Nothing prevents people from believing when guidance comes to them but
the fact that they say, "Has Allah sent a human being as
Messenger?" (Surat al-Isra´, 94)
He said, "What prevented you from prostrating when I commanded you
to?" He [Iblis] replied, "I am better than him. You created me from
fire, and You created him from clay." (Surat al-A`raf, 12)
The Sworn Enemy Of Mankind
Whoever you may be, there is an enemy who is a devoted threat to you,
who wishes for you eternal torment, having dedicated his whole
existence to that end. That enemy is Satan. That is, Satan whom Allah
cursed and expelled from His presence.
He has been in existence throughout human history. Millions who lived
and died have succumbed to his wiles and been thrown into the flames,
and continue to do so. He makes no distinctions among his victims:
young or old, male or female, a head of state or beggar... He is
against all human beings.
He is watching from afar and hatching his plots, even as you are
reading this text. He has but one desire: to lure you, and as many
people as possible, to Hell.
For him to succeed in his aim, it is not necessary that he succeed in
tempting people to worship him, or to engage in outrageous acts of
perversions. Neither does he necessarily wish to lead people to deny
Allah. He himself has not done so. His only wish is to keep human
beings away from the truth of the religion of Allah, as espoused in
the Qur'an; to prevent them from worshipping Allah sincerely; and, as
a result, to ensure they will ultimately have been doomed to eternal
torment. Even, at times, by employing the guise of piety, he will make
reference to the name of Allah, that he may lead people astray from
the truth of the religion. That ruse alone is sufficient for him to
drag people with him into the pit of Hell. And, no matter what means
he employs, that is the inevitable end for those who choose to follow
him:
It is written of him that if anyone takes him as a confidant, he will
mislead him and guide him to the punishment of the Searing Blaze.
(Surat al-Hajj, 4)
Iblis' Rebellion Against Allah
In the Qur'an, "Satan" is the term applied to those beings who will
strive until the Last Day to divert mankind from the path of Allah.
The ancestor of all these satans is Iblis, the one who originally
rebelled against Allah, at the time of the creation of the Prophet
Adam (as).
According to the Qur'an, when Allah had created the Prophet Adam (as),
he commanded the angels to prostrate themselves before him. Iblis,
though, who was one of the jinn, refused to bow before Adam (as).
Rather, he insisted that he was superior to this human being, a
disobedience and great insolence for which he was finally expelled
from the presence of Allah.*
However, before departing from Allah's presence, he requested a
respite, a period of time in which he could lead human beings astray,
into error as he was himself. Thus, Allah allotted him the time until
the Day of Judgment to pursue his plot. It was then that his war
against mankind began. Allah related these developments in the Qur'an
as follows:
We created you and then formed you and then We said to the angels,
"Prostrate before Adam," and they prostrated—except for Iblis. He was
not among those who prostrated.
[Allah] said, "What prevented you from prostrating when I commanded
you to?" He [Iblis] replied, "I am better than him. You created me
from fire and You created him from clay."
He [Allah] said, "Descend from Heaven. It is not for you to be
arrogant in it. So get out! You are one of the abased."
He [Iblis] said, "Grant me a reprieve until the day they are raised
up."
He [Allah] said, "You are one of the reprieved."
He [Iblis] said, "By Your misguidance of me, I will lie in ambush for
them on your straight path."
[Iblis said,] "Then I will come at them, from in front of them and
behind them, from their right and from their left. You will not find
most of them thankful."
He [Allah] said, "Get out of it, reviled and driven out. As for those
of them who follow you, I will fill up Hell with every one of
you." (Surat al-A`raf, 11-18)
Therefore, after having been expelled from Allah's presence, Iblis
entered upon his struggle. He insinuated himself among humanity that
he might deceive them and cause them to go astray. His first ruse was
to mislead the Prophet Adam (as) and his wife, then abiding in
Paradise, succeeding in tempting them to rebel against Allah. This
occurrence, at the dawn of human history, is here described in the
Qur'an:
[Allah said,] "Adam, live in the Garden, you and your wife, and eat of
it wherever you like. But do not go near this tree lest you become
wrongdoers."
Then Satan whispered to them, disclosing to them their private parts
that had been concealed from them. He said, "Your Lord has only
forbidden you this tree that you not become like the angels or achieve
immortality."
He [Satan] swore to them, "I am a sincere counselor to you."
So he enticed them to commit the act by means of deception. Then, when
they tasted of the tree, their private parts were disclosed to them,
and they began to stitch together leaves of the Garden that they may
cover themselves. Their Lord called out to them, "Did I not forbid you
this tree and say to you, 'Satan is an avowed enemy to you?' "
They said, "Our Lord, we have wronged ourselves. If you do not forgive
us and have mercy on us, we will be among the deceived."
He said, "Go out from here as enemies to each other! You will live on
Earth and have enjoyment for a time."
He said, "On it you will live, and on it die, and from it you will be
brought forth." (Surat al-A`raf, 19-25)
The Prophet Adam (as) had repented to Allah and was forgiven by Him.
Nevertheless, Iblis continued with his war on humanity. As is revealed
in the Qur'an, in Surat al-Ma´ida, Satan also deceived one of the
Prophet Adam's (as) two sons, causing him to kill his brother. (Surat
al-Ma´ida, 27)
From that time onward, Iblis has deceived a great many people, luring
them into his ranks. He has also many supporters from among jinn. The
jinn who followed him have also set out, as he, to insinuate
themselves among humans, in order to lead them astray and to cause
doubt in their hearts (Surat an-Nas, 4). These jinns, as well as the
human beings who also follow Iblis, have given him the title "Satan."
(The root of the Arabic word "Shaytan" means, "to be far removed," and
is a title for every impetuous and rebellious creature who has been
expelled from the presence of Allah.)
For that reason, "Satan," mankind's worst enemy, is rather a legion of
jinns and human beings, under the leadership of Iblis. These jinns and
human beings seek to cause humanity to stray onto that path they
themselves have strayed onto, the path of Iblis. Because the jinns
among the satans are invisible, they can approach humans without their
being aware of it, and place thoughts in their minds that may cause
them to turn from the path of truth. Human satans, on the other hand,
move about openly among the people, fomenting suggestions with the
intent of leading them into error. Moreover, as such a person may be
one regarded as a close personal friend, he may also be a "man of
ideas," widely respected in society. Believers are taught the
following prayer in the Qur'an, to protect them from this danger:
Say: "I seek refuge with the Lord of mankind,
The King of mankind, the God of mankind,
From the evil of the insidious whisperer
who whispers in people's breasts, from among the jinn and
mankind." (Surat an-Nas, 1-6)
Because Satan is a foe with the ability to approach man so
deceptively, all need to take especial care in order to avoid him. The
first precondition in this regard is to acknowledge Satan's existence.
Once this point is recognized, we can then consider Satan's purpose to
be founded on the most peculiar and incongruent form of logic. At the
root of his logic, subsequently employed by all those who follow in
his footsteps, is pride and arrogance.
Satan's Peculiar Logic
The reason for Iblis' rebellion against Allah is set out in the Qur'an
with the following account:
He said, "What prevented you from prostrating when I commanded you
to?" He [Iblis] replied, "I am better than him. You created me from
fire, and You created him from clay." (Surat al-A`raf, 12)
Iblis refused to bow before a human being because he regarded himself
as superior. However, the premise on which he bases that rejection is
unfounded, and refers to superficial criteria. He maintains that he
was created from fire, while man is from clay, implying that the
former is superior in substance to the latter. In other words, the
entire basis of his arrogance is founded on the supposed physical
difference in composition between the two substances. The fact is,
however, that Allah created both man and Iblis, whatever the material.
It is completely irrational, and astounding impudence, that a created
being would rebel against the command of its Creator, by claiming the
substance from which it was created to be superior to another, though
also created by the same Creator. However, the extreme envy Iblis felt
towards man, as well as the false sense of his own superiority,
prevented him from perceiving that fact, causing him to rebel against
Allah's command, for having insisted on a mere physical difference.
Iblis' errant notions can be further discerned from other portions of
the Qur'an, where he is referred to as regarding himself special and
superior:
He said, "I will not bow before a human being whom You have created
out of dried clay formed from putrid black mud." (Surat al-Hijr, 33)
Iblis does not deny that Allah created him. That is not the cause of
his rebellion. On the contrary, he himself admits that it was Allah
Who had created him. However, by insisting instead, "I am imbued with
greater potential than a human being; you created me from fire and him
from mud," he is afflicted, clearly, with pride. There is absolutely
nothing logical in his rebellious stance before Allah.
When We said to the angels, "Bow before Adam!" they all bowed, except
Iblis. He said "What! Am I to prostrate to one You have created out of
clay?" (Surat al-Isra´, 61)
The last verse clearly shows Iblis' impudence and delusion. The
elevation of the Prophet Adam (as)'s status, by which Iblis considered
himself slighted, because of not wanting to humble himself before any
other, led him to this terrible jealousy. Thus he became disobedient
towards Allah:
He said, "Iblis, what prevented you prostrating to what I created with
My own Hands? Were you overcome by arrogance or are you one of the
exalted?"
He [Satan] said, "I am better than he. You created me from fire, but
You created him from clay." (Surah Sad, 75-76)
The evil considerations behind Iblis' refusal to bow before the
Prophet Adam (as) is also observable among all those who refuse to
accept the word of Allah, in other words, among the human satans.
These are people who have rejected the prophets, humans just like
themselves, though messengers of Allah. They insisted instead that
there ought to be some superiority evident in anyone they should
receive as a messenger of Allah, claiming such superiority needed to
be based on political or material power. An example of such demands
can be found among the unbelievers from the time of the Prophet
Muhammad (saas). According to the Qur'an:
They say, "Why was this Qur'an not sent down to one of the more
powerful men from the two cities?" (Surat az-Zukhruf, 31)
Alternatively, unbelievers also demanded to witness proof of
supernatural power through some miracle in order to believe in the
messenger. Several examples of such demands are related in the
Qur'an:
They say, "We will not believe you until you make a spring gush out
from the earth for us; or have a garden of dates and grapes which you
make rivers come pouring through. Or make the sky, as you claim, fall
down on us in lumps; or bring Allah and the angels here as a
guarantee; or possess a house built out of gleaming gold; or ascend up
into heaven—and even then we will not believe in your ascent unless
you bring us down a book to read!"
Say: "Glory be to my Lord! Am I anything but a human
messenger?" (Surat al-Isra´, 90-93)
This is a point those who opposed the messengers and waged war against
them were unable to accept. Unbelievers are unable to accept a normal
human being like themselves as having been imparted the role of
messenger. This envy and haughty rebellion is founded on the same
perverted belief as Iblis' when he refused to prostrate himself before
the Prophet Adam (as). The following verse refers to the way in which
most people have been unable to find the path to salvation, for just
that reason:
Nothing prevents people from believing when guidance comes to them but
the fact that they say, "Has Allah sent a human being as
Messenger?" (Surat al-Isra´, 94)
A curious enigma governs Iblis' rebellion. Iblis is an entity
possessed of knowledge, having himself witnessed to the existence of
Allah. He has knowledge of the angels, and is cognizant of man's
creation. He is also aware of Allah's greatness and might, as well as
of the torment of Hell. The mystery of the illogic of Iblis, and of
all those who follow him, is in their propensity to oppose the
commandments of Allah, thereby becoming unbelievers, despite first-
hand knowledge of the existence and oneness of Allah. This is a most
puzzling phenomenon. With such knowledge available, Iblis should have
been of the most profound faith. His degree of awareness should lead
him to be eternally obedient and reverent to Allah. Yet, Iblis
embarked on a course of action that not even the person least aware of
such facts would have been courageous enough to do.
The mystery of Iblis' irrationality does not end there. Despite
committing a sin so great as to incite others to deny Allah, he
nevertheless admits to fearing Him. This indicates a particularly
diseased pattern of thought:
They are like Satan when he says to a human being, "Disbelieve," and
then when he disbelieves, says, "I wash my hands of you. Truly I fear
Allah, the Lord of all the worlds." (Surat al-Hashr, 16)
Another verse reveals that, after Satan had incited the unbelievers
against the believers, he then abandoned them, then confessing to his
fear of Allah:
When Satan made their actions appear good to them, saying, "No one
will overcome you today for I am at your side." But when the two
parties came in sight of one another, he turned right round on his
heels saying, "I wash my hands of you. I see what you do not see. I
fear Allah. Allah is severe in retribution." (Surat al-Anfal, 48)
On the one hand, Iblis admits to the existence of Allah, and to His
infinite might and wisdom, yet, on the other, knowingly rebels against
Him, being an extreme contradiction.
Similarly, all who reject the commandments of Allah, as revealed in
the Qur'an, interpreting His commands according to his personal
desires, or seeks to demonstrate that the divine law is invalid, is
guilty of the same error as Iblis. Like Iblis, they are aware of the
existence of Allah, but fall into exactly the same failure of logic as
he.
Due to his disobedience, Iblis was disgraced and ultimately expelled
from his place in the presence of Allah. Iblis, who rebelled out of
pride and arrogance, was humiliated in a way so distasteful to his
character. Therefore, before leaving Allah's presence, he requests
Allah to be allotted a specific a period of time. He does not demand
such a period that he may seek Allah's forgiveness, to turn back
towards Him and express his repentance. Rather, his aim is to
ignorantly seek retribution by dragging as many as he can into the
same humiliation.
Thus it was that Satan's animosity and war against mankind was
incepted. However, it must not be forgotten that Allah created Satan,
with all these propensities, and that he is a factor under our Lord's
command. Satan is only able to carry out all that he does by the
permission of Allah. Due this same fact, though, Satan is at times
able to influence a great majority of human beings. Yet, he can do
nothing without Allah's leave. The period of time requested by Satan,
that is, the respite granted by Allah, is related as follows in the
Qur'an:
"He [Satan] said, "My Lord, grant me a reprieve until the Day they are
raised again." He [Allah] said, "You are among the reprieved." (Surat
al-Hijr, 36-37)
In another verse, the respite accorded to Satan is described as
follows:
He [Satan] said, "Do you see this creature you have honored over me?
If You reprieve me till the Day of Rising, I will be the master of his
descendants except for a very few."
He [Allah] said, "Go! And as for any who follow you, your repayment is
Hell, repayment in full!" (Surat al-Isra´, 62-63)
As can be discerned from these verses, Satan acts under within the
confines of the will of Allah. He is aware that Allah is the Lord of
the Worlds. Indeed, while declaring that he will insinuate suggestions
into human beings, Satan swears on the greatness of Allah:
He [Satan] said, "By Your might, I will mislead all of them." (Surah
Sad, 82)
Before expelling Satan from His presence, Allah announced the
following:
"Stir up any of them you can with your voice and rally against them
your cavalry and your infantry and share with them in their children
and their wealth and make them promises! The promise of Satan is
nothing but delusion." (Surat al-Isra´, 64)
In the pages that follow, we shall examine the tactics which, by
Allah's permission, Satan employs. However, there is one key point
which ought not to be forgotten:
Satan has no power beyond that granted to him by Allah. Satan's
function is to be a means whereby human beings destined for Hell end
up in the place appointed for them. Those who follow Satan are
unworthy of Allah's Paradise, being morally lower even than animals.
Allah reveals this truth in the verses of His Book:
We created many of the jinn and mankind for Hell. They have hearts
they do not understand with. They have eyes they do not see with. They
have ears they do not hear with. Such people are like cattle. No, they
are even further astray! They are the unaware. (Surat al-A`raf, 179)
In addition, Satan has no influence over those devout servants of
Allah. Because Allah prevents it, Satan's influence is incapable of
diverting believers from the true path. Allah protects those of His
servants who devote themselves to Him, and who do not deify others
besides Him, from the perverting effects of Satan.
He [Satan] has no authority over those who believe and put their trust
in their Lord. (Surat an-Nahl, 99)
In conclusion, like all other beings, Satan has been charged with a
role by Allah. That role is to be a means by which the believers, whom
Allah has created for His Paradise, and others, created for Hell, may
be distinguished from each another. Therefore, this means serves as a
purging. Those with diseased or corrupt hearts are kept from or
separated from the believers, by means of Satan. A verse of the Qur'an
has revealed that Satan's influence will effect only the following
sort of people:
[It is] so that He can make what Satan insinuates a trial for those
with sickness in their hearts and for those whose hearts are hard—the
wrongdoers are entrenched in hostility. (Surat al-Hajj, 53)
Furthermore, the difficulties which Satan seeks to inflict upon
believers also offer an opportunity by which they may draw closer to
Allah in this world, and increase their faith:
And [it is] so that those who have been given knowledge will know it
is the truth from their Lord and believe in it and their hearts will
be humbled to Him. Allah guides those who believe to a straight path.
(Surat al-Hajj, 54)
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