"Macedonia" according to the "Great Soviet Encyclopaedia"

[Ioannis Vranos]

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The Great Soviet Encyclopedia vol.15.
Moscow, Sovetskaia Entsiklopediia Publishing House 1974.

MACMILLAN, INC.
New York.

COLLIE MACMILLA Publishing, London.

pp 220

* htsa1-note: The 'Socialist Republic of Macedonia' is now
* known as the 'Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia .
* (post 1990).

Macedonia (Makedonija), Socialist Republic of Macedonia
(SRM; Socijalisticka Republika Makedonija), a republic in the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY), located in the
southeastern part of the country, in the Vardar River basin.
Area, 25,700 sq km; population, 1.7 million (1971). According
to the 1971 census there were 1,142,000 Macedonians in the
republic; Albanians, Turks, Serbs, Croats, Montenegrins, and
Bulgarians also live there. The natural population increase is
twice as high as the average for the SFRY as a whole. As of
1971, about one-half of the population was urban. Major cities
include the capital, Skopje(Skoplje), and Bitola, Prilep,
Kumanovo, and Tetovo. Administratively, Macedonia is divided
into communes.

Natural features. A large part of Macedonia consists of uplands
(with elevations of up to 2,764 m in the Korab Range on the
Albanian border), with flat, peneplained summits and steep,
deeply dissected slopes. The uplands are composed of
crystalline shales, dolomites, and limestones; karst has
developed in places. The mountains are separated by tectonic
depressions, occupied by lakes (Ohrid and Prespa, the largest
in Yugoslavia) or river valleys (primarily in the Vardar River
basin). Earthquakes are frequent; in 1963 the city of Skopje
was devastated. The country has deposits of magnetite (near
Damjan), iron ore (near Kicevo), and lead-zinc ores (in the
Kratovo-Zletovo Ore Region).

The Climate is Mediterranean. Summers are hot and dry; winters
are mild and rainy. The valleys are cultivated. The slopes
are covered with mixed forests and shrubs up to an elevation of
2,000 m and by steppe meadows at higher elevations.

Historical Survey. The SRM was created on the territory of
Vardar Macedonia (see MACEDONIA [historical region]), which in
1918, as part of Serbia, was included in the Kingdom of the
Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes since 1929, Yugoslavia). Vardar
Macedonia was one of the most backward regions of the Yugoslav
kingdom. Agriculture, which employed about three-quarters of
the population, had a low level of development. Industrial
production was insignificant and the working class extremely
small; as of 1938, there were only seven industrial workers per
thousand inhabitants. The principal branches of industry were
food-processing, tobacco, and mining of nonferrous metals.
There was a predominance of small-scale, primarily cottage
industries.

On the eve of World War II (1939-45), more than one-half of
Macedonian enterprises had not more than 25 workers each, and
only one-fifth had more than 50 each. About two-thirds of the
inhabitants over the age of ten were illiterate. The Serbian
bourgeoisie, which held the dominant position in the Yugoslav
kingdom, pursued a policy of national oppression in Vardar
Macedonia. The very name "Macedonia" was stricken from the
official lexicon, and enforced serbianization was carried out.
Such socioeconomic and political oppression provoked
resistance. The resistance to the Great Serbian yoke
facilitated the emergence of a Macedonian national community.
Macedonian cultural societies and clubs were created, and the
Macedonian literary language took shape. The process of laying
the foundation of a Macedonian national literature was
facilitated by the efforts of progressive social forces,
communists, and the progressive intelligentsia. The Macedonian
nation continued its process of formation.

In April 1941, as the result of fascist aggression and the
occupation of Yugoslavia by countries of the Hitlerite bloc,
most of Vardar Macedonia was occupied by monarchical-fascist
Bulgaria; the remaining regions, by fascist Italy. In the
summer and fall of 1941 the Yugoslav peoples, under the
direction of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia, rose up in
an armed struggle against the invaders. The armed liberation
struggle began in Vardar Macedonia on Oct. 11, 1941 ( a date
celebrated every year as the Day of the Popular Uprising in
Macedonia), and became part of the general Yugoslav popular
liberation movement.

In 1943 there were established in Vardar Macedonia liberated
partisan territories where revolutionary power was held by
national liberation committees. In November 1943 the Second
Session of the Antifascist National-liberation Council of
Yugoslavia adopted a resolution providing for the creation of
the new Yugoslavia as a democratic federation of peoples
(including Macedonians) with equal rights. On Aug. 2, 1944, at
its first session, the Antifascist National-liberation Council
of Macedonia was constituted as the supreme body of power in
Macedonia, which became part of democratic, federal Yugoslavia.

In November 1944, after the Soviet Army entered the Balkans,
Macedonia was finally liberated from the fascist occupation
forces by units of the National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia
that were operating there together with troops of the
government of the Fatherland Front of Bulgaria. In April 1945
the first people's government of Macedonia was formed. In
November 1945 the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia
(FPRY) was proclaimed; the People's Republic of Macedonia
(PRM) was one of the six people's republics that made up the
FPRY. The status and sovereign rights of the PRM as a full
member of the federation were confirmed by the constitutions of
the FPRY (January 1946) and the PRM (December 1946). According
to the constitutions of Yugoslavia and Macedonia adopted in
April 1963, Macedonia became a socialist republic within the
SFRY.

Under the leadership of the Communist Party in Macedonia, as
throughout Yugoslavia, profound revolutionary changes were
carried out. As a result of the agrarian reform (1945),
large-scale private ownership of land was abolished, and lands
were distributed to more than 18,000 families of landless and
landstarved peasants. Considerable tracts of land became
public property. The bourgeoisie was expropriated, and
industry was nationalized, as were commerce, banks, and
transportation; the public sector became predominant in these
areas. Yugoslavia entered upon the path of building socialism,
in which the most important tasks in Macedonia were
industrialization and overcoming of economic and cultural
backwardness. During industrialization, dozens of new
industrial enterprises were built and provided with modern
equipment. New branches of industry were established (ferrous
and nonferrous metallurgy, machine building, and the chemical
industry), and mining was expanded. The textile industry was
actually created completely anew. In 1975 industrial
production had grown by a factor of about 45 in comparison with
1939. Working-class cadres were formed in the republic, and
during the years of building socialism the number of industrial
workers increased by a factor of about 12 (as of 1975). In the
agriculture of the SRM, as in that of the SFRY as a whole (in
contrast to industry), socialist relations have still not
become predominant.

A new stage in the formation and development of the Macedonian
nation under conditions of the building of socialism began
after the victory of the revolution. In the process of
building socialism, illiteracy was eliminated, a system of
education in the national language was established, the workers
gained access to the achievements of science and culture, a
new, people's intelligentsia was created, and a Macedonian
national socialist culture was formed. (see below: Cultural
development and public health, Literature, Architecture and
art, Music, and Theater). The Macedonian literary language
took shape and became one of the official languages of the
SFRY. (In 1945 an alphabet and orthography were established.)
Engineering and technical workers, teachers, physicians,
agronomists, and other specialists were trained.

Along with the development of the Macedonian national culture,
the culture of the other nationalities living in the SRM was
also developed (for example, that of the Albanians and Turks).
The rights of all nationalities have been established in the
constitution of the SRM. The most important factors in social
development are the social and political activity of the
workers of the SRM, as well as the activities of the League of
Communists of Yugoslavia and the League of Communists of
Macedonia as its component part.
L. IA. GIBIANSKII [section updated]

Economy. In the building of socialism, with the aid of the
entire federation, Macedonia was transformed from a backward,
agrarian region into a republic with a significant proportion
of industry. In 1971 almost one-third of its national income
was derived from industry, and agriculture accounted for about
one-quarter. At the same time, about 45 percent of the
economically active population was working in agriculture
and only 15 percent in industry.

The economy of the SRM has developed at a faster rate than the
economies of the other republics of Yugoslavia; however,
Macedonia still remains one of the least developed regions of
the SFRY. Industry is dominated by light industry, primarily
textiles (one-fifth of the national income contributed by the
industry of the SRM), food processing, and tobacco. The output
of these branches is of countrywide importance; the SRM
provides one-fifth of the total output of the SFRY's cotton
thread, one-half of its tobacco, one-quarter of the cigarettes,
and one-sixth of the canned vegetables. The principal centers
of textile production are Tetovo (the Teteks Woolens Combine),
Stip (the Makedonka Cotton-textile Combine), and Titov Veles
(the Nonca Kamisova Silk-fabric Combine). The principal center
of the tobacco industry is Prilep. The food-processing
industry is widespread, but it is centered in Skopje, Bitola,
Prilep, and Kumanovo. Production of leather footwear has
developed (in Skopje and Kumanovo), as has the wood-products
industry, based on local forests (the Crn Bor Lumber Combine in
Prilep and the pulp and paper plant in Kocani).

The mining industry occupies an important place in the economy
of Macedonia. The Zletovo-Sasa deposit provides about
one-fifth of the total Yugoslav yield of lead and zinc ore.
The mining of chrome ore near Skopje, Tetovo, and Kumanovo is
of countrywide importance. Ores of oterh nonferrous metals,
iron ore, and manganese are also mined. Metallugry
(particularly nonferrous metallurgy), and the chemical industry
have developed on this basis. Among the enterprises of these
sectors are the metallurgical complex in Skopje (with an annual
capacity of 1 million tons of cast iron), one of the largest in
the SFRY, as well as the Naum Naumovski-Borce Chemical Plant in
Skopje, a plant for producing welded pipes and steel sections
near Kumanovo, a lead and zinc plant in Titov Veles, an
electrochemical enterprise in Jegunovce, and a plant
manufacturing semifinished aluminium products and structural
components in Skopje.

The SRM provides a significant part of the total Yugoslav
production of certain polymers (including all the dodecyl
benzene and polyacrylonitrile fiber and more than half of the
polyvinyl acetate). Certain types of machine tools, industrial
equipment and instruments, electrical instruments, farm
machinery, and motor-vehicle parts are also produced. The
largest enterprises include the Tito Metalworking Plant and the
October 11 Motor-vehicle Body Plant, both in Skopje, and a
refrigerator plant in Bitola. Production of building materials
(cement, marble, and structural and household ceramics),
refractory materials, glass, and porcelain is also significant.

Electric power is produced at hydroelectric power plants (1971
production, 1.2 billion kilowatt-hours). Hydroelectric power
systems have been built (for example, Mavrovo on the Gorni Drim
River).

In agriculture, the process of mechanization is under way
(there were 3,600 tractors in 1971), and reclaimed lands are
being used. From 1960 through 1971 agricultural production in
the public sector increased by a factor of almost 3, whereas in
the private sector during the same period it grew by only
one-third. The public sector includes agricultural estates,
combines, and agroindustrial complexes, as well as various
types of cooperatives. It includes about one-quarter of the
cultivated area of the SRM and most of the farm machinery; it
accounts for more than 35 percent of the social product of
agriculture and more than 44 percent of commercial agricultural
purchases. Privately owned peasant farms include
three-quarters of the cultivated area and most of the
livestock. A maximum landownership of 10 hectares has been
established, and limits have been imposed on the hiring of
labor.

Crops grown in Macedonia include grains (wheat, corn, and rice)
and industrial crops (tobacco and cotton). Truck farming,
horticulture, and viticulture are also well developed. The
SRM produces all the rice and cotton grown in Yugoslavia, more
than one-half of the tobacco, pepper, and table grapes, more
than one-third of the tomatoes, and more than one-fifth of the
apples. About one-fourth of the total sheep population of the
country is concentrated in Macedonia (the SRM provides more
than one-third of the total Yugoslav output of wool, and in
meat production it ranks second among the republics, behind
Serbia). Poultry farming has been extensively developed.
There is lumbering in the mountainous regions and fishing on
the large lakes (Ohrid, Prespa, and Doiran). Tourism is
important.
-- L.A. Avdeichev and L. Ia. Gibianskii [section
updated]

Cultural Development and public health
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
In 1939, about two-thirds of the inhabitants of Macedonia over
the age of ten were illiterate. In 1971 the proportion has
been reduced to 18 percent, and most illiteracy was among
persons over the age of 35. The main type of school is the
eight-year school. During the 1970-71 academic year,
eight-year schools had an enrollment of more than 260,000
pupils. Complete secondary education is provided by Gymnasiums
(enrollment during the 1970-71 academic year, more than
20,000). There are also schools for training skilled workers;
agricultural, technical, and other specialized schools; and
schools for adult education (enrollment during the 1970-71
academic year, more than 42,000). Higher education has
developed considerably. In Skopje in 1939 there was only a
division of the department of philosophy of the University of
Belgrade (enrollment, about 120). During the 1971-72 academic
year the nine departments of the University of Skopje (founded
1949), as well as 11 other higher educational institutions in
the SRM, had an enrollment of more than 32,000.

There are a number of scholarly institutions and societies
(institutes of national history, folklore, economics,
hydrobiology, and geology; societies of physicists,
mathematicians, and geographers). The Macedonian Academy of
Sciences and Arts was established in 1967.

As of 1971, 80 newspapers (total circulation, 21,736,000) and
53 journals (total circulation, 705,000) were published in the
SRM; 668 book and pamphlet titles, with a total printing of
3,634,000, were also published. The central press organ of the
SRM is the daily newspaper "Nova Makedonija", founded in
October 1944 and published in Skopje (organ of the Socialist
Alliance of the Working People of Macedonia).

A radio station in Skopje has been broadcasting in Macedonian
since December 1944. Regular television broadcasts began in
the SRM in 1964.

In 1971 the SRM had 16 clinics and general hospitals; 28 other
inpatient facilities, with 9,000 beds (and about 500
physicians); more than 1,000 polyclinics, outpatient clinics,
dispensaries, consultation offices, and medical stations (with
more than 600 physicians and more than 400 stomatologists and
dentists). The SRM has a number of helth resorts and tourist
centers.
-- L. Ia. Gibianskii

Literature.
^^^^^^^^^^
The work of the outstanding communist writer Koco Racin
(1908-43), the author of the first book of poems in Macedonian
(White Dawns, 1939), was of great importance for the formation
of Macedonian national literature; essential roles during the
1930's were also played by K. Nedelkovski and other literary
figures, whose work was closely linked with revolutionary
and popular patriotic traditions. The assertion of realistic
tendencies in drama was facilitated by the work of V. Iljoski,
A. Panov, and R. Krle. Contemporary Macedonian literature has
developed through assimilation of the ideological and artistic
wealth of the world's progressive literature, including Soviet
literature.

The standards of the modern Macedonian literary language took
shape during the 20 years after the war. Macedonian literary
journals, such as "Nov den", "Sovremenost', and
"Mlada literatura", began publication. Creative organisations
came into being; among them were the Union of Macedonian
Writers (1946) and the Society of Macedonian Language and
Literature (1954). In the immediate postwar years, genres of
poetry were predominant (the works of S. Janevski, B. Koneski,
A. Sopov, L. Karovski, and G. Todorovski); poetry was
characterized by the enthusiasm of great civic spirit,
relecting the joy of victory over fascism and the beginning of
creative labor. Interesting quests in both content and
artistic form marked the literary debuts of A.Popovski and
R.Pavlovski. Modernistic tendencies, which were reflected in
the poetry of Z. Jovanovik, V. Urosevik, and B.Guzel, became
influential in the early 1950's. A revolutionary-romantic and
realistic depiction of the past war and postwar reality marked
the short-story genre (J. Boskovski, G. Abadziev, and
Z. Cingo).

The novella and novel - new genres for Macedonian literature -
emerged in the 1950's and 1960's. Diverse in their treatment
of problems, they reflected the national liberation struggle
against fascism, the changes after the establishment of the
people's power (the works of S. Janevski, the originator of the
Macedonian novel; the novels of J. Leov, S. Popov, and
S. Drakul). The work of a number of prose writers was marked
by evolution from realism to an existentialist-surrealistic
poetics and to a complex mode of narration. Drama developed
primarily within the realistic tradictions (V. Iljoski,
K. Casule, and T. Arsovski). As a whole, Macedonian literature
of that period was characterized by a struggle among various
ideological, aesthetic, and artistic trends. Macedonian
literary criticism and literary scholarship have been
represented by D. Mitrev, M. Gurcinov, B. Koneski,
H. Polenakovic, and M. Hadzi Vasilev.

The literature of the Turkish and other minorities living in
the Socialist Republic of Macedonia also developed.
-- A. T. Sergeev

Architecture and art.
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
From the late 19th century through the first third of the 20th,
the construction of cities in the SRM was mainly random and
lacking in any definite plan. Under the people's power the
extensive modernization and construction of cities has
proceeded according to general plans; industrial installations
have been built, and the appearance of the village is
changing.. After the 1963 earthquake in Skopje, the central
part of the city was restored according to the plan of the
Japanese architect K. Tange (the House of Trade Unions,
architect, S. Brezovski; the Historical Archives, architect,
G. Konstantinovski; the Macedonian Folk Theater, architect,
M. Krstonosic), and industrial methods were used in the
contruction of residential areas. Among the most important
structures of the 1960's were the group of monuments to those
who fell in the struggle against fascism in Prilep (architect,
B. Bogdanovik) and the airport building in Petrovec
(architects, D. Dimitrov and T. Dimitrov).

The prerequisites for the development of contemporary art in
the SRM were created to a large degree in the 1920's and 1930's
by a group of painters (L. Licenoski and N. Martinoski) who
worked in a uniquely original ornamental manner, producing
landscapes and scenes from the people's life, portraits and
still lifes, as well as by the first professional sculptors
( D. Todorovski and P. Hadzi Boskov). The realistic trend (the
painters D. Protuger and P. Mazev; the sculptor B. Mitricevski)
has been predominant in the art of the SRM. In the art of the
generation of the 1960's, its traditions have been combined
with quests for new modes of expression (the painters
G. Cemerski and S. Semov, the graphic artist D. Percinkov, and
the sculptor S. Manevski).

Ruins of the cities of Stoba, Skupi, and Heracleum, which
existed until the fourth to sixth centuries, are preserved in
Macedonia. The nature of medieval architecture was determined
by the influence of Byzantine architecture. Secular
architecture before the Turkish conquest is represented by the
remains of the cyclopean walls of Skopje (A.D. 535), the castle
of King Samuil (early 11th century), and the fortress in
Strumica (11th century). An early type of church architecture
is the three-aisle basilica with a dome and choir stalls (the
Basilica of St. Sofia in Ohrid, c.1037-50). A type of domed
cruciform cathedral with one dome (the Church of Sts. Michael
and Gabriel in Lesnovo, 1341) or five domes (the Church of
St. Panteleimon in Nerezi, 1164) became common in the 12th to
14th centuries. Beginning in] the late 13th century the
facades of structures were frequently decorated with rich stone
and brick patterns. During the Turkish domination in the
cities (Skopje, Bitola, Stip, and others), domed mosques,
minarets, inns, baths, and tower-shaped residential units were
built. Picturesque ensembles of monasteries (for example, that
of Jovan Bigorski, 1743), as well as various examples of folk
architecture (houses with rooms situated symmetrically around a
vestibule, and a courtyard separated from the street), date to
the 18th and 19th centuries.

Medieval fine art in the SRM is represented by many groups of
frescoes, which occupy an important place in the history of
Eastern European painting of the 11th to 14th centuries and
reveal traits of a local originality. Important landmarks in
the art of the middle Byzantine period are represented by the
fresco cycles in the St. Sofia Cathedral in Ohrid (mid-11th
century) and the Church of St. Panteleimon in Nerezi (1164).
Over the course of a century and a half the ceremonial,
abstract quality of the figures was replaced by a greater
degree of emotion, and the linear manner was softened. The
frescoes of the masters Mihajlo and Eutihije in the Churches
of St. Kliment in Ohrid (after 1295) and St. George in Staro
Nagoricane (1317-18), which are distinguished by diversity of
subject matter and an abundance of realistic details (sometimes
taken from everyday life), are associated with the final
flowering of Byzantine art. Crude expressiveness of figures
and great originality of manner are characteristic of the
fresco cycles in the Churches of Sts. Michael and Gabriel in
Lesnovo (c. 1349) and the Church of the Virgin in Matejce
(C. 1355).

During the Turkish domination, the development of art in
Macedonia was retarded.j Beginning in the second half of the
18th century, painting experienced the influence of the
artistic centers of the West and Russia (the Frckoski family,
late 18th to 20th century; G. Zografski and D. Andonov, late
19th and first half of the 20th centuries.).

Wood carving of the 12th to 14th centuries was of a clearly
folkloric nature; from the 17th to 19th centuries, realistic
figures of animals and people were worked into plant
ornamentation. The school of Debar was renowned for its
carving on iconstases (a combination of Greek and Venetian
influences, showing elements of baroque and rococo).

Wood carving and other historically formed branches of
decorative and applied art (silver chasing, embroidery, and
carpetmaking) have developed in the SRM as folk crafts.

N. A. Kiselev and V. N. Belousov
(architecture of the late 19th and 20th centuries)

Music. At the turn of the 20th century the prerequisits for the
development of a secular musical culture appeared in the SRM.
Cultural and educational societies originated and played a
notable role in the emergence of a national musical art (the
first such society was founded in Veles in 1894). A wind
ensemble (1895) and the Vardar Singing Society (1907) were
established in Skopje. The career of the first professional
musician, A. Badev (a student of N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov and
M. A. Blakirev), began in the first decade of the 20th century.
In 1928 the music teacher S. Arsik organised the first
Macedonian music school in Skopje; the Mokranjac Music School
was founded there in 1934 and a string quartet in 1937. Dating
from the 1930's is the work of the professional composers
S. Gaidov and Z. Firfov. At the end of the 1930's active
concert work and propaganda for Macedonian music was carried on
by the following group of performers and composers:
P. Bogdanov-Kocko, I. Dzuvalekovski, T. Skalovski, and
I. Kastro. Works by Macedonian composers were published for
the first time. During the National Liberation War (1941-45),
mass patriotic songs and vocal works were composed.

Macedonian composers of the 1960's and early 1970's include
T. Prokopiev, B. Ivanovski, V. Nikolovski, and T. Prosev, who
work in the genres of opera and ballet, as well as symphonic,
chamber, vocal, instrumental, and choral music. Skopje has a
philharmonic society (founded 1944), the State Opera of the
Macedonian Folk Theater (founded 1947), and a secondary music
school and subdepartment of music (opened 1953) in the
Pedagogical Institute. A choral group (founded 1945) and a
string quartet (founded 1946) perform on radio. A composers'
union has been organized.

I. Ia. Iampol'skii

Theater. In 1901, V. Cernodrinski founded the Care and
Consolation Theatrical Troupe, whose repertoire was agitational
and patriotic in nature. In 1903 it performed with success in
Belgrade and other cities of Serbia. The first permanent
Serbian people's theater was opened in Skopje in 1913; its
director until 1915 was B. Nusic (in 1914 the theater building
burned down, but the troupe continued to work). During the
1927-28 season, in a reconstructed building, the theater
presented the first professional performance in Macedonian -
V. Iljoski's play "The Fugitive Girl" (Lenka From Kumanovo).
Attempts were made to establish permanent professional theaters
in Bitola and Stip. Many amateur workers' and student
theatrical groups with progressive repertoires grew up in the
1920's and 1930's. During the National Liberation War
(1941-45), theatrical brigades and agitation groups operated in
the partisan detachments.

After the liberation of Yugoslavia from the fascist occupation
forces (1945) the People's Theater in Skopje was renamed the
Macedonian People's Theater. The theater has drama, ballet,
and opera troupes. The first production by the drama troupe
was "Platon Krechet" by A. E. Korneichuk. The repertoire
includes plays by Yugoslav dramatists (B. Nusic, M. Krleza,
V. Iljoski, and R. Krle), as well as works by contemporary
Macedonian authors (K. Casule and T. Arsovski), foreign
classics (Shakespeare, Schiller, Corneille, Chekhov, and
Gorky), and contemporary foreign plays (Brecht and F. Garcia
Lorca). Among the members of the troupe are T. Nikolovski,
P. Prlicko, K. Stojanov, I. Dzuvalekovski, M. Boskova,
D. Puckova, and I. Milcin. The artistic directors
(D. Kostarov, M. Milcin, and B. Stavrev) have relied on the
Stanislavsky method in their creative efforts. One of the
leading Macedonian theatrical scholars is J. Boskovski.
Representatives from the other republics of Yugoslavia have
also participated in the work of theater.

N. M. Vagapova

REFERENCES

* Istoriia Iugoslavii, vol. 2. Moscow, 1963
* Istorija na makedonskiot narod, vol. 3. Skopje, 1969.
* The Historical and Cultural Heritage of the People's Republic of
Macedonia. Skopje, 1961.
* Industrijata vo NR Makedonija. Skopje, 1961.
* The Macedonian Economy - Makedonskoe khoziaistvo. Skopje, 1970.
* Sokolov, L. Ekonomska regionizacija na SR Makedonija. Skopje, 1971.
* Statisticki godisnik na SR Makedonija, 1972. Skopje, 1972.
(Yearbook)
* Beliaeva, Iu. "Sovremennaia makedonskaia proza." In Razvitie
zarubezhnykh slavianskikh literatur na sovremonnom etape. Moscow,
1966.
* Makedonska knizevnost. Belgrade, 1961.
* Polenakovic, H. Stranici od makedonskata knizevnost. Skopje, 1969.
* Gurcinov, M. Makedonski pisateli. Skopje, 1969.
* Spasov, A. Za makedonskata literatura, 2nd ed. Skopje, 1969.
* Mitrev, D. Ogledi i kritiki, vols. 1-2. [Skopje] 1970.
* Kondakov, N.P.Makedoniia: Arkheologicheskoe puteshestvie.
St. Petersburg, 1909.
* Pamiatniki kultury: Serbiia i Makedoniia. [Belgrade, 1958]
* Aleshina, L.S., and N.V. Iavorskaia. Iskusstvo Iugoslavii: Ocherki.
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* Petkovic, V.La Peinture serbe du Moyen age, vols. 1-2. Belgrade,
1932-34.
* Frolov, A., and G. Millet. La Peinture du Moyen age en Jougoslavie
(Serbe, Macedone et Montenegro), fasc. 1-3. Paris, 1957-64.
* Bihalji-Merin, O. Freske i ikone: Srednjevekovna umetnost u Srbiji i

Makedoniji. Belgrade, 1960.
* XII Congres international des etudes byzantines, vol. 2. oHRID,
1961.
* Hoddinott, R. F. Early Byzantine Churches in Macedonia and Southern
Serbia. London-New York, 1963.
* Radojcic, S. Staro srpsko slikarstvo. Belgrade, 1966.
* Urosevik, V. Vrenici. Skopje, 1971.
* Zbornik priloga istoriji i jugoslavenskih pozorista. Novi Sad,
1961.
Pages 272-76.
* Dvaeset godini na Makedonskiot naroden teatar. Skopje, 1965.
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* Ioannis Vranos
* Undergraduate at the Electrical Eng. Dep. of T.E.I. Pireaus
* Personal homepage: http://members.xoom.com/jvranos
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* "With the Purity of the Water, with the Sharpness of the Eagle,
* with the Power of the Lion, he is here".