The plunder of Iraq's treasures
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http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/GB17Ak01.html
Middle East
Feb 17, 2005
The plunder of Iraq's treasures
By Humberto Marquez
CARACAS - One million books, 10 million documents and 14,000
archaeological artifacts have been lost in the US-led invasion and
subsequent occupation of Iraq - the biggest cultural disaster since
the descendants of Genghis Khan destroyed Baghdad in 1258, Venezuelan
writer Fernando Baez told Inter Press Service (IPS).
"US and Polish soldiers are still stealing treasures today and selling
them across the borders with Jordan and Kuwait, where art merchants
pay up to $57,000 for a Sumerian tablet," said Baez, who was
interviewed during a brief visit to Caracas. (A Sumerian tablet is
pictured at right.)
The expert on the destruction of libraries has helped document the
devastation of cultural and religious objects in Iraq, where the
ancient Mesopotamian kingdoms of Sumer, Akkad and Babylon emerged,
giving it a reputation as the birthplace of civilization.
His inventory of the destruction and his denunciations that the
coalition forces are violating the Hague Convention of 1954 on the
protection of cultural heritage in times of war have earned him the
enmity of Washington. Baez said he was refused a visa to enter the US
to take part in conferences.
In addition, he has been barred from returning to Iraq "to carry out
further investigations", he added. "But it's too late, because we
already have documents, footage and photos that in time will serve as
evidence of the atrocities committed," said Baez, the author of The
Cultural Destruction of Iraq and A Universal History of the
Destruction of Books, which were published in Spanish.
IPS: What do you accuse the United States of doing?
FB: In first place, of violating the Hague Convention, which states
that cultural property must be protected in the event of armed
conflict. That is a criminally punishable offence, which is why
Washington has not signed the convention, or the 1999 protocol
attached to it. And perhaps it is one reason the administration of
George W Bush is seeking immunity for its soldiers. But it is not only
the United States; the rest of the coalition forces are also guilty.
IPS: But according to the reports, it was Iraqi civilians and not US
soldiers who looted libraries and museums.
FB: But the US Army was criminally negligent, failing to protect
libraries, museums and archaeological sites despite clear warnings
from UNESCO [the UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization], the UN, the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute
and the former head of the US president's Advisory Committee on
Cultural Property, Martin Sullivan. The Iraqis who went out to loot
interpreted the negligence as a green light to act without restraint.
IPS: So the sin committed by the US was one of omission?
FB: Not only that. There was also direct destruction and looting. In
Nassiria in May 2004, a year after the formal end of hostilities,
during fighting with [Shi'ite cleric] Muqtada al-Sadr's militants,
40,000 religious manuscripts were destroyed in a fire [set by the
coalition forces]. And when soldiers found out that the Sumerian city
of Ur [in southern Iraq] was the birthplace of the prophet Abraham,
they took ancient bricks as souvenirs.
IPS: You also accuse soldiers from other countries, besides US troops.
FB: That's right. In late May 2004, the Italian Carabinieri were
caught trying to smuggle looted cultural artifacts over the border
into Kuwait. And the British Museum reported that Polish forces
destroyed part of Babylon's ancient ruins, to the south of Baghdad.
IPS: Can we suppose that these events are part of phases of the
conflict that have already been left behind?
FB: No. More recently it was found that Polish troops drove heavy
vehicles near the Nebuchadnezzar Palace, which dates back to the sixth
century BC, and then covered large areas of the site with asphalt,
doing irreparable damage. There were also attempts to gouge out bricks
at the Gate of Ishtar. To that is added the collapse of ancient walls
due to the continuous passage of US trucks and helicopters, and walls
spraypainted with graffiti, like "I was here" or "I love Mary".
IPS: Can we expect the situation to improve with time?
FB: Another accusation that can be made against the United States is
that it has created a less safe country overall, by generating the
conditions for cultural destruction, which will be even worse in
future years, due to the situation of legal insecurity. In the days of
the looting of Baghdad, US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld went so
far as to say that looting "isn't something that someone allows or
doesn't allow. It's something that happens." Today Iraq is like a golf
course for the world's terrorists, and its cultural treasures will not
be safe in the future.
IPS: What impact has there been on the United States?
FB: One of its reactions was to rejoin UNESCO, which the US had
withdrawn from during the era of [Ronald] Reagan [1981-1989] on the
pretext that the UN agency served as "a communist front". Experts at
the US State and Defense departments are trying to mitigate the
damages. US military police helped Iraqi police track down the Lady of
Warka, dubbed the "Mona Lisa of Mesopotamia", (pictured at right) a
5,200-year-old marble sculpture that is one of the earliest known
representations of the human face in the history of art.
IPS: How significant are the losses?
FB: The Lady of Warka may be worth $100 or $150 million. A Sumerian
cuneiform tablet or an Assyrian stela can fetch $57,000 at the border.
Some Iraqis have been purchasing books at used-book markets in Baghdad
to return them to the libraries. But the damage is incalculable. In
the Baghdad National Library, around one million books were burnt,
including early editions of Arabian Nights, mathematical treatises by
Omar Khayyam, and tracts by philosophers Avicena and Averroes.
IPS: Thousands of relics were also lost from the National
Archaeological Museum.
FB: The initial reports spoke of 170,000 objects, but 25 major
artifacts as well as 14,000 less important ones actually disappeared.
An amnesty for the looters led to the recovery of around 3,500,
according to the US colonel who led the investigations, Matthew
Bogdanos. But besides the national museum and library, the al-Awqaf
library, which held over 5,000 Islamic manuscripts, university
libraries and the library of Bayt al-Hikma also suffered. At least 10
million documents have been lost in Iraq altogether.
IPS: Do you believe military forces have been the worst enemy of books?
FB: No, actually I don't. I believe intellectuals are the worst
enemies. Intellectuals have burnt books in the name of the Bible or
the Koran. Vladimir Nabokov [1899-1977] burnt El Quixote in front of
his students. Destroyers like Adolph Hitler or Slobodan Milosevic were
bibliophiles. Saddam Hussein himself, an archaeologist and
philologist, published three novels. Joseph Goebbels, the genius of
Nazi propaganda, was a philologist. And many of those who have led the
US to war in Iraq are academics. It is a paradox: the inventors of the
electronic book returned to Mesopotamia, where books, history and
civilization were born, to destroy it.
Baez has said his research into the destruction of libraries and
archives was first motivated by his painful childhood memories of a
flash flood that wiped away the library in his hometown, San Felix in
southeastern Venezuela. He cherished the municipal library because
since his parents worked, he had often been left with relatives who
worked there, and spent his days reading.
His research culminated in A Universal History of the Destruction of
Books, which documents the catastrophic loss of books during wars,
like the Library of Alexandria, which burnt down in 48 BC, or the
burning of millions of books by the Nazis.
(Inter Press Service)
How Iraq's art treasures were saved (Jun 13, '03)
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