On May 26, 10:27 pm, clairbear <
clairb...@sidsatwit.com> wrote:
read up on the Nuremberg Laws. you will see how conservative extremism
morphs into the murder of millions. in texas, and in every red state,
or even blue states that were stupid enough to vote conservative, are
heading down the road of extremism.
there is no room for real rule of law in a conservative society, only
actions that mask themselves as law.
that is why murder is so easily accepted in a conservative society.
we saw this recently when texas knowingly killed a innocent man, then
celebrated it.
we saw this celebration on alt.politic.economics. many conservative
posters even laughed at the results of a innocent person put to his
death by conservative extremism.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws
Nuremberg Laws
Nuremberg Laws
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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For the set of guidelines for determining what constitutes a war
crime, see Nuremberg principles. For the set of research ethics
principles for human experimentation, see Nuremberg Code.
Title page of RGB I No. 100 proclaiming the laws. Issued 16.09.1935.
German Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Nuremberg Laws
The Nuremberg Laws (German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were
antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany introduced at the annual Nuremberg
Rally of the Nazi Party. After the takeover of power in 1933 by
Hitler, Nazism became an official ideology incorporating antisemitism
as a form of scientific racism. There was a rapid growth in German
legislation directed at Jews, such as the Law for the Restoration of
the Professional Civil Service which banned "non-Aryans" from the
civil-service.
The lack of a clear legal method of defining who was Jewish had,
however, allowed some Jews to escape some forms of discrimination
aimed at them. The enactment of laws identifying who was Jewish made
it easier for the Nazis to enforce legislation restricting the basic
rights of German Jews.
The Nuremberg Laws classified people with four German grandparents as
"German or kindred blood", while people were classified as Jews if
they descended from three or four Jewish grandparents. A person with
one or two Jewish grandparents was a Mischling, a crossbreed, of
"mixed blood".[1] These laws deprived Jews of German citizenship and
prohibited marriage between Jews and other Germans.[2]
The Nuremberg Laws also included a ban on sexual intercourse between
people defined as "Jews" and non-Jewish Germans and prevented "Jews"
from participating in German civic life. These laws were both an
attempt to return the Jews of 20th-century Germany to the position
that Jews had held before their emancipation in the 19th century;
although in the 19th century Jews could have evaded restrictions by
converting, this was no longer possible.
The laws were a legal embodiment of an already existing Nazi boycott
of Jewish businesses.
Contents [hide]
• 1 Background history
• 2 Toward the Nuremberg Laws
• 3 Introduction
• 4 Laws
• 5 Effect
• 6 Nazi Eugenics and Racial belief
• 7 Impact outside Germany
• 8 Existing copies
• 9 See also
• 10 References
• 11 Further reading
• 12 External links
[edit]
Background history
1935 chart from Nazi Germany used to explain the Nuremberg Laws
Before 1806, when general citizenship was largely non-existent in the
Holy Roman Empire, its inhabitants were subject to different estate
regulations. Varying from one territory of the Empire to another,
these regulations classified inhabitants into different groups, such
as dynasts, members of the court entourage, other aristocrats, city
dwellers (burghers), Jews, Huguenots (in Prussia a special estate
until 1810), free peasants, serfs, peddlers and Gypsies, with
different privileges and burdens attached to each classification.
Legal inequality was the principle.
The concept of citizenship was mostly restricted to cities, especially
free imperial cities. There was no general franchise, which remained a
privilege for the few, who inherited the status or acquired it when
they reached a certain level of taxed income or could afford the
expensive citizen's fee (Bürgergeld). Citizenship was often further
restricted to city dwellers affiliated with the locally dominant
Christian denomination (Calvinist, Catholic or Lutheran). City
dwellers of other denominations or religions and those who lacked the
necessary wealth to qualify as citizens were considered as mere
inhabitants who lacked political rights and were sometimes subject to
revocable staying permits.
Most Jews then living in German locales that allowed their settlement
were automatically defined as mere indigenous inhabitants, depending
on permits that were typically less generous than those granted to
Gentile indigenous inhabitants. In the 18th c. some Jews and their
families (such as Daniel Itzig in Berlin) gained equal status with
their fellow Christian city dwellers, but had a different status than
noblemen, Huguenots, or serfs. They often did not enjoy the freedom of
movement across territorial or even municipal boundaries, let alone
enjoy the same status in the new place as in the old.
With the abolition of legal status differences in the Napoleonic era
and its aftermath citizenship was established as a new franchise
generally applying to all former subjects of the monarchs. While
Jewish emancipation did not eliminate all forms of discrimination
against Jews, who often remained barred from holding official
positions with the State, such forms of discrimination were no longer
the guiding principle for ordering society, but a violation of it.
These restrictions were mostly abolished in the 1840s, in few smaller
states as late as 1869.
In the mid-19th century, the fiercely anti-Semitic völkisch movement
appeared in Germany. One of the major demands of the various völkisch
groups had been the disemancipation of German Jews and banning sexual
relations between those considered to be of the “Semitic race” and
those considered to be of the “Aryan race”. In 1881, a petition
presented to the German government by the völkisch groups demanding
Jewish disemancipation and the banning of marriage and sexual
intercourse between “Aryans” and “Jews” had collected over a million
signatures. Reflecting the strength of the völkisch movement, from
1892 when the so-called Tivoli Program was adopted, the Conservative
Party formally advocated disemancipation of German Jews.[3] In his
best-selling 1912 book Wenn ich der Kaiser wär (If I were the Kaiser),
Heinrich Class, the leader of one of the more powerful völkisch
groups, the Alldeutscher Verband, urged that all German Jews be
stripped of their German citizenship and be reduced to Fremdenrecht
(alien status).[4] Class went on to urge in Wenn ich der Kaiser wär
that Jews be totally excluded from all aspects of German life with
Class recommending that Jews be forbidden to own land, hold public
office, and to participate in journalism, banking, and the liberal
professions.[4]
[edit]
Toward the Nuremberg Laws
After the First World War, the Jews of Germany were among the most
assimilated in Western Europe, speaking German, as opposed to Yiddish,
as their first language. Many were secular or atheistic[citation
needed] and many had fought for Germany in the First World War.
The National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), which had been
founded in 1919 as an offshoot of the völkisch movement, adopted the
movement's demands to disemancipate the Jews as its own.[5] Attacks on
Jews started shortly after the Nazi assumption of power on 30 January
1933, when Adolf Hitler assumed the Chancellorship. The Nazi boycott
of Jewish businesses, the first nationwide stage of the anti-Semitic
campaign, began on 1 April 1933.
However, the völkisch demand for laws disemancipating Jews and banning
sex or marriage between "non-Aryans" and "Aryans" were not immediately
met. A dispute between the Interior Ministry and the NSDAP over the
precise "racial" definition of a Jew, namely how many Jewish
grandparents did one have to have to be considered Jewish, led to the
entire process being hopelessly bogged down by 1935.[6]
The lack of a clear definition of who was a Jew confused efforts to
enforce anti-Semitic laws and measures. The first Nuremberg law,
nominally designed for the "prevention of the propagation of
hereditary illness", did not attack Jews explicitly. Other laws
claimed to preserve German blood and honour, but again were not
specifically anti-Semitic.[7]
During the spring and summer of 1935, many Alte Kämpfer (Old Fighters;
i.e. those who joined the Nazi Party before 1930, and who tended to be
the most ardent anti-Semites in the Party) and SA members,
disenchanted with unfulfilled promises by the Nazi party, were eager
to lash out against Germany's Jewish minority as a way of expressing
their frustrations against a group that the authorities would not
generally protect.[8] The German historian Hans Mommsen wrote about
the Alte Kämpfer that:
"After the Nazi seizure of power, those groups in the NSDAP that
originated in the extreme völkisch movement—including the vast
majority of the Alte Kämpfer—did not become socially integrated. Many
of them remained unemployed, while others failed to obtain posts
commensurate with the services they believed they had rendered the
movement. The social advancement that they had hoped for usually
failed to materialize. This potential for protest was increasingly
diverted into the sphere of Jewish policy. Many extremists in the
NSDAP, influenced by envy and greed as well as by a feeling that they
had been excluded from attractive positions within the higher civil
service, grew even more determined to act decisively and independently
in the "Jewish Question". The pressures exerted by the militant wing
of the party on the state apparatus were most effective when they were
in harmony with the official ideology".[9]
A Gestapo report from the spring of 1935 stated that the rank and file
of the Nazi Party would set in motion a solution to the "Jewish
problem" "by us from below that the government would then have to
follow".[8] The ensuing wave of assaults, vandalism and boycotts by
the Alte Kämpfer and SA members against German Jews in the spring and
summer of 1935 was far more violent than the anti-Semitic campaigns in
the two previous years.[10] As a result of this anti-Semitic
agitation, these matters were raised to the forefront of the state
agenda.[11] The Israeli historian Otto Dov Kulka, a leading expert on
public opinion in Nazi Germany argued that there was a vast disparity
of views between those of the Alte Kämpfer and the general German
public, but that even those Germans who were not politically active
favored bringing in tougher new anti-Semitic laws in 1935.[12]
Dr. Hjalmar Schacht, the Economics Minister and Reichsbank president,
criticized arbitrary behavior by Party members as this inhibited his
policy of developing the German economy.[13] From Dr. Schacht's
viewpoint, the violent anti-Semitic campaign waged by the Alte Kämpfer
and SA made no economic sense, since Jews were believed to have
certain entrepreneurial skills that could be usefully employed to
further his policies. Schacht made no moral condemnation of anti-
Jewish policy and advocated the passing of legislation to clarify the
situation. Following complaints from Dr. Schacht plus reports on the
public disagreement with the wave of anti-Semitic violence, Hitler
ordered a stop to "individual actions" against German Jews on 8 August
1935.[13] A conference of ministers was held on 20 August 1935 to
discuss the negative economic effects of Party actions against Jews.
Hitler argued that such effects would cease once the government
decided on a firm policy against the Jews. At the same time, the
Interior Minister Dr. Wilhelm Frick threatened to impose harsh
penalties on those Party members who ignored the order of 8 August and
continued to assault Jews.[13] From Hitler's perspective, it was
imperative to bring in harsh new anti-Semitic laws as a consolation
for those Party members who were disappointed with Hitler's order of 8
August, especially because Hitler had only reluctantly given the order
for pragmatic reasons, and his sympathies were with the Party radicals.
[13]
The seventh Nazi Party Rally was held in Nuremberg from 10–16
September 1935. It was meant to celebrate the Nazi regime's
renunciation of Part V of the Treaty of Versailles in March 1935,
which had disarmed Germany, hence its motto Party Rally of Freedom.
The rally saw the Reichstag pass the Reich Flag Law, which was
Hitler’s response to the "Bremen incident" of 26 July 1935 in New
York, in which a group of anti-Nazi demonstrators boarded the Bremen,
tore the Nazi party flag which the Bremen had been provocatively
flying from its jackstaff and tossed it into the Hudson River. When
the German Consul protested, U.S. officials responded that the German
national flag had not been harmed, only a political party symbol.[14]
On 15 September 1935 Hitler declared the Nazi Swastika flag the
national flag of Germany.[15][16][17]
The Party Rally of September 1935 had featured the first session of
the Reichstag held at that city since 1543.[18] Hitler had planned to
have the Reichstag pass a law making the Nazi Swastika flag the flag
of the German Reich, and a major speech in support of the impending
Italian aggression against Ethiopia.[18] However, at the last minute,
the German Foreign Minister Baron Konstantin von Neurath persuaded
Hitler to cancel his speech as being too provocative to public opinion
abroad as it blatantly contradicted the message of Hitler's "peace
speeches", thus leaving Hitler with the sudden need to have something
else to address the historic first meeting of the Reichstag in
Nuremberg since 1543, other than the Reich Flag Law.[18] Hitler's need
for something to present to the Reichstag was especially acute as he
had invited all of the senior foreign diplomats in Berlin to the Party
Rally of 1935 to hear what was billed as an especially important
speech on foreign policy.[9]
On 12 September 1935, two days after the beginning of the party rally,
leading Nazi physician Gerhard Wagner surprisingly announced in a
speech that the Nazi government would soon introduce a "law for the
protection of German blood" to prevent mixed marriages between Jews
and "Aryans" in the future. Hitler immediately decided to extend the
legal scope. On 13 September, Dr. Bernhard Lösener, the Interior
Ministry official in charge of drafting anti-Semitic laws together
with another Interior Ministry official, Ministerialrat (Ministerial
Counsellor) Franz Albrecht Medicus, was hastily summoned to the
Nuremberg Party Rally by plane by Dr. Wilhelm Stuckart, the State
Secretary of the Interior Ministry, and directed to start drafting at
once a law for Hitler to present to the Reichstag for 15 September.
[19] Lösener and Medicus arrived in Nuremberg on the morning of 14
September.
Because of the short time available for the drafting of the laws, both
measures were hastily improvised—there was even a shortage of drafting
paper so that menu cards had to be used instead.[20] Such was the
degree of improvisation that Franz Gürtner, the Justice Minister,
first learned of the adoption of the laws from listening to the radio.
[9] Most of the debates about the drafting of the laws concerned a
precise definition of what constituted a Jew in Nazi "racial" terms,
i.e. how many Jewish grandparents one had to have in order to qualify
as Jewish under Nazi racial theories.[20]
Hitler himself spent the night of 14–15 September hesitant and
indecisive over just which of the various definitions of a Jew to
adopt, and finally excused himself from the debate.[9] On 15
September, Hitler presented the laws drafted by Stuckart, Lösener and
Medicus to the Reichstag.
[edit]
Introduction
On the evening of 15 September 1935, two measures were announced to
the Reichstag at the annual Party Rally in Nuremberg, becoming known
as the Nuremberg Laws.[18]
The first law, The Law for the Protection of German Blood and German
Honour,[21] prohibited marriages and extramarital intercourse between
"Jews" (the name was now officially used in place of "non-Aryans") and
"Germans" and also the employment of "German" females under forty-five
in Jewish households. The second law, The Reich Citizenship Law,[22]
declared those not of German blood to be Staatsangehörige (state
subjects) while those classified as "Aryans" were Reichsbürger
(citizens of the Reich).[23] Between November 1935 to July 1943, 13
implementation ordinances were issued dealing with the enforcement of
Reich Citizenship Law that progressively marginalized the Jewish
community in Germany.[23]
Hitler appeared before the Reichstag in Nuremberg, introducing the
laws and their alleged motivation, before the laws were formally read
and proposed for adoption by Hermann Göring, the President of the
Reichstag. In his speech he laid out his case for the new laws:
...Bitter complaints have come in from countless places citing the
provocative behavior of Jews....a certain amount of [conspiratorial]
planning was involved....[To prevent] vigorous defensive action by the
[Aryan] people,[24] we have no choice but to contain the problem
through legislative measures....it may be possible, through a
definitive secular solution, to create a basis on which the German
people can have a tolerable relationship with the Jews.[25] ... This
law is an attempt to find a legislative solution....if this attempts
fails, it will be necessary to transfer [the Jewish problem] ... to
the National Socialist Party for a final solution by law (German:
endgültige Lösung).[26]
The measures were unanimously adopted by the Reichstag. In 12 years of
Nazi rule, the Reichstag only passed four laws: the Nuremberg laws
were two of them.[27]
The Nuremberg Laws formalized the unofficial and particular measures
taken against Jews up to 1935. The Nazi leaders made a point of
stressing the consistency of this legislation with the Party
programme, which demanded that Jews should be deprived of their
citizenship rights.
[edit]
Laws
The Laws for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour
(September 15, 1935) Moved by the understanding that the purity of
German blood is essential to the further existence of the German
people, and inspired by the uncompromising determination to safeguard
the future of the German nation, the Reichstag has unanimously
resolved upon the following law, which is promulgated herewith:
Section 1
1. Marriages between Jews and citizens (German: Staatsangehörige) of
German or kindred blood are forbidden. Marriages concluded in defiance
of this law are void, even if, for the purpose of evading this law,
they were concluded abroad.
2. Proceedings for annulment may be initiated only by the Public
Prosecutor.
Section 2
Extramarital sexual intercourse between Jews and subjects of the state
of Germany or related blood is forbidden.
• (Supplementary decrees set Nazi definitions of racial Germans,
Jews, and half-breeds or Mischlinge --- see the latter entry for
details and citations and Mischling Test for how such decrees were
applied. Jews could not vote or hold public office under the parallel
"citizenship" law.)
Section 3
Jews will not be permitted to employ female citizens under the age of
45, of German or kindred blood, as domestic workers.
Section 4
1. Jews are forbidden to display the Reich and national flag or the
national colours.
2. On the other hand they are permitted to display the Jewish
colours. The exercise of this right is protected by the State.
Section 5
1. A person who acts contrary to the prohibition of Section 1 will be
punished with hard labour.
2. A person who acts contrary to the prohibition of Section 2 will be
punished with imprisonment or with hard labour.
3. A person who acts contrary to the provisions of Sections 3 or 4
will be punished with imprisonment up to a year and with a fine, or
with one of these penalties.
Section 6
The Reich Minister of the Interior in agreement with the Deputy Führer
and the Reich Minister of Justice will issue the legal and
administrative regulations required for the enforcement and
supplementing of this law.
Section 7
The law will become effective on the day after its promulgation;
Section 3, however, not until 1 January 1936.
[edit]
Effect
German Jewish passports could be used to leave, but not to return.
See also: Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany
Legal discrimination against Jews had come into being before the
Nuremberg Laws and steadily grew as time went on; however, for
discrimination to be effective, it was essential to have a clear
definition of who was or was not a Jew. This was one important
function of the Nuremberg laws and the numerous supplementary decrees
that were proclaimed to further them.
The Reich Citizenship Law had little practical effect as it deprived
German Jews only of the right to vote and hold office.[28] Much to the
fury of the Alte Kämpfer and the other radicals in the NSDAP, the
recommendation from the Interior Ministry that the Reich Citizenship
Law applied only to those classified as "full Jews" and those "half-
Jews" who practiced Judaism or were not in a mixed marriage was taken
up; those Mischling who were Christians or were in a mixed marriage
retained their German citizenship.[28] The NSDAP had wanted the Reich
Citizenship Law to apply to "Grade 1 and Grade 2 persons of mixed
descent".[28] The suggestion of Dr. Frick for creation of a tribunal
before which every German would have to prove that they were Aryans in
order to keep their German citizenship was not followed.[28] Because
of this, the Nuremberg Laws were highly unpopular with the Party
radicals.[28] Joseph Goebbels had the radio broadcast recording the
passing of the laws by the Reichstag cut short, and ordered the German
media not to mention the laws until a way of implementing them had
been found.[29] At a secret conference held in Munich on 24 September
to finally resolve the dispute over who was a "racial" Jew or who was
a "half-Jew", Hitler accepted Lösener's less sweeping definitions of
three or four Jewish grandparents, and ruled that the laws were not to
apply to those Mischling who were Christians and to "Grade 2 persons
of mixed descent".[29] However immediately afterwards in a meeting
with Martin Bormann, Hitler declared that paragraph six of the First
Ordinance of the Reich Citizenship was not to be applied in practice,
and instead accepted Bormann's suggestion of excluding Mischling from
a whole host of German institutions such as the DAF.[29]
People defined as Jews could then be barred from employment as
lawyers, doctors or journalists. Jews were prohibited from using state
hospitals and could not be educated by the state past the age of 14.
Public parks, libraries and beaches were closed to Jews. War memorials
were to have Jewish names expunged. Even the lottery could not award
winnings to Jews.[30] With the so-called Namensänderungsverordnung
("Regulation of Name Changes") of 17 August 1938, Jews with first
names of non-Jewish origin were required to adopt a middle name:
"Sara" for women and "Israel" for men. At the instigation of Swiss
immigration official Heinrich Rothmund, passports of German Jews were
required to have a large "J" stamped on them and could be used to
leave Germany—but not to return.[31]
The obligation to wear the yellow badge, introduced in German-occupied
Poland in September 1939, was extended to all Jewish people living
within the Nazi empire in September 1941.
Later death penalty was applied under Law for the Protection of German
Blood and Honour. For example, in a Nuremberg a Jewish businessman Leo
Kazenberger was accused of having a sexual relationship with a younger
German woman. He was denounced and arrested but he and his alleged
girlfriend denied the charges. The case was heard by Oswald Rothaug
who, according to many observers, used the case as an opportunity for
getting noticed by Hitler. Under wartime law when a crime had been
committed during blackout hours death penalty could be applied.
Kazenberger was sentenced to death and guillotined on 2 June 1942.[32]
[edit]
Nazi Eugenics and Racial belief
Main articles: Nazi eugenics and Nazism and race
The Nuremberg laws were based on a belief in Scientific racism and
derived from a primitive understanding of genetics. Although the Nazis
took these ideas to violent extremes, they were based on thinking that
already existed across Europe and America. Nazi laws banning "inter-
marriage" assumed that nations were "races" and that the Germans were
a Master race and in accordance with ideas expressed in Eugenics and
Social Darwinism[33]; they therefore sought to preserve their supposed
racial superiority by banning inter-marriage with people they regarded
as inferior or as a threat, in particular Jews and Gypsies.[34]
[edit]
Impact outside Germany
Allies of the Nazis passed their own versions of the Nuremberg laws
including The Law for Protection of the Nation in Bulgaria, in 1940
the ruling Iron Guard in Romania passed the Law defining the Legal
Status of Romanian Jews[35], in 1941 the Codex Judaicus was enacted in
Slovakia[36] and in 1941 the Ustasha in Croatia also passed
legislation defining who was a Jew and restricting contact with them.
[37] Hungary passed its first "Jewish Law" in May 1938 banning Jews
from various professions, further laws emulating the Nuremberg
regulations were added in 1941.[38]
[edit]
Existing copies
An original typescript of the laws signed by Hitler was found by the
203rd Detachment of the U.S. Army's Counter-Intelligence Corps (CIC),
commanded by Martin Dannenberg, in Eichstätt, Bavaria, on 27 April
1945. It was appropriated by General George S. Patton, in violation of
JCS 1067. During a visit to Los Angeles, he secretly handed it over to
the Huntington Library. The document was stored until 26 June 1999,
when its existence was revealed. Although legal ownership of the
document has not been established, it was given on permanent loan to
the Skirball Cultural Center, which placed it on public display three
days later, until the document's transfer to the National Archives in
Washington D.C. on 25 August 2010.[39]
[edit]
See also
• Law for Protection of the Nation
• Hans Globke
• Nazism and race
• Aryan paragraph
• Manifesto of Race in Italy
• Jim Crow Laws
• Apartheid
• Reichstag Fire Decree
• Visigothic Code
[edit]
References
1. ^ In many cases a person with exactly two Jewish grandparents was
deemed a "Jew". There were a number of legal tests used, to determine
if such a person—with precisely two Jewish grandparents—was to be
classified as a "Jew" or a "Mischling". See Mischling Test.
2. ^ Hunt, L. (2009). The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures,
Vol. C: Since 1740. Bedford/St. Martin's.
3. ^ Mosse, George| "Racism" pages 1217 pages 1206–1213 from The
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust Volume 3 edited by Israel Gutman, New
York: Macmillan, 1990.
4. ^ a b Friedländer, Saul Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of
Persecution, 1933–1939, New York : HarperCollins, 1997 page 76
5. ^ Broszat, Martin "National Socialism" pages 1033–1037 from The
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust edited by Israel Gutman, Volume 3,
Macmilllan: New York, 1990 page 1033
6. ^ Mommsen, Hans "The Realization of the Unthinkable: The "Final
Solution of the Jewish Question" in the Third Reich" pages 217–264
from The Nazi Holocaust Part 3 The "Final Solution": The
Implementation of Mass Murder Volume 1 edited by Michael Marrus,
Westpoint: Meckler, 1989 pages 222–223.
7. ^ Sereny, Gitta. Albert Speer: His Battle with Truth. New York:
Vintage, 1996. Print.
8. ^ a b Kershaw pp. 560–61.
9. ^ a b c d Mommsen, Hans "The Realization of the Unthinkable: The
"Final Solution of the Jewish Question" in the Third Reich" pages 217–
264 from The Nazi Holocaust Part 3 The "Final Solution": The
Implementation of Mass Murder Volume 1 edited by Michael Marrus,
Westpoint: Meckler, 1989 page 222
10. ^ Kershaw pp. 561–62.
11. ^ Bankier, David "Nuremberg Laws" pages 1076–1077 from The
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust Volume 3 edited by Israel Gutman, New
York: Macmillan, 1990 page 1077.
12. ^ Marrus, Michael The Holocaust In History, Toronto: Key Porter,
2000 pages 92–93
13. ^ a b c d Kershaw p. 563.
14. ^ Brian Leigh Davis: Flags & standards of the Third Reich,
Macdonald & Jane's, London 1975, ISBN 0-356-04879-9
15. ^ Huchthausen, Peter A. (2005). Shadow Voyage: The Extraordinary
Wartime Escape of the Legendary SS Bremen. Hoboken, New Jersey: John
Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-45758-2. OCLC 55764562.
16. ^ Bailey, Bill (1993). "Chapter XIV: Ripping the Swastika off the
Bremen". The kid from Hoboken: an autobiography. San Francisco: Circus
Lithographic Prepress. OCLC 27835027. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
17. ^ "Historical flags (Germany)". Flags of the World. 27 December
2003. Retrieved 2 November 2007.
18. ^ a b c d Kershaw pp. 567–68.
19. ^ Kershaw p. 567.
20. ^ a b Kershaw pp. 568–70 & 759–60.
21. ^ Nuremberg Law for the Protection of German Blood and German
Honor, English translation at the University of the West of England
22. ^ Reich Citizenship Law, English translation at the University of
the West of England
23. ^ a b Bankier, David "Nuremberg Laws" pages 1076–1077 from The
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust Volume 3 edited by Israel Gutman, New
York: Macmillan, 1990 page 1076
24. ^ It was a standard tactic of Hitler's to transfer the blame for
his aggressive actions onto his adversary so that his action was
simply a "defensive" one.
25. ^ Even a cursory review of Mein Kampf and Hitler's speeches
before 1935 would make it clear to anyone that this prospect of "hope
of toleration" extended by Hitler is a blatant lie. See also Kershaw
p. 565.
26. ^ The ominous term "final solution" did not yet, in ordinary
discourse in 1935, necessarily entail the complete eradication of
European or World Jewry. Neither did it exclude that possibility.
27. ^ Shirer p. 234n. Most laws in the Nazi state were simply decreed
by Hitler under powers vested in him by the Enabling Act of 1933;
there was no legal need for the "legislature" here, and having the
Reichstag adopt these laws at the party rally was done for propaganda
purposes. Kershaw p. 268-75.
28. ^ a b c d e Mommsen, Hans "The Realization of the Unthinkable:
The "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" in the Third Reich" pages
217–264 from The Nazi Holocaust Part 3 The "Final Solution": The
Implementation of Mass Murder Volume 1 edited by Michael Marrus,
Westpoint: Meckler, 1989 page 224
29. ^ a b c Mommsen, Hans "The Realization of the Unthinkable: The
"Final Solution of the Jewish Question" in the Third Reich" pages 217–
264 from The Nazi Holocaust Part 3 The "Final Solution": The
Implementation of Mass Murder Volume 1 edited by Michael Marrus,
Westpoint: Meckler, 1989 page 225
30. ^ "Examples of Antisemitic Legislation, 1933–1939". United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum no. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
31. ^ "The Nuremberg Race Laws". United States Holocaust Memorial
Museum. Archived from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 12 July
2008.
32. ^ Oswald Rothaug
33. ^ Science in the early twentieth century: an encyclopaedia by
Jacob Darwin Hamblin 2005, page 104
34. ^ See the Nazi post at
http://www2.facinghistory.org/Campus/rm.nsf/61A7F88FF16FBD9585256E8E001178AC/F71118D32CED30AB8525718000570CB1?OpenDocument,
See also
http://www.thebreman.org/exhibitions/online/1000kids/racialtheory.html,
The Nuremburg Laws by Any Newman page 43
35. ^ The Routledge History of the Holocaust page 279
36. ^ A history of Slovakia: the struggle for survival by Stanislav
J. Kirschbaum page 197
37. ^ Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History by
Philip J. Cohen,David Riesman
38. ^ The Routledge History of the Holocaust page 250
39. ^ "Nuremberg Laws handed over to US National Archives". Daily
Telegraph, UK. 26 August 2010. Retrieved 26 August 2010.
[edit]
Further reading
• Banker, David "The 'Jewish Question' as a Focus of Conflict Between
Trends of Institutionalization and Radicalization in the Third Reich,
1934–1935" pages 357–371 from In Nation and History: Studies in the
History of the Jewish People; Based on the Papers Delivered at the
Eight World Congress of Jewish Studies, Volume 2 edited by Samuel
Ettinger, Jerusalem, 1984.
• Bankier, David "Nuremberg Laws" pages 1076–1077 from the
Encyclopedia of the Holocaust Volume 3 edited by Israel Gutman, New
York: Macmillan, 1990, ISBN 0-02-864527-8.
• Ehrenreich, Eric. The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial
Science, and the Final Solution. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University
Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-253-34945-3
• Fest, Joachim C. (2002). Hitler. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
ISBN 0-15-602754-2.
• Fischer, Conan (2002). The Rise of the Nazis. Manchester University
Press. ISBN 0-7190-6067-2.
• Gruchmann, L. "'Blutschutzgestz' und Justiz: Zur Entstehung und
Auswirkung des Nürnberger Gesetzes von 15 September 1935" pages 418–
442 from Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, Volume 31, 1983.
• Kershaw, Ian (1999). Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris. New York: W. W.
Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-04671-0.
• Kulka, Otto Dov "Die Nürnberger Rassengesetze und die deutsche
Bevölkerugn um Lichte geheimer NS-Lage und Stimmungsberichte" pages
582–624 from Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte, Volume 32, 1984.
• Margaliot, A. "The Reaction of the Jewish Public in Germany to the
Nuremberg Laws" pages 193–229 from Vad Yashem Studies, Volume 12,
1977.
• Mommsen, Hans "The Realization of the Unthinkable: The "Final
Solution of the Jewish Question" in the Third Reich" pages 217–264
from The Nazi Holocaust Part 3 The "Final Solution": The
Implementation of Mass Murder Volume 1 edited by Michael Marrus,
Westpoint: Meckler, 1989, ISBN 0-88736-266-4.
• Schleunes, Karl The Twisted Road to Auschwitz: Nazi Policy towards
German Jews, 1933–1939, Urbana, Ill, 1970.
• Shirer, William L. (1960). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich.
New York: Simon & Shuster.
• Toland, John (1976). Adolf Hitler. New York: Doubleday & Company.
ISBN 0-385-03724-4.
[edit]
External links
• Rise of the Nazis and Beginning of Persecution on the Yad Vashem
website
• The Citizenship Law, together with Supplementary Decree of 14
November 1935
• The Citizenship Law, English translation at the University of the
West of England
• The Blood Law, English translation at the University of the West of
England
• Race Laws (Nazi and other)
• Info from Holocaust Museum
• Nazi Race Laws to 1939
• Images of a 1938 German "J" Jewish passport from
www.passportland.com