Black Tuesday, May 29, The Fall of Constantinople
May 29th, 2012
Constantine XI Paleologos, the last Emperor of the East Roman Empire,
who was martyred by the forces of Sultan Mehmet during the assault on
The City on May 29, 1453, was a man whose personal life was marked by
tragedy, but who above all maintained steadfast his Christian faith
and his dedication to his duties as the Christian Emperor.
He is venerated among Orthodox for his deep faith in Christ, his
faithfulness to his people and to his duties as Emperor in the face of
certain death at the hands of the Sultan’s forces. A lesser Christian
and man not only could have, but would have contrived his own escape,
abandoning the people to their own devices. Constantine remained
faithful to Our Triune God and Jesus Christ and His Mother, the Holy
Theotokos, to his duties as Emperor, and to his people, trying as best
as he could to uphold and defend them.
Constantine’s heroic death and the shock of the fall of The City,
combined with the fact that his place of burial remains a mystery to
this day, led to the spawning of several pious legends about the
sleeping Emperor, secluded by God, who would one day return to drive
out the invaders and restore the Empire. Regardless of how one views
these legends, they are a testimony to the enduring respect as a
dedicated Christian Emperor in which Constantine is held.
On Monday, 28 May, the Greeks knew that their moment of truth was upon
them. There was a weird calm from the Turkish camp. The Sultan had
ordered a day of rest before the final assault.
Those in the city who could be spared from manning and patching up the
battered walls took to the streets in prayer. Constantine ordered that
icons and relics from churches and monasteries be carried round the
walls while the church bells rang. The crowd of Greeks and Italians,
Orthodox and Catholic, forgot their differences as they joined in
hymns and prayers. Constantine led the procession on its solemn march.
The final speech of Constantine as related by Leonardo of Chios is the
most reliable account, even though the rhetoric of it may be fanciful.
It may therefore be worth giving it in full, since it was
Constantine’s last public speech and can serve, as Gibbon observed, as
‘the funeral oration of the Roman Empire:
“Gentlemen, illustrious captains of the army, and our most Christian
comrades in arms: we now see the hour of battle approaching. I have
therefore elected to assemble you here to make it clear that you must
stand together with firmer resolution than ever. You have always
fought with glory against the enemies of Christ. Now the defence of
your fatherland and of the city known the world over, which the
infidel and evil Turks have been besieging for two and fifty days, is
committed to your lofty spirits.
Be not afraid because its walls have been worn down by the enemy’s
battering. For your strength lies in the protection of God and you
must show it with your arms quivering and your swords brandished
against the enemy. I know that this undisciplined mob will, as is
their custom, rush upon you with loud cries and ceaseless volleys of
arrows. These will do you no bodily harm, for I see that you are well
covered in armour. They will strike the walls, our breastplates and
our shields. So do not imitate the Romans who, when the Carthaginians
went into battle against them, allowed their cavalry to be terrified
by the fearsome sight and sound of elephants.
In this battle you must stand firm and have no fear, no thought of
flight, but be inspired to resist with ever more herculean strength.
Animals may run away from animals. But you are men, men of stout
heart, and you will hold at bay these dumb brutes, thrusting your
spears and swords into them, so that they will know that they are
fighting not against their own kind but against the masters of
animals.
You are aware that the impious and infidel enemy has disturbed the
peace unjustly. He has violated the oath and treaty that he made with
us; he has slaughtered our farmers at harvest time; he has erected a
fortress on the Propontis as it were to devour the Christians; he has
encircled Galata under a pretence of peace.
Now he threatens to capture the city of Constantine the Great, your
fatherland, the place of ready refuge for all Christians, the guardian
of all Greeks, and to profane its holy shrines of God by turning them
into stables for fits horses. Oh my lords, my brothers, my sons, the
everlasting honour of Christians is in your hands.
You men of Genoa, men of courage and famous for your infinite
victories, you who have always protected this city, your mother, in
many a conflict with the Turks, show now your prowess and your
aggressive spirit toward them with manly vigour.
You men of Venice, most valiant heroes, whose swords have many a time
made Turkish blood to flow and who in our time have sent so many
ships, so many infidel souls to the depths under the command of
Loredano, the most excellent captain of our fleet, you who have
adorned this city as if it were your own with fine, outstanding men,
lift high your spirits now for battle.
You, my comrades in arms, obey the commands of your leaders in the
knowledge that this is the day of your glory — a day on which, if you
shed but a drop of blood, you will win for yourselves crowns of
martyrdom and eternal fame.”
Constantine’s speech gave new heart to those who heard it. When the
shades of evening began to fall people moved, as if by instinct,
towards the church of the Holy Wisdom. Greeks and Latins alike crowded
into the great church to pray together for their deliverance.
The Emperor Constantine came to pray and to ask forgiveness and
remission of his sins from every bishop present before receiving
communion at the altar. The priest who gave him the sacrament cannot
have known that he was administering the last rites to the last
Christian Emperor of the Romans.
~Adapted from the unofficial web page of The Society of Saint John
Chrysostom of Ayatriada Rum Katoliki Kilise (
http://rumkatkilise.org/
index.html). Excerpts taken from Donald Nichols, The Immortal Emperor