http://www.jewishworldreview.com/0312/Robots_With_Morals.php3
Artificial Intelligence Pioneer: We Can Build Robots With Morals
By Jason Koebler
Like it or not, we're moving computers closer to autonomy
JewishWorldReview.com | (USNWR) Judea Pearl, a pioneer in the field of artificial intelligence, won
the Association for Computing Machinery's A.M. Turing award earlier this month, considered the
highest honor in the computing world.
Pearl developed two branches of calculus that opened the door for modern artificial intelligence,
such as the kind found in voice recognition software and self-driving cars.
Vint Cerf, considered one of the "fathers of the Internet," said in a statement that Pearl's
development of probabilistic and causal reasoning changed the world.
"His accomplishments over the last 30 years have provided the theoretical basis for progress in
artificial intelligence and led to extraordinary achievements in machine learning," he said. "They
have redefined the term 'thinking machine.' "
The calculus Pearl invented propels probabilistic reasoning, which allows computers to establish the
best courses of action given uncertainty, such as a bank's perceived risk in loaning money when
given an applicant's credit score.
"Before Pearl, most AI systems reasoned with Boolean logic—they understood true or false, but had a
hard time with 'maybe,' " Alfred Spector, vice president of research and special initiatives at
Google, said of his work.
The other calculus he invented allows computers to determine cause-and-effect relationships.
At 75, Pearl, who is the father of slain Wall Street Journal reporter Daniel Pearl, is currently
working on a branch of calculus that he says will allow computers to consider the moral implications
of their decisions.
Artificial intelligence has improved by leaps and bounds over the past few years—what's the greatest
hurdle for scientists working on making machines more human like?
There are many hurdles. There's the complexity of being able to generalize, an array of technical
problems. But we have an embodiment of intelligence inside these tissues inside our skull. It's
proof that intelligence is possible, computer scientists just have to emulate the brain out of
silicon. The principles should be the same because we have proof intelligent behavior is possible.
I'm not futuristic, and I won't guess how many years it'll take, but this goal is a driving force
that's inspiring for young people. Other disciplines can be pessimistic, but we don't have that in
the field of artificial intelligence. Step by step we overcome one problem after the other. We have
this vision that miraculous things are feasible and can be emulated in a system that is more
understandable than our brain.
What do you think is the most impressive use of artificial intelligence that most people are
familiar with?
I think the voice recognition systems that we constantly use, as much as we hate them, are
miraculous. They're not flawless, but what we have shows it's feasible and could one day be
flawless. There's the chess-playing machine we take for granted. A computer can beat any human chess
player. Every success of AI becomes mundane and is removed from AI research. It becomes routine in
your job, like a calculator that performs arithmetic, winning in chess—it's no longer intelligence.
So what's next? What are people working on that'll be world changing?
I think there will be computers that acquire free will, that can understand and create jokes. There
will be a day when we're able to do it. There will be computers that can send jokes to the New York
Times that will be publishable.
I try to avoid watching futuristic movies about super robots, about the limitations of computers
that show when the machines will try to take over. They don't interest me.
Do you think those movies scare people off? Are they detrimental to the field?
I think they tickle the creativity and interest of young people in AI research. It's good for public
interest, they serve a purpose. For me, I don't have time. I have so many equations to work on.
What are you working on now?
I'm working on a calculus for counterfactuals—sentences that are conditioned on something that
didn't happen. If Oswald didn't kill Kennedy, then who did? Sentences like that are the building
blocks of scientific and moral behavior. We have a calculus that if you present knowledge about the
world, the computer can answer questions of the sort. Had John McCain won the presidency, what would
have happened?
Sort of like an alternative reality?
It's kind of like an alternative reality—you have to give the computer the knowledge. The ability to
process that knowledge moves the computer closer to autonomy. It allows them to communicate by
themselves, to take a responsibility for one's actions, a kind of moral sense of behavior. These are
issues that are interesting—we could build a society of robots that are able to communicate with the
notion of morals.
But we don't have to wait until we build robots. The theory of econometric prediction is changing
because we have counterfactual calculus. Should we raise taxes? Should we lower interest rates? If
the government raises taxes, will that pacify the unions? It's been a stumbling block for the past
150 years. We can assume something about reality before we take an action.