Fear of Repression Spurs Scholars and Activists to Build Alternate Internets

[*Anarcissie*]

September 18, 2011

http://chronicle.com/article/Fear-of-Repression-spurs/129049

Fear of Repression Spurs Scholars and Activists to Build Alternate
Internets

By Jeffrey R. Young

Washington

Computer networks proved their organizing power during the recent
uprisings in the Middle East, in which Facebook pages amplified street
protests that toppled dictators. But those same networks showed their
weaknesses as well, such as when the Egyptian government walled off
most of its citizens from the Internet in an attempt to silence
protesters.

That has led scholars and activists increasingly to consider the
Internet's wiring as a disputed political frontier.

For example, one weekend each month, a small group of computer
programmers gathers at a residence here to build a homemade
Internet—named Project Byzantium—that could go online if parts of the
current global Internet becomes blocked by a repressive government.

Using an approach called a "mesh network," the system would set up an
informal wireless network connecting users with other nearby computers,
which in turn would pass along the signals. The mesh network could tie
back into the Internet if one of the users found a way to plug into an
unblocked route. The developers recently tested an early version of
their software at George Washington University (though without the
official involvement of campus officials).

The leader of the effort, who goes by the alias TheDoctor but who would
not give his name, out of concern that his employer would object to the
project, says he fears that some day repressive measures could be put
into place in the United States.

He is not the only one with such apprehensions. Next month TheDoctor
will join hundreds of like-minded high-tech activists and entrepreneurs
in New York at an unusual conference called the [35]Contact Summit. One
of the participants is Eben Moglen, a professor at Columbia Law School
who has built an encryption device and worries about a recent attempt
by Wisconsin politicians to search a professor's e-mail. The summit's
goal is not just to talk about the projects, but also to connect with
potential financial backers, recruit programmers, and brainstorm
approaches to building parallel Internets and social networks.

The meeting is a sign of the growing momentum of what is called the
"free-network movement," whose leaders are pushing to rewire online
networks to make it harder for a government or corporation to exert
what some worry is undue control or surveillance. Another key concern
is that the Internet has not lived up to its social potential to
connect people, and instead has become overrun by marketing and
promotion efforts by large corporations.

At the heart of the movement is the idea that seemingly mundane
technical specifications of Internet routers and social-networking
software platforms have powerful political implications. In virtual
realms, programmers essentially set the laws of physics, or at least
the rules of interaction, for their cyberspaces. If it sometimes seems
that media pundits treat Facebook's Mark Zuckerberg or Apple's Steve
Jobs as gods, that's because in a sense they are—sitting on Mount
Olympus with the power to hurl digital thunderbolts with a worldwide
impact on people.

Instead of just complaining, many of those heading to New York next
month believe they can build alternatives that reduce the power of
those virtual deities and give more control to mere mortals.

I was surprised by the number of homegrown Internet projects described
on the Contact Summit's Web site—though most of them are not yet
operational, and some may never be. Among the approaches: an
alternative to Facebook that promises better privacy control; a device
that automatically scrambles e-mail and Web traffic so that only people
authorized by the user can read them; and various mesh-network efforts
that can essentially create an "Internet in a suitcase" to set up
wherever unfettered Internet access is needed.

Whether you see these techies as visionaries or paranoids, they
highlight the extent to which networks now shape nations.

"Anyone who cares about human rights anywhere should dedicate
themselves to building these systems," is how Yochai Benkler,
co-director of the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard
University, put it when I asked him about the trend.

Bazaar 2.0

One organizer of the Contact Summit, Douglas Rushkoff, compares the
disruptive power of the Internet to the impact of bazaars in the Middle
Ages.

In his latest book, Program or Be Programmed (OR Books), he argues that
the earliest bazaars helped transform feudal society by allowing
vigorous information sharing—a low-tech peer-to-peer network. "Everyone
was speaking with everybody else, and about all sorts of things and
ideas," he writes. "All this information exchange allowed people to
improve on themselves and their situations," allowing craftsmen to form
guilds and share techniques. "As the former peasants rose to become a
middle class of merchants and craftspeople, they were no longer
dependent on feudal lords for food and protection."

The Internet has created a bazaar 2.0, says Mr. Rushkoff, accelerating
information exchange and giving people the power to organize in new
ways.

At least so far. Mr. Rushkoff argues that companies and governments are
gaining too much power, in ways that could limit communication in the
future. Facebook, for instance, is a centralized system that forces
users to run communications through its servers—and, he observes, its
main goal is to make money by analyzing data about users and sharing
that information with advertisers.

"The Internet that we know and love is not up to the task of being both
a fully commercial network and a people's infrastructure," Mr. Rushkoff
told me. "The Net is not a marketing opportunity—it's something much
bigger than that."

One idea: Create two parallel Internets, one run and optimized for
banks and entertainment giants (like Netflix, whose streaming movies
take up more and more of total bandwidth), and the other for academic
research, civic discourse, and independent artists. He points to
Internet2, a high-speed research network run by universities, as a step
in the right direction. But that network is available only on select
campuses.

Perhaps other approaches will emerge that are designed to encourage the
kind of peer-to-peer trading of information that Mr. Rushkoff prefers.
To encourage that, the Contact Summit will organize a bazaar of its
own, where participants can seek supporters for their projects. The
organizers plan to award start-up grants to a few projects on the basis
of a competition. "This is a conference of doers and people looking for
counsel and collaborators," Mr. Rushkoff explains.

He acknowledges that the crowd he is gathering can be hard to herd,
though: "There are people who are afraid to come to Contact because
they think they're going to be hacked or tracked or injected with
something. There are a lot of loonies out there."

Protecting Privacy

One developer who is eager to go the summit is Mr. Moglen, the law
professor. He's leading the development of a device called the Freedom
Box, and though it doesn't look like much—a gadget the size of a
paperback book—he believes that it would be able to help Internet users
preserve their privacy.

The concept: It's a personal server, which automatically scrambles
digital data to make them harder for unauthorized people to intercept.
The idea is to create a personal "cloud," or online storage space, for
data before the information is sent to standard e-mail or Web services.

Mr. Moglen and a team of programmers are developing the software under
the auspices of the FreedomBox Foundation, a nonprofit organization,
and plan to release it under an open license that lets anyone use and
modify it. The initial Freedom Box code is expected to hit the Web in
the next week or two, although it is more of a framework for developers
at this point and lacks most of the planned features.

For Mr. Moglen the work is part of a longtime mission. The Chronicle
[36]profiled him several years ago, soon after he founded the Software
Freedom Law Center and published what he called The dotCommunist
Manifesto.

In the manifesto, he argues that all software should be developed by
groups under free licenses rather than by companies out to make profit.
Critics have called his approach extreme and unworkable, but in some
areas open-source software has gained ground in recent years.

"The Net we have is increasingly monitored, measured, and surveilled
everywhere by everybody all the time, or at least by somebody who's
doing it for somebody else and would answer a subpoena if they got
one," he argued at a conference this year. "Our Net has been turned
against us."

In an interview, Mr. Moglen emphasizes that professors in particular
should send their communications through his device. The reason? "Two
words: William Cronon."

Mr. Cronon, a history professor at the University of Wisconsin at
Madison, was recently the subject of an unusual public-records request
by a political group. The Republican Party of Wisconsin asked the
university to turn over a batch of e-mail messages by the professor
containing certain keywords, as The Chronicle [37]reported, after he
wrote a blog post examining how conservative groups had helped craft
controversial legislation, including the 2011 measure to strip
Wisconsin public employees of collective-bargaining rights.

Mr. Cronon believes that Republican officials were hunting for evidence
that he had violated state law by using his state-university account
for political speech, which he denies doing. He says other professors
might be discouraged from speaking publicly on controversial issues,
for fear their e-mail messages, too, might be sought by critics.

Some free-Internet projects have been under development for some time,
and many professors and business leaders have long encrypted their
e-mail messages. But there is a new emphasis on making such systems
easier to use and bringing them to a wider audience, says Sascha
Meinrath, director of the Open Technology Initiative at the New America
Foundation.

"We're trying to move them out of the geekosphere and get them into
mainstream use," he told me.

And there's evidence of that happening. This summer the foundation
received a $2-million grant from the State Department to build its own
mesh network, which could be set up by dissidents abroad to avoid
censors. That's the system being called an "Internet in a suitcase."

Proponents of mesh projects like Byzantium say they can provide a
different kind of Internet freedom—a connection that comes at no cost.
Potentially, mesh networks could be set up and shared as free community
networks.

For activists like TheDoctor, that kind of freedom can give low-income
users a chance to access information that could help improve their
lives.

"If a single Byzantium node gave a single person access to MIT's open
courseware," he says, "the whole project would be a success."

36. http://chronicle.com/article/The-dotCommunist/18635/
37. http://chronicle.com/article/Wisconsin-GOP-Seeks-E-Mails-of/126911/

Freedom Box: https://www.freedomboxfoundation.org/