On 2/21/2012 5:07 AM, gbb wrote:
> Sevenhundred Elves:
> It's funny: the Tibetan Buddhists are in
>general big fans of classifying things
> and putting them into lists (The Five
>Somethings, The Sevens OtherThings) in
> order to make them easy to memorize. I
>personally find these easy-to-remember
> lists hard to remember.
>> * What are "the three poisons"?
> Attraction, aversion, indifference. I
>*think* Theravadins call them "kleshas".
>> * "The four formless states"?
> Different levels or states of meditation.
> I don't know much about this. Once again,
> I *think* Theravadins call them "jhanas"
The Tibetans inherit different versions
of Buddhism. The dominant version is
the Great Vehicle, with its various
schools, and the minority version, which
never developed into a school or sect of
its own in Tibet, was the school of
All-Exists (Sarva-asti-vada) which was
the most powerful sect in what preceded
the Great Vehicle. The All-Exists
followed the early canon (the Agama-s),
but also developed its own formidable
interpretation, the All-Exists
Abhidharma, which was by far the most
influential of all Indian Buddhist
schools of thought. In India, the Great
Vehicle was a minority sect, and the
majority belonged to what preceded
the Great Vehicle, often derided as the
Small Vehicle.
In pan-Indian Buddhist thought, the
All-Exists Abhidharma was the king. The
the All-Exists sect was huge and rich,
its universities were huge and rich,
and its scholars churned out the most
intellectually formidable set of
theories of all schools and sects of
what preceded the Great Vehicle, often
derided as the Small Vehicle. The
All-Exists Abhidharma was really
un-Buddhist and anti-Buddhist, in that
it glorified the intellectual
distinctions and took them for real,
and generally believed in the absolute
objectivity of the Object. All
Abhidharma schools developed lists of
ultimates, the ultimate bricks of the
universe, from which they pretended to
be able to reconstruct the universe,
and this includes the Pali Abhidhamma
of the Theravada sect. They all took
their respective version of the
Abhidharma to be superior to what the
Buddha taught (the Agama-s). Later the
Great Vehicle followed the same trend
and took its own (invented) scriptures
to be superior to what the Buddha
taught (the Agama-s).
What the Buddha taught (the Agama-s)
was never translated into Tibetan,
except for a few single scriptures, and
the Tibetans never bothered to read
those few singletons that got
translated. But they massively followed
the All-Exists Abhidharma, from which
they got most of their lists. This
All-Exists Abhidharma served as the
foundation of Tibetan scholasticism,
and the various Great Vehiclistic
schools of thought were superimposed on
it to interpret it (which basically
cloned the intellectual hierarchy of
Indian Buddhism).
If you ignore the realist and literalist
tendency of the All-Exists Abhidharma,
its lists are all right. They are
shared across Buddhism, including the
Great Vehicle.
The three poisons are attachment,
aversion and delusion/error. This last,
delusion/error, is often concretised as
the Four Perversions (Viparyasa), like
to take something that is there for
something that is not there, or the
reverse. To take the self to be there
when it in fact is not there is the
prime example of delusion/error. To
take impermanent things for permanent
things is another one.
The four formless states are the four
formless attainments, which come after
and above the four form meditations.
The four form meditations are called
dhyana in Sanskrit, jhana in Pali. The
four formless states are infinite
space, infinite consciousness, the
state of nothing(ness), and the state of
neither conception nor non-conception.
This last state is called "with
remainder of the compositions" (the
compositions are the fourth aggregate).
Above it is the attainment of cessation
(nirodha-samapatti), which has no
composition, and confers awakening, if
not attained before.
In traditional Buddhist thought, the
four form meditations and the four
formless states are places for rebirth.
You meditate and get reborn in the state
corresponding to the state that you
attain in your present life, and you get
reborn because you still have the
compositions (the fourth aggregate). But
the attainment of cessation is not a
state that you can take rebirth in,
because it has no compositions left.
You can experience it only in this life.
The professional meditators can get
into it and remain motionless for weeks
on end. The famous Venerable Xu-Yun
"Empty Cloud" of China could enter it
and remain in it for ten or fifteen
days.
But it is for professionals. Don't try
it at home.
(Some people who remain motionless get
buried, especially in Japan and Haiti,
but they become motionless after eating
a poison known as fou-fou from the
porcupine puffer fish -- Don't try it
at home!).
Tang Huyen