On May 9, 10:55Â pm, Rockinghorse Winner <
badass.super...@gmx.com>
wrote:
Some animals are social and need to communicate more than animals that
are solitary or in dumb herds which means they must go beyond other
animals in recognizing the self and others. In humans language was add
to this more complex level of instinctual social communication.
A critical question in human evolution is how the hierarchy typical of
ape societies was transformed into its opposite, the egalitarianism of
hunter gatherers. Human brain size started to expand dramatically from
the split with chimps. One consequence of this increased cognitive
capacity was the invention of weapons such as wooden spears. Weapons
were the great equalizers, and would have had the effect of flattening
out the hierarchy of a still apelike society, Boehm suggests. Another
leveler would have been the cognitive ability of the weak to form
coalitions against tyrannical leaders...
...as egalitarianism slowly evolved in the human lineage, it would
have exposed a critical weakness in the social structure: with the
power of the alpha males eclipsed, how was order to be kept? If no one
were willing to defer to anyone else, who would determine the
interests of the group? Who would take the personal risk of punishing
deviant and antisocial behavior?
The threat of freeloading and anarchy would have become increasingly
serious as human cognitive abilities increased. Individuals would have
figured out new and better ways to take advantage of the group's
protection without contributing anything in return. Nothing is more
corrosive to a group's cohesion than free riders. If they go
unpunished, the advantage of social living quickly diminishes; others
will contribute less, and the group will disintegrate or crumble under
challenge from neighbors. Free riders would have gained new power with
the advent of language, a perfect instrument with which to deceive,
prevaricate and manipulate. Those who were not pulling their full
weight had a new means of cloaking their selfishness...
...In evolutionary theory the role of religion as a force for social
cohesion and this is a fairly standard idea. But a new wrinkle on this
argument argues that the development of language allowed the
elaboration of reciprical altruism in human societies. With this
elaboration came greater opportunities for 'freeloaders' to cheat the
system by deception. There must be "...some context in which
statements were reliably and indubitably true.".. ...scared truths
which are unverifiable and unfalsifiable along with the communal
rituals of religion provide committed individuals with defense
"against the lie" ...there are good examples of this aspect of
religion operating even today, for instance among Orthodox Jews in the
diamond district seal even large contracts with a handshake. So the
defense against the the lie allows enhanced trust between members of
the community. Presumably repeated participation in the rituals of
religion provides a measure of verification that the trust is
warranted, making freeloaders easier to detect.
http://theforcethat.blogspot.com/2006/05/religion-and-science.html
Before the Dawn: Recovering the
Lost History of Our Ancestors
by Nicholas Wade
http://www.amazon.com/Before-Dawn-Recovering-History-Ancestors/dp/014303832X/
The Faith Instinct: How Religion Evolved and
Why It Endures - Nicholas Wade
http://www.amazon.com/Faith-Instinct-Religion-Evolved-Endures/dp/B003B3NVZY/
Once there is language, conflicts of language ideas emerge layered on
top of mammalian instinctual hardware.
Basically, cognitive dissonance is a state of tension that occurs
whenever an individual simualtaniiously holds two cognitions (ideas,
attitudes, beliefs, opinions) that are psychologically inconsistent.
Stated differently, two cognitions are dissonant if, considering these
two cognitions alone, the opposite of one follows from the other.
Because the occurrance of cognitive dissonance is unpleasant, people
are motivated to reduce it; this is roughly analogous to the processes
involved in the induction and reduction of such drives as hunger or
thirst----except that, here, the driving force arises from cognitive
dissonance rather than physiological needs. To hold two ideas that
contradict each other is to flirt with absurdity, and---as Albert
Camus, the existentialist philosopher, has observed---humans are
creatures who sppend their lives trying to convine themselves their
existence is not absurd.
And since religious ideas are parasites on our strongest emotional
hardware they can trigger the tangle up in;
Quine's Web of Beliefs
According to Quine's metaphor of the web, all of our beliefs justify
and are justified by all of our other beliefs. They are all connected
by an explanatory network, and changes in one place can require
changes elsewhere. Thus, all of our beliefs are connected to our
observations of the world. What we observe can lead us to change any
of our beliefs, no matter how certain we may have been that they were
true. ...we try to change as few beliefs as possible, but we cannot
rule out the possibility that some observations will require sweeping
changes in the web.
Such sweeping changes do not occur often. When they do occur, they are
usually heralded as scientific revolutions, such as when Albert
Einstein (1879-1955) replaced Isaac Newton's (1642-1727) world view
with his special and general theories of relativity, and when Charles
Darwin (1809-1882) presented his theory of evolution, and when Sigmund
Freud (1856-1939) revealed the powers of unconscious motivation.
Similar sweeping changes may also occur in our personal lives, as when
we embrace a new religion with great fervor or decide that atheism is
the correct attitude and reject all religion.
...Are any beliefs immune from this process? Many philosophers believe
so. They hold that some beliefs do not depend on observation for their
justification, and that no observations whatever could show them to be
wrong. Beliefs of this type are said to count as a priori knowledge,
meaning that their justification is independent of experience. A
priori knowledge is contrasted with empirical knowledge, which does
depend on observation for its justification.
Thus, these philosophers give certain beliefs a privileged place in
the web. They are protected by something like a one-way glass. The
beliefs behind the glass, our a priori knowledge, provide
justification for the beliefs in front of it, our empirical beliefs,
but nothing that happens in front of the glass can change what goes on
behind it...
...The web of belief is set up in such a way that it is always
possible to hold any belief, come what may...
...Think of our beliefs as being spread throughout our web. Some
beliefs are in the center, some on the edges, and the rest scattered
in between. The beliefs on the edges are those we are most willing to
give up in the face of unexpected observations. The ones in the center
are those we are least willing to give up, those we are most likely to
hold, come what may. For most of us, the belief that tables do not
move themselves is much closer to the center than the belief that we
have not misjudged the distance to the table. A great number of
unexpected observations would have to occur before we would begin to
believe that tables move themselves. As we get closer and closer to
the center, our beliefs seem to be totally protected from unexpected
observations, so protected that we cannot imagine changing them. The
belief that twice two is four, for example, seems entirely immune from
revision.
Although most of us put the same beliefs in the center, it is possible
to put anything there...
Persons And Their World: An Introduction to Philosophy - Jeffrey Olen
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/0075543117
In summary a million years ago an apes picked up rocks and hit
existing tyrants making society much more equal, and thus began the
stone age. Just joking.