukes or Archduchesses of
Austria rather than princes, and called Imperial & Royal
Highnesses.
Next we come to König and Königin, or King and Queen, which was
carried by the rulers of the larger German states (Bavaria,
Hanover, Prussia, Saxony, Württemberg, ). They were addressed as
Majesty, and their children, princes or princesses, as Royal
Highnesses.
After these came the Grossherzog, or Grand Duke, who were styled
royal highness, and were rulers of somewhat smaller states, such
as the two Mecklenburgs or Luxemburg (which until 1918 was
considered a German state). The heir to these thrones was known
as an Erbgrossherzog, or hereditary grand duke, and the other
children were princes or princesses. Additionally in the Saxon
kingdom, grand duchy, and duchies, all the children of the ruler
were also styled dukes or duchesses.
The next level is that of Herzog, or Duke, who was normally
styled Highness.
Kurfürst, or Elector in English, ranked with a Duke. The
electors were originally the greatest lords of the Holy Roman
Empire, both temporal and spiritual, who elected the Emperor
before the throne became hereditary. They later became
sovereigns no different from the rest. The last ruling Elector,
Hesse-Cassel, lost his throne to Prussia in 1866.
Landgraf (Landgrave), Markgraf (Margrave), and Pfalzgraf
(Palsgrave or Count Palatine) ranked somewhat with a Duke and
are usually considered higher than a Fürst. All sovereigns of
this rank were eventually "promoted" to higher titles, but the
titles were sometimes used instead of crown prince for their
states, and are currently used for the Heads of the Houses of
Baden, Hesse and Saxony. Depending on circumstances, they could
be styled Royal Highness or simply Highness. In the Middle Ages,
some sovereigns were Burggrafs, or Burgraves, but all these took
higher titles early on and Burggraf became a title and sometimes
function, like Wildgraf, of the lower nobility.
Next follows Fürst (for which there is no good translation in
English, but which is confusingly called Prince). These are
styled Durchlaucht, translated as Serene Highness. Children of
dukes, kurfürsts, and fürsts were all princes or princesses. In
the third generation their descendants sometimes become counts,
except for the ruling line, which retains the princely title.
The last category of the high nobility still in existence is
that of Graf, or Count. The last sovereigns of this rank ceased
ruling after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. They are styled
Erlaucht, or Illustrious Highness. Their children are all counts
or countesses. A former somewhat higher rank of gefürsteter
graf, or princely count, no longer exists.
Among all the higher nobility the idea of Ebenbürgtigkeit
exists, meaning all of them, no matter what the title, are
considered of equal birth and standing.
Ranks of the Lower Nobility
Very often a certain level of income, wealth, or social standing
was necessary for appointment to these ranks, so as to
demonstrate the ability of the person ennobled to maintain
himself at a proper level.
The highest rank of the non-sovereign nobility is Duke, a title
almost never given them and then only "ad personam", or much
like an English life peer. An example is Otto von Bismarck as
Duke of Lauenburg. He was styled Serene Highness.
The highest rank that normally was part of the lower nobility is
Fürst. This title, like Duke, was given to them only in the last
centuries of the monarchy. Their children were rarely princes,
but more usually counts or barons, depending on what was the
original title of the Fürst.
Next in rank is Count, which in modern times could be given
primogeniture (inherited only by the eldest son), but was
usually given to all the children of the new count. A very few
houses also carry the title Burggraf which is approximately
equivalent to Count.
Baron follows, which is almost always called Freiherr in
Germany, but given as Baron to the Germans of the Baltic
regions. For many years it was in dispute whether Baron was
equivalent to Freiherr (which was deemed "better"), but this was
settled in the last century in an affirmative manner. The wife
of a Freiherr is a Freifrau, the daughter a Freiherrin. This
last title is sometimes abbreviated Freiin. The wife of a Baron
is a Baronin, the daughter a Baronesse. Another variant of this
rank is called Edler Herr, or Edle Herrin for females, which is
borne by only a few very old families (such as the Gans zu
Putlitz).
The last level is that of the untitled nobility, which
nevertheless includes some titled families. Normally an untitled
noble is addressed as Herr, in this context meaning Lord.
In former times untitled nobles, especially those from the
eastern regions, were addressed as Junker, a title still in
usage in the Netherlands as Jonkheer. It is no longer normally
used in Germany. In Bavaria and especially Austria, the
hereditary title of Ritter (Knight) was given to families, but
they were still considered part of the untitled nobility. Much
the same applies to the title of Edler, which is mainly northern
and central German. While the wife and daughters of an Edler
were titled Edle, the wife of a Ritter was called a Frau (in
this sense Lady) and not Ritterin.
Though the formal power of the German nobility is gone, it still
remains a considerable social force. After the debacle of World
War II, the aristocracy gradually reformed in groups based on
religious affiliation or province of origin. For well over 30
years, these groups have been affiliated as the "Vereinigung der
Deutschen Adelsverbaende" and published the monthly "Deutsches
Adelsblatt" in the small town of Westerbrak (now part of
Kirchbrak). The legalistic "Deutsches Adelsrechtsausschuss" was
set up, composed of members from various noble and chivalric
organizations, to determine in questionable cases who belongs to
the nobility or if a person has a right to a noble title he
claims. Only if there is a positive judgment by this
organization can someone join one of the nobles' associations or
have their family listed in the Gotha.
It has been estimated that there are some 40,000 nobles of all
ranks in Germany today.
Back to Table of Contents
___________________________________________________________
Part IV: Resources
1. On-line Sources of Information
It is amazing what one can find on-line about royalty, nobility
and related topics. The following sites are but a sampling of
what one can discover while surfing the 'Net. This list is not
meant to be definitive; rather it is a starting point for
research. Most of the following sites are in English, although
some are in other languages. The FAQ compiler and maintainer
does not make any judgements as to the contents or opinions
found at these sites. If you are using the World Wide Web (aka
WWW, W3, Mosaic, Netscape, Lynx), you can reach these pages at
the following URLs:
Existing Monarchies
General:
http://www.geocities.com/dagtho/royalty.html
Dag Hoelseth's Royal Corner, with many links as well as a
collection of constitutional and legal documents
pertaining to various monarchies.
Andorra:
http://www.sigma.net/fafhrd/andorra/index.htm
Bahrain:
http://www.bahrain.gov.bh/English/Royal/Royal.asp
Belgium:
http://belgium.fgov.be/Engels/417/41709/41709.htm
Denmark:
http://www.kongehuset.dk/ (official site)
http://www.um.dk/english/danmark/om_danmark/queen.html
Japan:
http://www.geocities.com/Tokyo/Temple/3953
Jordan:
http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/ http://www.jordanview.net/
(official site)
Liechtenstein:
http://www.news.li/fam/index.htm
Luxembourg:
http://www.gouvernement.lu/gouv/fr/doss/savoirlu/famgdduc.
html (official site of the grand-duchy; in French)
http://www.luxcentral.com/LuxDukes.html
Monaco:
http://www.monaco.mc/monaco/700ans/index.html
http://www.monaco.gouv.mc/ (in French)
Netherlands:
http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/ (official site)
http://www.xs4all.nl/~kvenjb/gennl.htm
Norway:
http://www.kongehuset.no/
Oman:
http://www.msdg.com/oman/index.htm
Perak:
http://www.perak.gov.my/perak_250696/june/html/sultan1.htm
l
Saudi Arabia:
http://www.saudi.net/gov_profile/profile_king.html
Spain:
http://www.casareal.es/ (official site)
http://www.DocuWeb.ca/SiSpain/english/politics/royal/index
.html
Swaziland:
http://www.pitt.edu/~tgsst10/swaziland.html
Sweden:
http://www.royalcourt.se/ (official site)
Thailand:
http://sunsite.au.ac.th/thailand/rama9/
http://kanchanapisek.or.th/biography/index.en.html
Tonga:
http://palaceoffice.gov.to/
United Arab Emirates:
http://www.uae.org.ae/History/zayed.html
Western Samoa:
http://www.interwebinc.com/samoa/
Other Royal Houses
Afghanistan:
http://www.zaher-shah.fr.fm
Albania:
http://www.kwtelecom.com/heraldry/albania.html
Austria:
http://otto.twschwarzer.de
Bavaria:
http://www.munichfound.de/issues/1996/11/articles/HEIR.htm
l
Brazil:
http://www.arsa.com/monarquia/
Bulgaria:
http://www.seker.es/simeon/reybul.html
France (Royal, duc d'Anjou):
http://www.royaute.org/
France (Royal, comte de Paris):
http://www.royaute-france.com/
France (Imperial):
http://www.napoleon.org
Hannover:
http://www.welfen.de/
Iran:
http://www.irancmi.org
Mexico:
http://www.casaimperial.org/
Portugal:
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/9734/
http://www.portugal-pt.com/JuventudeLusitana/english.htm
Prussia:
http://www.preussen.de/
Yugoslavia:
http://www.royalfamily.org/
Other Sites
Aga Khan & Family:
The Aga Khan Development Network
http://www.akdn.org/
Albanian Royal Court:
http://www.french-market.com/albania/
Alexander Palace Time Machine:
http://alexanderpalace.org/palace/
Almanach de Bruxelles:
http://www.almanach.be/central.html
Almanach de la Cour:
http://www.chivalricorders.org/index3.htm
Brigitte's Royal & Nobility Genealogy:
http://worldroots.com/brigitte/royal/royal00.htm
Caltrap's Corner:
http://www.caltraps-corner.com
Charlotte's Web: Roots - Noble & Royal Genealogies:
http://www.charweb.org/gen/noblesse.html
Christine's Royal Families Page:
http://wwwedu.cs.utwente.nl/~kersten/royal.html
The Crown of Russian Empire:
http://www.cs.msu.su/heraldry/
Cyndi's List of Genealogy Sites on the Internet - Royalty and
Nobility:
http://www.oz.net/~cyndihow/royalty.htm
The Database of the Saudi Arabian Royal Family:
http://www.ardaman.com/
De Imperatoribus Romanis: An Online Encyclopedia of Roman
Emperors:
http://www.salve.edu/~dimaiom/deimprom.html
The European History Web Page:
http://www.eurohistory.com
European Royal Houses:
http://www.chivalricorders.org/royalty/index.htm
The EuroStamm Home Page:
http://members.aol.com/eurostamm/index.html
Federazione Monarchica Italiana:
http://www.vol.it/fede_monarc/
Fundación Príncipe de Asturias:
http://www.fpa.es/
Genealogical Gleanings (Royalty from Cambodia, Fiji, Tonga,
Hawaii, Africa and India):
http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy
German Nobility Database:
http://www8.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/html/ww-person.html
A Glossary of European Noble, Princely, Royal, and Imperial Titles
(aka Mark Odegard's Titles FAQ):
http://www.heraldica.org/topics/odegard/titlefaq.htm
A Glossary of Titles in 35 languages by Alexander Kirschnig
http://www.heraldica.org/faqs/titel.htm
Habsburg Pages:
http://otto.twschwarzer.de
Habsburg Biographies:
http://www.booksatoz.com/antiquesatoz/habsburg/habsburg.ht
m
Heraldica: François Velde's Heraldry Site:
http://www.heraldica.org/
International Constitutional Law:
http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/index.html
Internet Gotha:
http://www8.informatik.uni-erlangen.de/cgi-bin/stoyan/wwp/
LANG=engl/?gotha
Japan, Inc.: The Emperor System and Japan's Royal Family:
http://www.vikingphoenix.com/public/JapanIncorporated/post
war/japemps.htm
Juventude Lusitana (a Portuguese monarchist site):
http://www.portugal-pt.com/JuventudeLusitana/english.htm
Marivi's Royalty Page:
http://www.serv.net/~marivim/royalty.html
The Medici of Florence:
http://www.arca.net/tourism/florence/medici.htm
Monarchy Home Page:
http://www.geocities.com/CapitolHill/3417/monarchy.html
Monarchie weltweit:
http://home.wtal.de/monarchie/links.htm
Napoleon Bonaparte:
http://www.mindspring.com/~csr/napoleon/napoleon.htm
Paul Theroff's Dynastic Genealogy Files:
http://pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff
Paul Theroff's Online Gotha:
http://pages.prodigy.net/ptheroff/gotha/gotha.htm
Queen Marie of Romania, Papers:
http://www.library.kent.edu/speccoll/women/queen.html
Roberto Ortiz de Zarate's Political Datasets (a web site
containing a current list of heads of state & heads of
government):
http://web.jet.es/ziaorarr
The Royal Ark: Royal and Ruling Houses of Africa, Asia, Oceania
and the Americas
http://www.dreamwater.net/regiment/RoyalArk/royalark.htm
Royal Descents of famous people:
http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/users/mh10006/FamTree/famous.royal
.html
Royal Families of the World:
http://www.royalfamily.com/
Royal Houses - Where They Have Been Reigning and When:
http://www.users.wineasy.se/elias/houses.htm
Royal & Noble Genealogical Data on the Web:
http://www.dcs.hull.ac.uk/public/genealogy/GEDCOM.html
Royal & Noble Lineages:
http://www.uq.edu.au/~zzhsoszy/index.html
Royal Network:
http://www.royalnetwork.com/
Royal Russia:
http://angelfire.com/pa/ImperialRussian/index.html
Royalist's Home Page:
http://www.themonarchist.com
The Royalty in History Site:
http://www.xs4all.nl/~kvenjb/kings.htm
Rulers (heads of state & heads of government):
http://www.rulers.org
Rulers of Bulgaria:
http://www.bulgaria.com/history/rulers/
Spanish Nobiliary Regulations:
http://www.ChivalricOrders.org/nobility/spanoble.htm
The U.S. House of Representatives Internet Law Library:
(constitutions of most of the countries in the world)
http://law.house.gov/1.htm
Back to Table of Contents
___________________________________________________________
2. Useful Addresses.
I - Associations:
The Monarchist League
BM Monarchist
London WC1N 3XX
United Kingdom
URL: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/7993 (you will find
addresses of other leagues and associations at this
website)
The Monarchist League in Australia
P.O. Box 1068
Double Bay, NSW 2028
Australia
e-mail: Phillip_Benw...@monarchist.org.au
URL: http://www.monarchist.org.au
The Constantian Society
(a monarchist organization with educational goals and
activities)
URL: http://www.put.com/~monarchy/
II - Mail Order:
Hatchards
Attention: Robin Piguet
187 Piccadilly
London, W1V 9DA
United Kingdom
e-mail: 187p...@hatchards.co.uk
Heraldry Today
Parliament Piece
Ramsbury, Wiltshire SN8 2QH
United Kingdom
e-mail: heral...@heraldrytoday.co.uk
URL: http://www.heraldrytoday.co.uk
(specialists for books on genealogy, heraldry and royalty)
International Historic Films, Inc.
Dept. S
P.O. Box 29035
Chicago, IL 60629
U.S.A.
(videos of such categories as 'British Heritage' and
'European Royals' for sale)
URL: http://www.viamall.com/ihf/index.html
Librairie des Editions Christian
14, rue Littré
75006 Paris, France
URL: http://www.karolus.org/christian/index.htm
Rainy Day Books
P.O. Box 775
Route 119
Fitzwilliam, NH 03447
U.S.A.
Rosemary Bennett Rare Books
1077 SW13th Avenue
Albany, OR 97321
U.S.A.
(specializing in books about royalty; write for free
brochure)
Rosvall Royal Books
Enasen-Falekvarna
S-52191 Falköping
Sweden
e-mail: ted.rosvall@falköping.mail.telia.com
(new and antiquarian royal books in various languages)
III - Periodicals:
C.E.D.R.E. (Cercle d'Etudes des dynasties royales européennes)
12, allée des Jonquilles
F-60260 Lamorlaye, France
(quarterly bulletins, in French, about various royal and
noble families)
Deutsches Adelsblatt GmbH
Westerbrak 10
37619 Kirchbrak
Germany
(monthly publication, in German, of the Vereinigung der
Deutschen Adelsverbaende)
The European Royalty History Journal
(six issues per year)
Eurohistory.com
110 Linden Street
Oakland CA 94607
U.S.A.
Phone: (510) 839-4676
Fax: (510) 839-4645
e-mail: bo...@eurohistory.com
URL: http://www.eurohistory.com/journal.html
Journal of Royal & Noble Genealogy: An International Journal of
the Augustan Society, Inc.
The Augustan Society, Inc.
P.O. Box P
Torrance, CA 90508-0210
U.S.A.
Majesty Magazine
P.O. Box 301069
Escondido, CA 92030
U.S.A.
(for American and Canadian subscriptions)
Majesty Subscriptions
Tower House, Sovereign Park, Lathkill Street
Market Halborough
Leicester LE16 9EF
United Kingdom
(for UK and overseas subscriptions)
(a monthly magazine focussing on royal families)
Point de Vue
Service Abonnement
70, rue Compans
F-75019 Paris, France
(a weekly magazine focussing on British and European
royalty and nobility, in French)
Royal Book News
Marlene Koenig
5590 Jowett Court
Alexandria, VA 22315
U.S.A.
(bi-monthly newsletter for and about royal books)
e-mail: makoe...@delphi.com
Royalty
P.O. Box 3278
803 Finchley Road
London NW11 8DP
United Kingdom
(a monthly magazine, similar to Majesty magazine)
Royalty Digest
Church Street
Ticehurst, East Sussex TN57 AA
United Kingdom
(a monthly magazine available on subscription)
IV - Publishers:
abiszet Bücher-service GmbH
Geschäftsführer: Dipl.-Volkswirt
Ulrich Kraus
Oberländerstr. 21
D-93051 Regensburg
Germany
e-mail: u...@a-zet.de
URL: http://www.a-zet.de
C.A.Starke Verlag
Frankfurterstrasse 51/53
D-65549 Limburg/Lahn
Germany
e-mail: starkever...@t-online.de
URL:
http://www.edition-digital.com/starkeverlag/index.html
Verlag Degener & Co.
Postfach 1360
D-91403 Neustadt/Aisch
Germany
e-mail: dege...@waldenfont.com
URL: http://www.waldenfont.com/degener/
Back to Table of Contents
___________________________________________________________
3. Electronic (on-line) Magazines
This section features a selection of electronic, or on-line,
magazines that occasionally feature articles about members of
royal or noble families. For non-electronic magazines, please
see "Periodicals" in Part IV: 2. Useful Addresses.
ABC Electronico (Spanish-language)
http://www.abc.es
Aftonbladet (Swedish-language)
http://www.aftonbladet.se
Hola/Hello (Spanish- and English-language)
http://www.hola.es
Monaco Actualité (French-language)
http://www.monaco.mc/actualite/index.html
Paris Match (French-language)
http://www.parismatch.com
tuSpain (English-language)
http://tuspain.com/index.html
Back to Table of Contents
___________________________________________________________
4. Bibliography
The bibliography is divided into three sections:
I. Biographies, Histories & Related Works
II. Genealogies & Related Works
III. General
Each of the sections are divided into nine language categories in the
following order: Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Italian,
Norwegian, Spanish and Swedish.
I - Biographies, Histories and Related Works
Danish-Language Books:
Bramsen, Bo. Huset Glücksborg, 2 Vols., 1992
Buchwaldt, Randi. Prinsesse Benedikte: Prinsessen i midten. Copenhagen:
Forenede Udgivere, 1994
Wolden-Raethinge, Anne. Dronning I Danmark: Margrethe den Anden
fortaeller om sit liv. Photos by Georg Oddner. Gyldendal, 1989
Dutch-Language Books:
Ditzhuyzen, Reina van. Oranje-Nassau: een biografisch woordenboek.
Haarlem: Becht, 1992 [biographical & genealogical dictionary of
the Royal House of Nassau]
Ruizendaal, Willem. Nassau & Oranje: 600 jaar geschiedenis van ons
vorstenhuis van Engelbert I tot Willem-Alexander. Baarn: Tirion,
1995
Schenk, M.G. Een Eeuw Vorstinnen: Honderd Jaar Vrouwen op de
Nederlandse Troon. Amsterdam: De Boekerig, 1989
English-Language Books:
The European Royal Families. St. Gallen, Switzerland: Editions Norden,
1993
Great Dynasties: Capets, Hohenstaufens, Plantagenets, Hapsburgs,
Valois, Stuarts, Tudors, Bourbons of France, Romanovs,
Braganzas, Bourbons of Spain, Hohenzollerns, House of Savoy,
House of Hanover-Windsor, Bourbons of Naples, Bonapartes. New
York: Mayflower Books, 1979
Alderson, A.D. The Structure of the Ottoman Dynasty. Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1956 [Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1982]
Aronson, Theo. Defiant Dynasty: the Coburgs of Belgium. Indianapolis:
Bobbs-Merrill, 1968 [alternate title: The Coburgs of Belgium.
London: Cassell, 1969]
-----. A Family of Kings: the descendants of Christian IX of Denmark.
London: Cassell, 1976
-----. Grandmama of Europe: the crowned descendants of Queen Victoria.
London: Cassell, 1973
-----. The Kaisers. London: Cassell, 1971 [Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill,
1971]
-----. Royal Vendetta: the crown of Spain, 1829-1965. Indianapolis:
Bobbs-Merrill, 1966 [London: Oldbourne, 1967]
Behr, Edward. Hirohito: behind the myth. London: Hamish Hamilton Ltd.;
New York: Villard Books, 1989 [New York: Vintage Books, 1990]
Bennett, Daphne. Vicky: Princess Royal of England and German Empress.
London: Collins, Harvill, 1971 [New York: St. Martin's Press,
1971]
Bergamini, John D. The Spanish Bourbons: the history of a tenacious
dynasty. New York: Putnam, 1974
-----. The Tragic Dynasty: a history of the Romanovs. New York: Putnam,
1969 [New York: Putnam, 1972]
Bjaaland, Patricia C. The Norwegian Royal Family. Oslo: TANO, 1986
Blankenship, Gayle King. Royal and Noble Familes of Medieval Europe.
Poquoson, VA: G.K. Blankenship, 1993
Bokhanov, Alexander, ... et. al. The Romanovs: love, power & tragedy.
(translated by Lyudmila Xenofontova). London: Leppi, 1993
Boulay, Laure & Françoise Jaudel. There are Still Kings: The ten royal
families of Europe. New York: Clarkson N. Potter Inc., 1984
Brewster, Hugh. Anastasia's Album. New York: Hyperion Books for
Children,1996
Chapman-Huston, Desmond. Ludwig II. New York: Dorset Press, 1990
Chavchavadze, David, Prince. The Grand Dukes. New York: Atlantic
International Publications, 1990
Chichibu, HIH Princess (Setsuko). The Silver Drum: an imperial memoir.
(translated by Dorothy Britton). Kent, Conn.: Global Books, 1996
Constant, Stephen. Foxy Ferdinand, 1861-1948, Tsar of Bulgaria. London:
Sidgwick and Jackson, 1979 [New York: Franklin Watts, 1980]
Crewe, Quentin. The Last Maharaja: a biography of Sawai Man Singh II,
Maharaja of Jaipur. London: M. Joseph, 1985
Curley, Walter J.P., Jr. Monarchs-in-Waiting. New York: Dodd, Mead and
Company, 1973 [alternate title: Monarchs in Waiting. London:
Hutchinson, 1975]
Davis, Reginald. Royal Families of the World. London: Collins, 1978
-----. The Royal Family of Thailand. London: Nicholas Publications,
1981
Diesbach, Ghislain de. Secrets of the Gotha. New York: Meredith Press,
1968
Dimitroff, Pashanko. Boris III of Bulgaria: Toiler Citizen King. 1986
[Bulgarian title: Boris III, ëtìsar na Bulgariëiìa, 1894-1943,
published 1990]
Duff, David. Hessian Tapestry. London: Muller, 1967 [Newton Abbot
[Eng.]; North Pomfret, Vt.: David & Charles, 1979]
Edwards, Anne. The Grimaldis of Monaco. New York: Morrow, 1992
-----. Throne of Gold: the lives of the Aga Khans. New York: Morrow,
1995
Erickson, Carolly. Great Catherine. New York: Crown Publishers, 1994
[New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1995]
Fenyvesi, Charles. Splendor in Exile: The ex-majesties of Europe.
Washington, D.C.: New Republic Books, 1979
Finestone, Jeffrey. The Royal Family of Thailand: the descendants of
King Chulalongkorn. Bangkok: Phitsanulok Pub. Co., 1989
Fujitani, Takashi. Splendid Monarchy: power and pagentry in modern
Japan. Berkley: University of California Press, 1996
Grabbe, Alexander, Count. The Private World of the Last Tsar: in the
photographs and notes of General Count Alexander Grabbe. (edited
by Paul and Beatrice Grabbe). Boston: Little, Brown, 1984
Greve, Tim. Haakon VII of Norway: founder of a new monarchy.
(translated from the Norwegian and edited by Thomas Kingston
Derry), London: Hurst, 1983 Hall, Trevor. The Golden Age of
Royalty: photography from 1858-1930. New Malden, Surrey,
England: Colour Library, 1981 [Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell
Books, Inc., 1981]
Hohenzollern, Paul of. King Carol II: a life of my grandfather. London.
Methuen, 1988
Judd, Denis. Eclipse of Kings: European monarchies in the Twentieth
Century. London: Book Club Associates, 1976 [New York: Stein and
Day, 1976]
King, Greg. The Last Empress: the Life and Times of Alexandra
Feodorovna, Tsarina of Russia. New York: Carol Pub. Group, 1994
Kurth, Peter. Anastasia: the riddle of Anna Anderson. Boston: Little,
Brown & Co., 1983
-----. Tsar: the lost world of Nicholas and Alexandra. Boston, Toronto:
Little, Brown & Co., 1995
Lacey, Robert. Aristocrats. London: Hutchinson, 1983 [Toronto:
McClelland & Stewart Limited, 1983]
-----. Grace. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1984 [Thorndike, Me.: G.K.
Hall; Bath, Avon, England: Chivers Press, 1995]
-----. The Kingdom. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1982 [history
of Saudi Arabia]
Large, Stephen S. Emperor Hirohito and Showa Japan: a political
biography. London; New York: Routledge, 1992
Lebra, Takie Sugiyama. Above the Clouds: status culture of the modern
Japanese nobility. Berkeley: University of California Press,
1993
Marie, Princess of Greece. A Romanov Diary: the autobiography of H.I. &
R.H. Grand Duchess George. New York: Atlantic International
Publications, 1988
Massie, Robert K. Nicholas and Alexandra. New York: Atheneum, 1967
[London: Gollancz, 1967]
-----. Peter the Great: his life and world. New York: Knopf, 1980 [New
York: Wings Books, 1991]
-----. The Romanov Family Album. London: Allen Lane, 1982 [New York:
The Vendome Press, 1982]
-----. The Romanovs: the final chapter. New York: Random House, 1995
Massie, Robert K. & Jeffrey Finestone. The Last Courts of Europe: a
royal family album, 1860-1914. London: J.M. Dent and Sons Ltd.,
1981 [New York: The Vendome Press, 1981]
Maylunas, Andrei & Sergei Mironenko. A Lifelong Passion: Nicholas and
Alexandra: their own story. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1996
[New York: Doubleday, 1997]
Michael, Prince of Greece & Alan Palmer. The Royal House of Greece.
London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1990
Michael, Prince of Greece & Andrei Maylunas. Nicholas and Alexandra:
the family albums. London: Tauris Parke Books, 1992
Mikos de Tarrodhaza, Charles, Teodoro Amerlinck y Zirion & David
Williamson. The Imperial House of Mexico: the house of Iturbe.
Petergate, York.: Quacks the Booklet Printer, 1994
Noel, Gerard. Ena: Spain's English Queen. London: Constable, 1984
Normington, Susan. Napoleon's Children. Dover, N.H.: A. Sutton, 1993
Pakula, Hannah. The Last Romantic: a biography of Queen Marie of
Romania. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1985
-----. An Uncommon Woman: The Empress Frederick, Daughter of Queen
Victoria, Wife of the Crown Prince of Prussia, Mother of Kaiser
Wilhelm. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995
Palmer, Alan. The Kaiser: warlord of the Second Reich. London:
Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1978
-----. Twilight of the Habsburgs: the life and times of Emperor Francis
Joseph. New York: Grove Press, 1995
Papanicolaou, Lilika S. Frederica, Queen of the Hellenes: Mission of a
Modern Queen. San Gwann, Malta: Publishers Enterprises Group
(PEG) Ltd., 1994
Ponsonby Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. The Imperial House of Japan.
Kyoto: Ponsonby Fane Memorial Society, 1959.
Powell, Charles T. Juan Carlos of Spain: self-made monarch. New York:
St.Martin's Press, 1996
Powell, William. Saudi Arabia and its Royal Family. Secaucus, N.J.: L.
Stuart, 1982
Pratt, Michael, Lord. The Great Country Houses of Central Europe:
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland. New York: Abbeville Press, 1991
Pu-Yi, Emperor of China. From Emperor to Citizen. Oxford University
Press, 1990
Radzinsky, Edvard. The Last Tsar. New York: Doubleday, 1992
Raleigh, Donald J., ed., & compiled by A.A. Iskenderov. The Emperors
and Empresses of Russia: rediscovering the Romanovs. Armonk,
N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1996
Robyns, Gwen. Geraldine of the Albanians: the authorised biography.
London: Muller, Blond & White, 1987
Rowen, Herbert H. The Princes of Orange: the stadholders in the Dutch
Republic. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]; New York: Cambridge
University Press, 1988
Rubincam, Milton. America's Only Royal Family: genealogy of the former
Hawaiian ruling house. Washington, D.C.: National Genealogical
Society, 1968
Tantzos, G. Nicholas. The Inheritors of Alexander the Great: an
illustrated history. New York: Atlantic International
Publishers, 1986
-----. King by Chance: a biographical novel of King George I of
Greece,. Sutton, 1996
Viktoria Luise, Princess of Prussia. The Kaiser's Daughter. Englewood
Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1965
Villalonga, José Luis. The King. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1995
[biography of King Juan Carlos of Spain]
Vorres, Ian. The Last Grand Duchess: Her Imperial Highness Grand
Duchess Olga Alexandrovna. London: Hutchinson, 1964 [New York:
Scribner, 1965]
Watson, Sophia. Marina: The story of a princess. London: Weidenfeld &
Nicolson, 1994
Williamson, David. Debrett's Kings and Queens of Europe. Topsfield,
Mass.: Salem House Publishers, 1986
Wolden-Raethinge, Anne. Queen in Denmark: Margrethe II talks about her
life. Photos by Georg Oddner. Gyldendal, 1989
French-Language Books:
Béarn, Stéphane. Les couronnes de l'exil. Paris: Balland, 1990
Behr, Edward. Hiro Hito: l'empereur ambigu. Paris: Robert Laffond, 1989
Boulay, Laure & Françoise Jaudel. Il est encore des rois. Paris:
Presses de la Cité, 1981
Brégeon, Jean-Joël. Les Grimaldi de Monaco. Paris: Criterion, 1991
Cannuyer, Christian. Belgique est leur nom: 160 ans d'histoire de notre
dynastie nationale, 1831-1991. Izegem, Belgique: Editions
Illustra, 1991
-----. Les maisons royales et souveraines d'Europe. Paris: Editions
Brépols, 1989
Colin, Gerty. Rois et reines de Belgique: l'histoire émouvante des
châtelains de Laeken. Paris: Presses de la Cité, 1993
Corti, Egon César, comte. Elisabeth d'Autriche: "Sissi". Paris: Payot,
1987 [rep. ed.]
Dayez-Burgeon, Pascal. La reine Astrid: histoire d'un mythe. Paris:
Criterion, 1995
Decaux, Alain. Monaco et ses princes: sept siècles d'histoire. 1997
Des Cars, Jean. Les châteaux fous de Louis II de Bavière. Paris:
Perrin, 1986
-----. Il était une fois Monaco: une famille, 700 ans d'histoire.
Paris: Editions du Rocher, 1996
Dugast Rouillé, Michel. Charles de Habsbourg, le dernier empereur
(1887-1922). Paris: J. Duculot, 1991
Edwards, Anne. Les Grimaldi: histoire d'une dynastie. Paris: Editions
Belfond, 1993
Eugénie, princesse de Grèce. Le Tsarévitch: enfant martyr. Paris:
Perrin, 1990
Ferrand, Jacques. Romanoff, album de famille. Paris: Librairie
Galignani, 1989 & 1990.
Foran de Saint-Bar, Thomas. Portrait d'un Roi: Pierre II de
Yougoslavie. Serg, 1973
Gauthier, Guy. Les aigles et les lions: histoire des monarchies
balkaniques de 1817 à 1974. Paris: Editions France-Empire, 1996
-----. Missy: reine de Roumanie. Paris: Editions France-Empire, 1994
Henri, Comte de Paris. Mémoires d'exil et de combats. Paris: Atelier
Marcel Jullian, 1979
Henri d'Orléans, prince de France, comte de Clermont. A mes fils.
Paris: Albin Michel, 1990
Isabelle, Comtesse de Paris. Mon bonheur de grand-mère. Paris: Robert
Laffont, 1995
-----. Tout m'est bonheur. Paris: Robert Laffont, 1978-1981
Kermina, Françoise. Bernadotte et Désirée Clary: le Béarnais et la
Marsaillaise, souverains de Suède. Paris: Perrin, 1991
Lafontaine, Paul. Notre Dynastie. 1991 [history & genealogy of the
Luxembourg dynasty]
Le Hête, Thierry. Les Capétiens, le livre du millénaire. Paris:
Editions Christian, 1987
Mension-Rigau, Eric. Aristocrates et grands bourgeois: éducation,
traditions, valeurs. Paris: Plon, 1994
Metzger, Laurent. Les sultanats de Malaisie: un régime monarchique au
vingtième siècle. Paris: Harmattan, 1994
Paul, prince de Hohenzollern-Roumanie. Carol II roi de Roumanie. Paris:
Denoël, 1990
Séguy, Philippe & Antoine Michelland. Fabiola: la reine blanche.
Paris: Bayard, 1995
Stephany, Pierre & Henri van Daele. Cinq Rois. 1989 [history of
Belgium's royal family]
Taubert-Natta, Bernard, baron & Georges Martin. Le sang des Bade. La
Ricamarie: G. Martin, 1982
Troyat, Henri. Alexandre II, le tsar libérateur. Paris: Flammarion,
1990
Valynseele, Joseph. Les maréchaux de Napoléon III: leur famille et leur
descendance. Paris: Valynseele, 1980
Viguié-Desplaces, Philippe. Sa majesté le roi Michel de Roumanie, le
règne inachevé. Paris: Michel Lafon, 1982.
German-Language Books:
Brook-Shepherd, Gordon. Zita, die letzte Kaiserin. (translated by
Gunther Martin). Wien: Zsolnay, 1993
Brunswick, Duchess Viktoria Luise of. Deutschlands Letzte
Kaiserin. Goettingen: Goettinger Verlagsanstalt, 1971 [biography
of Empress Auguste Viktoria]
Cordfunke, E.H.P. Zita: Kaiserin von Österreich, Königin von Ungarn.
Vienna: Böhlau, 1986
Griesser-Pecar, Tamara. Zita: die Wahrheit uber Europas letzte
Kaiserin. Bergisch Gladbach: G. Lubbe, 1985
Praschl-Bichler, Gabriele. Das Familienalbum von Kaiser Franz Joseph
und Elisabeth. Wien: Ueberreuter, 1995
-----. Das Familienalbum von Kaiser Karl und Kaiserin Zita. Wien:
Ueberreuter, 1996
Prussia, Prince Louis-Ferdinand of. Die Geschichte meines Lebens.
Goettingen: Goettinger Verlagsanstalt, 1968 [autobiography of
Prince Louis-Ferdinand]
Ritthaler, Anton. Die Hohenzollern. Moers: Steiger, 1979
Schad, Martha. Bayerns Königinnen, Regensburg: Verlag Friedrich Pustet,
1992
-----. Bayerns Königshaus: die Familiengeschichte der Wittlesbacher in
Bildern. Regensburg: Verlag Friedrich Pustet, 1994
-----. Das fürstliche Haus Thurn und Taxis: 300 Jahre Geschichte in
Bildern. Regensburg: Verlag Friedrich Pustet, 1996
Schubert, Ludwig and Rolf Seelman-Eggebert. Europas Königshäuser.
Koeln: vgs, 1991
von Schmettow, Dr. Count Matthias. Gedenkbuch des deutschen Adels.
Limburg/Lahn: C.A. Starke Verlag, 1967 [Nachtrag (addendum),
1980] [memorial book of the German nobility; lists all nobles
who fell in W.W.II]
von Studnitz, Major-Gen. Benno. Kurzer Abriss der Familiengeschichte
derer von Studnitz. Breslau: C. Duelser, 1889 [von Studnitz
family history & genealogy]
Ziehr, Wilhelm. Europas Fürstenhäuser. Koeln: vgs, 1995
Italian-Language Books:
Bracalini, Romano & Maria Gabriella di Savoia & Michele Falzone del
Barbaráo. Casa Savoia: diario di una monarchia. Milano: A.
Mondadori,1996
Norwegian-Language Books:
Benkow, Jo. Olav: menneske og monark. Oslo: Gyldendal norsk forlag,
1991
Benkow, Jo & A.B. Wilse. Haakon, Maud & Olav: Et minnealbum i tekst og
bilder. 1989
Greve, Tim. Haakon VII: menneske og monark. Oslo: Gyldendal, 1980
Möller, Arvid. Dronning Maud: et portrett. Oslo: J. W. Cappelens
forlag, 1992
-----. Kronprinsesse Märtha: hustru, mor, medmenneske. Oslo: Cappelen,
1990
Rosenberg, Brita. Astrid: Prinsesse av Norge. 1988
Spanish-Language Books:
Anson, Luis María. Don Juan. Barcelona: Plaza y Janés Editores, 1994
[biography of Juan, Count of Barcelona, late father of King Juan
Carlos of Spain]
Balansó, Juan. La Casa Real de Espana. 1985
-----. La Familia Real y la familia irreal. Barcelona: Editorial
Planeta, 1992 [history & genealogy of the Spanish dynasty in all
its branches]
-----. La Familia Rival. Barcelona: Editorial Planeta, 1994 [history &
genealogy of the Bourbon-Parma family]
Urbano, Pilar. La Reina. Barcelona: Plaza y Janes, 1996 [interviews
with Queen Sofia of Spain]
Vilallonga, José Luis de. El Rey. Barcelona: Plaza y Janes, 1993
[biography of Juan Carlos, King of Spain]
Swedish-Language Books:
Hammarsten, Charles and Elisabeth Tarras-Wahlberg. Victoria:
Kronprinsessa av Sverige. 1995
II - Genealogies and Related Works
Danish-Language Books:
Aagaard, Bent. Kongernes Lysthus. Copenhagen: Hamlet, 1978
English-Language Books:
Burke's Royal Families of the World, Vol. 1, Europe and Latin America,
London: Burke's Publishing Co., 1977
Burke's Royal Families of the World, Vol. 2, Africa and the Middle
East, London: Burke's Publishing Co., 1980
A Genealogy of the Mohammedzai, the royal family of Afghanistan. 195-?
Royalty, Peerage & Nobility of Europe, 96th ed. of the Almanach de la
Noblesse de France (in English), 1997
Addington, A.C. The Royal House of Stuart: the descendants of King
James VI of Scotland, James I of England, 3 Vols. London:
Skilton, 1969-1976
Brewer-Ward, Daniel. The House of Habsburg: a genealogy of the
descendants of Empress Maria Theresia. Baltimore: Genealogical
Pub. Co., 1996
Broek, Pieter. A Genealogy of the Romanov Dynasty from the Emperor
Nicholas I to the present time. London: Noble House
Publications, 1994
Corfield, Justin J. The Royal Family of Cambodia. 2nd ed. Melbourne,
Australia: The Khmer Language and Culture Center, 1993
[descendants of King Ang Eng of Cambodia, 1779-1796]
Lake, Christopher. European Rulers 1060-1981: a cross-referenced
genealogy with 162 pedigrees. 1981
Louda, Jirí and Michael Maclagan. Heraldry of the Royal Families of the
World. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., Publishers, 1981
[alternate title: Lines of Succession: heraldry of the royal
families of the World. London: Macdonald; New York: Macmillan;
Toronto: Maxwell Macmillan Canada, 1991]
McNaughton, Arnold. The Book of Kings: a royal genealogy. New York:
Quadrangle, 1973
Marquis of Ruvigny & Raineval. Titled Nobility of Europe: an
international peerage, or "Who's who", of the sovereigns,
princes and nobles of Europe. London: Harrison & Sons, 1914
[reprint ed. London: Burke's Publishing Co., 1980]
Paget, Gerald. The Lineage and Ancestry of HRH Prince Charles, Prince
of Wales, 2 Vols. Edinburgh: Skilton, 1977
Reitwiesner, William Addams. The Lesbian Ancestors of Prince Rainier of
Monaco, Dr. Otto von Habsburg, Brooke Shields, and the Marquis
de Sade. Washington: W.A. Reitwiesner, 1995
-----. Matrilineal Descents of the European Royalty: a work in
progress. Washington, D.C.: W.A. Reitwiesner, 1993
French-Language Books:
Almanach de Gotha (various editions, from 1763 to 1944)
Etat présent de la maison de Bourbon, Quatrième Edition, 1991 Anselme,
Le Père. Histoire Généalogique et Chronologique de la Maison
Royale de France, des Pairs, Grand Officiers de la Couronne et
de la Maison du Roy et des Anciens Barons du Royaume. Paris,
1726/32 [reprint 1991]
Badts de Cugnac, Chantal de & Guy Coutant de Saisseval. Le Petit Gotha.
Paris: Institut Henri V, 1993
Carretier, Christian. Les ancêtres de Louis XIV, 512 quartiers.
Paris: Editions Christian, 1981
Cuny, Hubert & Nicole Dreneau. Le Gotha français: état présent des
familles ducales et princières depuis 1940. Paris:
L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et curieux, 1989
Dugast Rouillé, Michel. Descendance, ascendance de Charles et Zita de
Habsbourg, empereur et impératrice d'Autriche. Saint-Herblain
(France): CID Editions, 1995
Duroselle, Geneviève & Denys Prache. Les rois de France. Paris: Hatier,
1995
Enache, Nicolas. La descendance de Marie Thérèse de Habsbourg, reine de
Hongrie et de Bohême. 1996
-----. La descendance de Pierre le Grand, tsar de Russie. Paris:
Sedopols, 1983
Ferrand, Jacques. Il est toujours des Romanov!: les Romanov en 1995.
Paris: J. Ferrand, 1995
Gmeline, Patrick de. Dictionnaire de la noblesse russe. Paris: Editions
Contrepoint, 1978
Gouyé Martignac, Gérald & Michel Sementéry. La descendance de
Joséphine, impératrice des Français. Paris: Editions Christian,
1994
Huberty, Michel, et. al. L'Allemagne Dynastique: les quinzes familles
qui ont fait l'Empire, Tomes I à VIII. Le Perreux: A. Giraud,
1976 -
Kerrebrouck, Patrick Van. La Maison de Bourbon, 1256-1987:
Nouvelle histoire généalogique de l'auguste Maison de France,
sept volumes, Villeneuve d'Ascq, 1987
Le Hête, Thierry. Les comtes Palatins de Bourgogne et leur descendance
agnatique: généalogie et histoire d'une dynastie sur huit
siècles (IXème-XVIIème siècle). La Bonneville-sur-Iton: T. Le
Hête, 1995
Manach, Daniel. La descendance de Louis-Philippe Ier, roi des Français.
Paris: Editions Christian, 1985
Parisot, Jacques & Nelly. La descendance de François-Joseph Ier,
empereur d'Autriche. Paris: Editions Christian, 1984.
-----. La descendance de Guillaume Ier, empereur allemand, roi de
Prusse. Paris: Editions Christian, 1987
Sementéry, Michel. La descendance de Nicolas Ier, roi de Monténégro.
Paris: Editions Christian, 1985
Toumanoff, Cyrille. Catalogue de la noblesse titrée de l'Empire de
Russie. Rome, 1982
-----. Les Dynasties de la Caucasie Chrétienne de l'Antiquité jusqu'au
XIXe Siècle. Rome, 1990 Tulard, Jean. Napoléon et la noblesse
d'Empire: avec la liste complète des membres de la noblesse
impériale, 1808-1815. Paris: Tallandier, 1979
German-Language Books:
Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels. Limburg/Lahn: C.A. Starke (various
editions, 1951- )
Europaische Stammtafeln: Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der europaieschen
Staaten (begun by Wilhelm Karl, Prinz zu Isenburg, continued by
Frank, Baron Freytag von Loringhoven; new series by Detlev
Schwennicke) Marburg: Stargardt, 1978-
Kneschke, Prof. Dr. Ernst Heinrich. Neues allgemeines Deutsches
Adels-Lexicon (9 volumes). Leipzig: Friedrich Vogt, 1859-186-
[reprint Neustadt/Aisch: Verlag fuer Kunstreproduktionen
Christoph Schmidt, 1995] [comprehensive listing of all German
noble families, living and extinct]
Posse, Otto. Die Wettiner: Genealogie des Gesamthauses. Leipzig,
Berlin: Giesecke & Devrient, 1897 [reprint ed. Leipzig:
Zentralantiquariat Leipzig, 1994]
Italian-Language Books:
Libro d'Oro Della Nobilità Italiano, Rome: Collego Araldico 1990-94
(ed. XX)
Spanish-Language Books:
Elenco de Grandezas y Titulos Nobiliarios Españ;oles, Madrid: Ediciones
de la Revista Hidalguia, 1997
Sampedro, José Luis. La descendencia de don Alfonso XIII. 1991
Zorilla y Gonzales de Mendoz, Francisco Javier. Genealogia de la casa
de Borbon de Españ;a. Madrid: Editora Nacional, 1971
Swedish-Language Books:
Rosvall, Ted. Bernadotte-Ättlingar, Ted Rosvall, Falköping, Sweden:
Rosvall Royal Books, 1992
III - General
English-Language Books:
Constitutions of the Countries of the World: a series of updated texts,
constitutional chronologies and annotated bibliographies. Dobbs
Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications, 1991. 19 volumes + supplements
The Europa World Year Book, London, England: Europa Publications
Limited, 1989-
Gurney, Gene. Kingdoms of Asia, the Middle East, and Africa: an
illustrated encyclopedia of ruling monarchs from ancient times
to the present. New York: Crown Publishers, 1986
-----. Kingdoms of Europe: an illustrated encyclopedia of ruling
monarchs from ancient times to the present. New York: Crown
Publishers, 1982
Michael, Prince of Greece. Crown Jewels of Britain and Europe. J.M.
Dent, 1983 (Harper & Row, 1983; Crescent Books, 1986) Motley,
Mark. Becoming a French Aristocrat: the education of the court
nobility, 1580-1715. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
Press, 1990
Pinches, John H. European Nobility and Heraldry: a comparative study of
the titles of nobility and their heraldic exterior ornaments for
each country, with historical notes. Ramsbury, Wiltshire:
Heraldry Today, 1994
Sainty, Guy Stair. The Orders of Chivalry and Merit of the Bourbon Two
Sicilies Dynasty. Madrid: S.M.O.C.S.G., 1989 [includes the
history & genealogy of the royal family of the Two Sicilies]
Tapsell, R.F. Monarchs, Rulers, Dynasties and Kingdoms of the World.
London: Thames & Huson, 1983
Twining, Lord. History of the Crown Jewels of Europe. Batsford, 1960
French-Language Books:
Texier, Alain. Qu'est-ce-que la noblesse?: annexes, textes et décisions
jurisprudentielles, planches de blasons, lexique de droit
nobiliaire, index pratique. Paris: Tallandier, 1988
Back to Table of Contents
__________________________________________________________________
5. Lexicon.
The Lexicon (words associated with royalty and nobility and shown in
eight languages) is now formatted using tables, which don't 'translate'
well when viewed as a text document, therefore it is available for
viewing at this URL: http://www.heraldica.org/faqs/lexicon.html
Back to Table of Contents
__________________________________________________________________
Credits, Copyright, Disclaimer
AUTHORED BY:
Yvonne Demoskoff
CONTRIBUTIONS BY:
Dag T. Hoelseth, Marlene Koenig, Noel S. McFerran, Eric-Jan Noomen,
William Addams Reitwiesner, Mark Anthony Rodriguez, Gilbert von
Studnitz and François Velde.
COPYRIGHT:
Copyright © 1998-2009 by François Velde. All rights reserved.
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