IFUNA ITUNA
IGUANA IGUANA
book
| last = Katz
| first = Jonathan
| title = Gay American history: lesbians and gay men in the U.S.A.: a
documentary anthology
| year = 1976
| publisher = Crowell
| location = New York
| isbn = 0690005105
| page = 129
}}</ref> [[ovariectomy]],<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Daniel
| first = F.E.
| year = 1893
| title = Castration of Sexual Perverts
| journal = Texas Medical Journal
| volume = 9
| pages = 255-71
}}</ref> [[clitoridectomy]],<ref name="katz" /> [[castration]],<ref>{{cite
journal
| last = Talbot
| first = E.S.
| coauthors = Ellis, Havelock
| year = 1896
| title = A Case of Developmental Degenerative Insanity, with Sexual
Inversion, Melancholia, Following Removal of Testicles, Attempted Murder and
Suicide
| journal = Journal of Mental Science
| volume = 42
| pages = 341-44
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| year = 1929
| title = Results of Castration in Sexual Abnormalities
| journal = Urologic & Cutaneous Review
| volume = 33
| page = 351
}}</ref> [[vasectomy]],<ref>{{cite paper
| first = Harry Clay
| last = Sharp
| title = The Sterilization of Degenerates
| publisher = National Christian League for Promotion of Purity
| year = 1908
}}</ref> pudic nerve surgery,<ref>{{cite journal
| year = 1904
| title = The Gentleman Degenerate. A Homosexualist's Self-Description and
Self-Applied Title. Pudic Nerve Section Fails Therapeutically
| journal = Alienist & Neurologist
| volume = 25
| pages = 68-70
}}</ref> and [[lobotomy]].<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Friedlander
| first = Joseph
| coauthors = Banay, Ralph S.
| year = 1948
| title = Psychosis Following Lobotomy in a Case of Sexual Psychopathology;
Report of a Case
| journal = Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry
| volume = 59
| pages = 303-11, 315, 321
}}</ref> Substance-based methods include [[hormone]] treatment,<ref>{{cite
journal
| last = Rosenzweig
| first = Saul
| coauthors = Hoskins, R.G.
| year = 1941
| title = A Note on the Ineffectualness of Sex-Hormone Medication in a Case
of Pronounced Homosexuality
| journal = Psychosomatic Medicine
| volume = 3
| pages = 87-89
}}</ref><ref name="LeVay1996" /> pharmacologic shock treatment,<ref>{{cite
journal
| last = Owensby
| first = Newdigate M.
| year = 1940
| title = Homosexuality and Lesbianism Treated with Metrazol
| journal = Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
| volume = 92
| pages = 65-66
}}</ref> and treatment with sexual stimulants and sexual depressants.<ref
name="katz" /> Other methods include the reduction of aversion to
heterosexuality,<ref name="rutner">{{cite journal
| last = Rutner
| first = Ivan T.
| year = 1970
| title = A Double-Barrel Approach to Modification of Homosexual Behavior
| journal = Psychology Report
| volume = 26
| pages = 256-58
| pmid = 5486305
}}</ref>electroshock treatment,<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Max
| first = Louis William
| year = 1935
| title = Breaking Up a Homosexual Fixation by the Condition Reaction
Technique: A Case Study
| journal = Psychology Bulletin
| volume = 32
| page = 734
| doi = 10.1037/h0062496
| pages = 203
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last = Liebman
| first = Samuel
| year = 1967
| title = Homosexuality, Transvestism, and Psychosis: Study of a Case
Treated with Electroshock
| journal = Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease
| volume = 99
| pages = 945-57
}}</ref> group therapy,<ref>{{cite book
| last = Duberman
| first = Martin
| title = Cures: A Gay Man's Odyssey
| year = 1992
| publisher = Plume
| location = New York
| isbn = 0452267803
| pages = 93-115, 118-24
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last = Harms
| first = Ernest
| year = 1953
| title = Homo-Anonymous
| journal = Diseases and the Nervous System
| volume = 14
| pages = 318-19
| pmid = 13095274
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last = Hadden
| first = Samuel B.
| year = 1957
| title = Attitudes Toward and Approaches to the Problem of Homosexuality
| journal = Pennsylvania Medical Journal
| volume = 6
| pages = 1195-98
| pmid = 13465269
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last = Smith
| first = Alexander B.
| coauthors = Bassin, Alexander
| year = 1959
| title = Group Therapy with Homosexuals
| journal = Journal of Social Therapy
| volume = 5
| pages = 227, 231-32
}}</ref> and hypnosis.<ref>{{cite journal
| last = Quackenbos
| first = John Duncan
| year = 1899
| title = Hypnotic Suggestion in the Treatment of Sexual Perversions and
Moral Anaesthesia: A Personal Experience
| journal = Transactions of the New Hampshire Medical Society
| volume = 108
| pages = 69, 72, 75, 78-80
}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
| last = Miller
| first = Michael M.
| year = 1963
| title = Hypnotic-Aversion Treatment of Homosexuality
| journal = Journal of the National Medical Association
| volume = 55
| pages = 411-13, 415
| pmid = 14049556
}}</ref><ref name="yoshino">{{cite journal
| last = Yoshino
| first = Kenji
| date = 2002-01
| title = Covering
| journal = Yale Law Journal
| volume = 111
| issue = 4
| pages = 179 et seq.
}}</ref>