George Bush & Ruby Ridge
Doc Holiday
effectively became the Republican
nominee. On the 6th of March he was in
Los Angeles, and visited the Simon
Wiesenthal Center's "Museum of
Tolerance". He was lead around the
Museum by it's Dean and Founder, Rabbi
Marvin Hier, who when asked in Late
August 1992 on a Los Angeles radio
station what he thought of the events at
Ruby Ridge Idaho-which had occurred just
days earlier-and specifically the
assassination of Vicky Weaver while
cradling her ten month old infant daughter,
replied: "Well, people who have hateful
thoughts and try to spread their hateful
ideas to others have to be dealt with in a
forceful manor." Vicki Weaver, as Rabbi
Marvin Heir knew at the time, was shot in
the face by an FBI "sharp-shooter". Her
other two daughters, small children who
today have a clear memory of what
happened, screamed as they saw their
mother's head explode.
George W. Bush listened intently as Rabbi
Marvin Hier talked of "The Holocaust" and
showed Bush a picture of Joerg Haider on a
wall captioned "Today's Demagogues".
George W. Bush was not silent throughout his
visit though, in fact he gave a speech in which
he said: " Racism finds new targets and opens
old wounds. Hate groups recruit on the
Internet and warp the souls of children."
Contrast this with what Rabbi Marvin Hier
said in the immediate aftermath of Ruby
Ridge. In case anyone had any doubt what
Bush meant he continued: "That is my
commitment to the people of this
country.and those who practice intimidation
and violence will have a determined enemy in
the president of the United States". Those with
fuzzy memories and who listen to Rush
Limbaugh may have come to believe that
Janet Reno had something to do with Ruby
Ridge, as Rush has repeated this many times
over the years. However, she was president
Clinton's third choice for Attorney General
and was not sworn in until a year after Ruby
Ridge. Bill Clinton was elected more than two
months after Ruby Ridge as Rush Limbaugh
surely knows. When Ruby Ridge occurred
George Herbert Walker Bush was president of
the United States. So when George W. Bush
says that White people "will have a
determined enemy in the president of the
United States", there is good reason to believe
him. At the end of the news piece about this
visit to the "Museum of Tolerance" printed
below, you will notice that George W. Bush's
father was also one of the museum's first, and
certainly most prominent visitors when he and
wife Barbara stopped by 12 years ago. George
W. Bush signed the guest book on the same
page as his Father and Mother.
--
Monday March 6 8:52 PM ET
Bush Preaches Tolerance at Simon Wiesenthal Center
By Patricia Wilson
LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - George W. Bush (news - web sites), whose
presidential campaign has been haunted by his visit to a
college espousing anti-Catholic views, stood on stage at the
Simon Wiesenthal Center on Monday and condemned all forms of
religious bigotry.
After a tour of the museum with its chilling tableaux of Nazi-era
Germany and replicas of the tunnels leading to Auschwitz's gas
chambers, the Texas governor delivered a somber speech, declaring
that ``intolerance and hatred have no place in the policies of
government or the souls of citizens.''
Bush's appearance last month at Bob Jones University in
South Carolina, a fundamentalist Christian college whose
leaders have called the pope the anti-Christ, has dogged his
campaign for the Republican presidential nomination.
Rival Arizona Sen. John McCain (news - web sites) denounced the
visit and linked Bush to the ``intolerance'' of extremist
elements in the Republican Party.
Bush Speaks Of Tolerance And Faith
Bush, who wrote to Cardinal John O'Connor of New York saying he
regretted not speaking out against the school's policies during
his appearance there, spoke openly about tolerance and faith.
``We don't believe in tolerance in spite of our faith,'' Bush
said. ``We believe in tolerance because of our faith. And it
leads us to condemn all forms of religious bigotry.''
Bush pledged to give that conviction voice and force.
``That is my commitment to the people of this country ... and
those who practice intimidation and violence will have a
determined enemy in the president of the United States.''
He spoke of ``the contest of light an shadow'' in the world and
said racism could not be relegated to the past.
``Racism finds new targets and reopens old wounds. Hate groups
recruit on the Internet and warp the souls of children,'' he
said.
Bush was escorted around the museum by Rabbi Marvin Hier, dean
and founder of the center. They stopped in front of a wall with
photographs and inscriptions illustrating the power of words
for good and evil.
Among the pictures were the Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran, Iraqi
President Saddam Hussein, former British Prime Minister Winston
Churchill, Adolf Hitler, Nelson Mandela and Franklin Roosevelt.
Nearby, among a display of ``Today's Demagogues'' was a
photograph of Joerg Haider, the former leader of the far right
Austrian Freedom Party whose extremist views alarmed European
and U.S. officials.
Bush listened intently while Rabbi Hier explained how Haider
had visited the Simon Wiesenthal Center and requested his
picture be taken down.
``He came here, walked in and demanded it be removed,'' Hier
told Bush. ``We thought he was going to pull his name off
the wall.''
After the tour, Bush and his wife Laura signed the visitors'
book on the same page as his father former President George
Bush and his wife Barbara, who visited the site 12 years ago
and were shown a scale model of the then-planned museum.
``God bless this world,'' the Texan wrote, signing his name
and adding the date, March 6, 2000.
E-mail this story | Printer-friendly format
Out of the China Blue
/ assassination of Vicky Weaver while
At least you're unbiased. Of course, if Randy hadn't been resisting a
search warrant with deadly force, his wife would still be alive. Or if he
sent unarmed parties out of harm's way instead of hiding behind them.
Yeah, it would've been better if the government had exercised better
judgment (or aim) than Randy and Vicky, but hey ! you want to start
another revolution, and a little bloodshed bothers you?
--
CACS: Collective Against Consensual Sanity v0.123
Now a text site map! http://www.angelfire.com/ca3/cacs/
pretty? http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Studios/5079/
I don't use :)s. On Usenet no one can hear you scream.
ShadowWalker
>
> / days earlier-and specifically the
> / assassination of Vicky Weaver while
>
> At least you're unbiased. Of course, if Randy hadn't been resisting a
> search warrant with deadly force, his wife would still be alive. Or if he
> sent unarmed parties out of harm's way instead of hiding behind them.
>
> Yeah, it would've been better if the government had exercised better
> judgment (or aim) than Randy and Vicky, but hey ! you want to start
> another revolution, and a little bloodshed bothers you?
>
Ruby Ridge was indeed a complete overrun by the federal authorities,
but I don't shed any tears over it. Police (the tyrant's bullies)
everywhere, are doing far more harm to real people... ;) ;(
Amos - angry and amused (sort of)
--
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
THE WEEKLY REPORT
http://w1.2561.telia.com/~u256100380/theweeklyreport.html
CIVILIZATION
http://w1.2561.telia.com/~u256100087/civilization.html
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
"All these moments will be lost in time
like tears in rain". - BLADE RUNNER
greg_...@my-deja.com
America.
In article <36E988...@hl.telia.no>,
Sent via Deja.com http://www.deja.com/
Before you buy.
Joseph Hertzlinger
we need to make sure the government is run by people who believe
in the rights of religious and other minorities.
ShadowWalker
We need to abolish government completely...
Amos
--
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
< My address at midnight: >
¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤ http://w1.2561.telia.com/~u256100087/ ¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤¤
Fire of the Storyteller:
http://w1.2561.telia.com/~u256100087/firewind.html
http://w1.2561.telia.com/~u256100379/firewind2.html
"They worry when they see us, when they feel us, and they are angry,
because we’re showing them that Life is different, showing them that
the human spirit is still alive".
Amos Keppler - One year of the Abyss
ShadowWalker
>
> These comments are PERFECT examples of the HUMANITY of the "left" in
> America.
But i'm not left and I'm not right, so how does that fit into your
preconceived notions of the owrld?
jum...@my-deja.com
>> Fischer: "IQ tests are the best method conceived - SO FAR - to
>>> measure human intelligence. There are THOUSANDS of studies which
>>> all come to that conclusion."
>
> Mowhak wrote in message:
>> Wrong.
From: Fischer <gi...@globetrotter.net>
> Tell that to the thousands of researchers who have conducted
> studies which prove YOU wrong.
Correlation between IQ and human intelligence is not the point.
The main point is whether there's any correlation between IQ
and genetic survival, as distinguished from genetic inheritance.
Overall, is average IQ remaining steady, increasing or decreasing
-AFTER- recalculating for backing-out the "Flynn effect?" Among
those with very high IQ is also found low birth rate. Conclusions?
Beyond rudimentary IQ deemed to find correlation with individual
success/status/prestige with employment in the economic society,
there's very little significance to be attached to excessive IQ.
After age 35 or so there's not much evolutionary correlation,
since individuals tend not to propagate species once encountering
that awakening cynicism of maturity, yet their high IQ persists.
> Mowhak wrote in message:
>> Why are you so scared of what a minority does in a neighbouring
>> "territory" ?
From: Fischer <gi...@globetrotter.net>
> Canada tends to follow American trends...
Last I checked, Canada was still located on the North American
continent. Even if you meant to say "USA" I think there would
be found quite a number of Canadians who should disagree.
>> Fischer: "Eastern Asians score higher than Whites on IQ tests. I've
>>> never claimed otherwise. That kinda blows up your theory, eh?"
>
> Mowhak wrote in message:
>> Not at all. As education is valued much more in Eastern Asia
>> (partly due to the teachings of Confucius) they aquire much more
>> knowledge in school.
From: Fischer <gi...@globetrotter.net>
> There is no correlation between IQ and knowledge. NONE WHATSOEVER.
> Intellectual stimulation can raise one's IQ, but "knowing more"
> will not give you a better IQ score.
An extremist view, which will find little support among those
of the "knowledge" business. IQ is more than merely "learning
ability" but also entails the discipline of applying oneself to
a "knowledge" enterprise, such as environmental law. How would
you "test" for knowledge anyway, other than by those tests which
bear a remarkably suspicious similarity to IQ-tests?
> Mowhak wrote in message:
>> ... who detests TK ...
From: Fischer <gi...@globetrotter.net>
> He does indeed hate TK. What the fuck is he doing in
> alt.FAN.unabomber? Protecting his tribe, of course.
Perhaps there ought to be a FAQ for this newsgroup, but the main
point here is not whether one likes or dislikes TK -- which could
conceivably be regarded as equally viable alternatives -- but whether
one can STAY ON TOPIC with TK-related posts, pro-and/or-con. So an
ON TOPIC post should be related to one or more of the following:
(a) environmentalism
(b) anti-technological humanitarianism
(c) human freedom, dignity, integrity
(d) means of going about making one's point clear (mailbombs?)
(e) mathematics
From: Fischer <gi...@globetrotter.net>
> Profound denial and an intrinsical inability to recognize
> one's own flawed reasoning are signs of a very disturbed man.
An excellent quote for someone's signature block... :-)
- regards
- jb
.
=============================================================
Source: Time, May 5, 1997 v149 n18 p26(1).
Title: Artifact. (Sir Roger Penrose filed a patent infringement
lawsuit against Kimberly-Clark Ltd; he claims the firm
stole his pattern design and put it on rolls of toilet
paper)
Subjects: Patent law - Cases
Paper products industry - Cases
People: Penrose, Roger - Cases
Full Text COPYRIGHT 1997 Time Inc. All rights reserved.
Please don't squeeze the...Penrose Pattern? Makers of toilet tissue
trumpet their product's softness, durability and economy, but what
about a white embossed paper, above left, that both celebrates the
solution to one of the great conundrums of modern science and appears
bulkier despite using 15% less paper? In 1974, Sir Roger Penrose, the
esteemed Oxford mathematician, devised a geometric pattern--dubbed the
Penrose Pattern--that demonstrated for the first time that a
nonrepeating pattern could exist in nature, above right. Then one day
Sir Roger noticed that the design on a roll of Kleenex quilted toilet
tissue bore a striking resemblance to his unique pattern. This month
he and Pentaplex Ltd., which markets his design, filed suit against
Kimberly-Clark Ltd. for copyright infringement. "When it comes to the
population of Great Britain being invited ...to wipe their bottoms on
what appears to be the work of a Knight of the Realm without his
permission," a Pentaplex representative stated, "then a last stand
must be taken." A spokesman at the company's U.S. headquarters noted
that after its 1995 merger with Scott Paper, the license for Kleenex
bathroom tissue was sold to another manufacturer. The case isn't going
down the toilet; it's expected to go to court in 1998.
See:
http://www.geom.umn.edu/apps/quasitiler/about.html
.
=============================================================
From: <potom...@my-deja.com>
Subject: Oral Arguments, US v. Emerson
Date: Saturday, March 11, 2000 5:03 AM
Oral arguments have been tentatively scheduled by the US Court of
Appeals, Fifth Circuit, for US v. Emerson for the first week of June.
Updates can be followed on the docket at http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov.
Case No. is 99-10331.
All briefs for Emerson are now available at
http://www.potomac-inc.org/emeramic.html
Most briefs are now available for Printz and Mack
http://www.potomac-inc.org/pzamic.html
Other Second Amendment cases are found at
http://www.potomac-inc.org/in_court.html
GEErnst
The Potomac Institute
http://www.potomac-inc.org/index.html
=============================================================
Source: Insight on the News, Feb 24, 1997 v13 n7 p41(1).
Title: Thomas Jefferson._(television program reviews)
Author: Stephen Goode
Subjects: Television programs - Reviews
People: Burns, Ken
Jenkinson, Clay
Ellis, Joseph
Wills, Garry
Will, George F.
Franklin, John Hope
Full Text COPYRIGHT 1997 Washington Times Corporation
Thomas Jefferson hasn't had a good time of it. Last year, the Irish
writer Conor Cruise O'Brien published The Long Affair, a relentless
attack on the third president. O'Brien found Jefferson's legacy racist
and irrationally antigovernment, concluding that Jefferson now spoke
only to right-wing militiamen and the Ku Klux Klan -- even suggesting
that America best be served by tearing down the Jefferson Memorial in
Washington and erasing collective memory of the man who penned the
Declaration of Independence.
And not so long ago the team of Merchant and Ivory gave the world
Jefferson in Paris, a film that purports to be about the sage of
Monticello's experiences as the fledgling nation's minister to the
court of Louis XVI. Jefferson was portrayed by Nick Nolte, a fine
actor who has given great performances as athletes and blue-collar
types but is awkward and out of his depth as the Virginia patrician.
Now comes Ken Bums' three-hour PBS special Thomas Jefferson, a
balanced look at the great man airing Feb. 18-19. It's not that Burns
is worshipful. He gives us Jefferson warts and all -- the chief of
which was the fact that the man who declared that "all men are created
equal" held slaves his whole life and freed only a handful of them
upon his death.
Burns shows us a Jefferson torn by enormous suffering at the early
loss of his wife, the early death of his closest childhood friend and
the deaths of five of his six children. Despite these ordeals,
however, the man remained an optimist, certain that America's future
would be splendid.
Most of all, Burns conveys the enormous talent of this extraordinary
man. Jefferson could write "10 times better than I," said John Adams
in declining the opportunity to write the Declaration of Independence
and insisting that his friend Jefferson do the job.
But Jefferson also was a scientist (he often used this word to
describe himself) who led the first archaeological dig conducted in
the New World and who was completely mesmerized by the opportunities
for scientific discovery opened up by his purchase of Louisiana and
the Lewis and Clark expedition.
And he was an architect who designed his deservedly famous home at
Monticello and the early buildings of the University of Virginia.
Burns uses the building of Monticello, which Jefferson repeatedly tore
down and built again and which remained unfinished upon his death in
1826, as a metaphor for Jefferson's intellectual life: his constant
revamping ideas, his ceaseless and unrelenting curiosity.
Contemporary Jefferson scholars such as Clay Jenkinson and Joseph
Ellis have their say as well. The film's talking heads include an
adoring Gore Vidal, whose usual skepticism is held in check, polymath
Garry Wills and conservative columnist George Will. "If there is such
a thing as an American Spirit, he is it," Vidal says toward the end of
the film. Wills adds that Jefferson showed us that "words
matter"--that with words man can transcend the realities of his own
time.
Renowned historian John Hope Franklin addresses Jefferson's
relationship to his slaves, and Burns does not ignore the question of
Sally Hemings, the slave said to have born Jefferson children. He
allows adherents on both sides of the issue their say -- including one
man descended from Hemings. But the filmmaker comes to no final
solution about the enigma.
What's absent from this portrait is what's absent from most
descriptions of Jefferson: a more detailed look at the intellectual
who so impressed his contemporaries. We're told that Jefferson loved
to entertain and that his table at Monticello often was crowded. We're
reminded that after Jefferson left the presidency in 1809, numerous
Americans sought him out at his home to talk with him. But what did
these people talk about and what did Jefferson say? Did this
formidable man have a sense of humor? It's doubtful that hundreds
sought him out simply to experience gravity and unrelieved
seriousness.
Burns doesn't tell us, even though those who visited with Jefferson
left accounts of their meetings. Still, Thomas Jefferson is beautiful
to look at, and although it's not as impressive as The Civil War, it
is better than the filmmaker's overlong series on baseball.
=============================================================
Source: Country Living, July 1993 v16 n7 p130(2).
Title: The pursuit of happiness.
(Thomas Jefferson's wine collection)
Author: Clay Jenkinson
Abstract: Thomas Jefferson's interest in the wine industry came about
when he suffered a wrist accident in 1786. While
recuperating in France, he visited its vineyards and has,
since then, become a wine connoisseur, viticulturist and
champion of wine in the pursuit of the fine art of living.
Full Text COPYRIGHT Hearst Corporation 1993
After studying Old World wines and vineyards, Thomas Jefferson
returned to America with a profound appreciation of the fine art of
living.
During his time in Williamsburg, Va., first as a student, later as
governor, Thomas Jefferson had had the opportunity to sample European
wines. Not until he visited the vineyards of the Old World, however,
did he become a wine connoisseur, viticulturist, and champion of wine
as the beverage of moderation, virtue, health, and happiness. It was
in the course of a five-year sojourn in what he called the "vaunted
scene of Europe" that Jefferson came to love the "alcoholic wines" of
France.
Jefferson's tour of the wine districts of France came about literally
by accident. After he dislocated his right wrist in the autumn of
1786, his doctors suggested he bathe the stiff hand in mineral waters.
Jefferson chose to try the waters of Aix-en-Provence in the south of
the country, near Avignon, and while recuperating, he took advantage
of the opportunity to visit the French wine country and the rice
fields of northern Italy. "I never passed three months and a half more
delightfully," he later wrote.
Jefferson's journey included the wine districts of Burgundy, the
Beaujolais, the Cotes du Rhone, Roussillon, and Bordeaux, and the
Loire Valley. In each wine-growing district, he visited the most
celebrated vineyards, interviewed vignerons, took meticulous notes on
planting and viticultural practices, and, as often as possible, made
arrangements with producers to supply him with wine at his quarters in
Paris.
In Burgundy, after noting that the best red (Chambertin) and the best
white (Montrachet) wines were produced at the extremities of the
district, Jefferson stepped back to reflect on the relation between
economic inequalities and climate. "At Pommard and Voulenay I observed
them eating good wheat bread; at Meursault, rye. I asked the reason of
the difference. They told me that the white wines fail in quality much
oftener than the red, and remain on hand." Meursault, with its
predominantly white wines, was therefore poorer than Pommard and
Voulenay. "On such slight circumstances depends the condition of man!"
Jefferson concluded.
The mineral baths at Aix-en-Provence proved useless to Jefferson's
wrist, but the traveler enjoyed the Provencal dialect and speculated
about the possibility of introducing olive trees to the United States.
Later, Jefferson spent five days in Bordeaux, where he wandered among
the vineyards and met with winemakers and proprietors. In his
systematic way, he created a classification system for Bordeaux wines
(which he would not permit to be called clarets) that foreshadowed the
systematic classification of wine by appellation and date under French
government auspices that was begun in 1855.
In Bordeaux he met a number of wine merchants and established
relationships with merchant houses that would continue to supply him
with fine French wines (as well as figs, raisins, olive oil, and
macaroni) until the last, insolvent years of his life. He had already
heard of the Frenchman Daniel Guestier, who was well known for having
built a swift clipper ship named La Grande Nancy to run through the
British blockade of the American "colonies." In this way Guestier was
able to supply General Washington, General Lafayette, and French
troops with French wine throughout the American Revolutionary War.
When he was President, Jefferson received much of his European wine
and produce from the descendants of Thomas Barton and Daniel Guestier
(who formed the company now known as Barton & Guestier), and he became
famous for the hospitality of his White House. John Adams grumbled
that Jefferson's whole administration was one continuous levee.
Patrick Henry abused Jefferson for becoming "Frenchified" and abjuring
"his native victuals." Jefferson routinely spent a third of his
Presidential salary on hospitality. He personally purchased many of
the groceries for his White House dinners, and he created an elaborate
chart of the availability of his favorite vegetables at the principal
greengrocers of the District of Columbia.
By the time he returned to the United States in December 1789, Thomas
Jefferson knew more about the making and distribution of European
wines than any American of his generation. His palate had become
sophisticated in the salons of the Enlightenment, he had developed his
own wine-tasting vocabulary, he knew the principal wine geographies of
Europe, and he had made the acquaintance of the agents and negociants
(merchants) that would supply his beloved wines for the next four
decades.
Wine for Jefferson was the symbol of the epicurean life of moderation
and virtue. "No nation," he wrote, "is drunken where wine is cheap."
His years in France gave Jefferson the cosmopolitan finish that made
him not only the advocate, but also the living symbol of the "pursuit
of happiness" in early-19th-century America.
A visiting professor at the University of Nevada at Reno, Clay
Jenkinson is participating in a series of programs for the Library of
Congress and Monticello. He brings Thomas Jefferson to life through
dramatic historical characterizations for audiences across the
country.
=============================================================
http://www.seattletimes.com/news/editorial/html98/prog_20000312.html
--------------------------------------------------------------------
Our future is a matter of choice
by Kirvil Skinnarland and Amy Solomon
Special to The Times
Thirty years ago, the Club of Rome, a group of internationally
known businessmen, statesmen and scientists asked Donella and
Dennis Meadows and Jorgen Randers to investigate the long-term
consequences of growth on population, industrial capital, food
production, resource consumption and pollution.
These scientists created a computer model of the world and many
scenarios were analyzed. The results of their study were
published in a book in 1972, "The Limits to Growth." The authors
warned that without limits on growth, the world would experience
catastrophic declines in population and industrial capacity by
the year 2100. They concluded that we must move toward an
economy that is in equilibrium with the Earth's finite flow of
natural resources. The controversy sparked by this book
continues today. The prevailing view among economists has been
that continued economic growth (as measured by Gross Domestic
Product or GDP) is the panacea for most of what ails humanity -
a rising tide lifts all boats.
As evidence of progress, economists showcase statistics about
growth in global GDP, increased life spans, improved
agricultural outputs, etc.
Ecological economists counter that the rising material standards
of industrialized countries have been made possible by the
rapidly accelerating, and unsustainable, consumption of natural
resources. While GDP has been rising, we have been drawing down
our stocks of natural capital at increasing rates - resources
such as water, trees, soil and air. The argument made by those
sounding the alarm is not that a dire future is inevitable, but
that our future is a matter of choice. However, we are unlikely
to make the right choices unless we rethink many of our
assumptions about how the world works.
Our economic system needs to be re-calibrated to reflect the
most important "bottom line" that over the long term, human
activity cannot exceed the sustainable carrying capacity of the
Earth.
As long as its fundamental tenets are followed, a market economy
is supposed to result in an equitable and optimal allocation of
society's resources. According to market theory, sellers must
bear the full cost of producing the products they sell, and
these costs must be reflected in the sales price paid by the
buyers.
Through price signals, markets are supposed to allocate scarce
resources efficiently. Ecological economists believe the global
economy has passed from an era in which human labor and
technology were the limiting factors in economic growth, to an
era where the supply of natural capital is the limiting factor.
For example, the limiting factor in determining fish catch today
is not the number of boats or fishermen, it is the reproductive
capacity of fish populations; for many types of wood, it is
remaining forests, not sawmill capacity.
Yet, natural capital is still valued at its extraction cost, not
at its true replacement value. Governmental subsidies make
virgin materials less expensive than other alternatives. And the
market price for using the global commons - our air, land and
water - for disposal of waste is close to zero.
As a result of inappropriate price signals, the regenerative and
assimilative capacities of the planet are being exceeded.
It is commonly perceived that these problems are isolated and
disconnected. However, there are few areas of the world that are
not experiencing decline in their natural resource base. Close
to 50 percent of the Earth's land surface has been altered from
its original state by human activities such as filling wetlands,
converting tall-grass prairies into cornfields and converting
forests into suburbs.
Approximately 50 dead zones - areas of water with little or no
oxygen - have developed in coastal areas as a result of
phosphorus and nitrogen from agricultural runoff. The worst of
these, in the Gulf of Mexico, covers almost 8,000 square miles
and results from pollution in the Mississippi River.
Much more ominous is increasing evidence that we are bumping up
against the assimilative capacity of the Earth.
The first unmistakable sign of human-induced change in the
global environment occurred in 1985 when a team of British
scientists published their findings that the stratospheric ozone
above Antarctica had plunged more than 40 percent, using
baseline levels of 1960.
Scientists discovered that industrially produced chlorinated
molecules were the culprits. The stratospheric ozone layer is
essential to life because it shields us from incoming
ultraviolet solar radiation. While the biological effects of
increased radiation are not entirely understood, scientists do
know that direct exposure to ultraviolet radiation damages the
human immune system, causes cataracts and increases the
incidence of skin cancer.
Certain agricultural crops are very sensitive to increased
radiation, as are some species of phytoplankton, which anchor
marine food chains. How are we going to feed, clothe and shelter
an expanding global population when human activity is causing
declines in virtually all natural systems? Technological
optimists and many modern economists believe that scientific
advances will outpace resource scarcity. It is true that limits
to production of goods can be overcome if there are available
substitutes for those goods.
In the case of many natural resources, we can substitute a more
abundant resource for one that is scarce. For example, Cargill
and Dow Chemical are teaming up to make a biodegradable plastic
from renewable resources such as corn or wheat instead of from
petroleum. But what are the substitutes for pollination of crops
by bees and insects, for creation of soil, for regulation of
climate and for protection provided by the ozone layer from the
sun's harmful ultraviolet rays? These services are provided by
nature for free and they may not be replaceable.
The transition of the American economy from manufacturing to
services and information technology obscures the fact that we
still depend upon the Earth for our existence. The information
economy creates the illusion that our society has become less
material-intensive. The facts speak otherwise.
Since 1950, global demand (per capita) for lumber has doubled
and paper use has gone up nearly sixfold. Nearly half of the
world's paper is used for packaging such as cardboard boxes, and
another 28 percent is used for printing and writing papers.
Industrialized nations use 75 percent of the world's supply of
paper.
Consumption of materials (minerals, wood products, metals and
synthetics) has grown 18-fold in the U.S. since 1900. Clearly
our priorities need to be reduce, reuse and then recycle. But
this mantra does not fit well with an economic system based on
growth and a culture that values material wealth.
Herman Daly, Amory Lovins, L. Hunter Lovins and Paul Hawken are
regarded as leaders in charting the path for a new form of
capitalism. "Natural Capitalism," co-authored by the Lovins and
Hawken, is considered by many to be the blueprint for the next
industrial revolution. In short, what they propose is a form of
capitalism where living systems matter.
To achieve an economy that is ecologically and socially
sustainable, all forms of capital, including human and natural,
must be fully valued. In addition to recommending changes in
how natural and human resources are valued, these leaders tell
us that we must increase the efficiency with which we use
natural capital by factors of 10 and higher and that we must
eliminate the concept of waste.
Nature is a closed-loop production system. In mature ecosystems,
all waste and by-products are recycled and used or absorbed
somewhere else in the system. In contrast, our manufacturing
systems currently follow a one-way, linear model - things are
created, used and discarded.
Consider the business model of Interface, a large industrial
carpet company based in Atlanta. It leases rather than sells
carpet to its customers. The carpet is manufactured in
one-square-meter tiles, which can be individually replaced in
worn areas allowing for more efficient use of the product. Its
newest product, Solenium, is not toxic, uses 35 percent less
material per square meter and lasts twice as long. And,
Interface takes the carpet back at the end of its useful life
and re-manufactures it into an identical product.
The U.S. economy, an ideal to which much of the world aspires,
is a high-consumption, materials-intensive model. In a world
with finite natural resources, this raises a troubling question
about the equity of distribution of those resources. Our wealth
(and our appetite for material possessions) enables us to use
about a third of all the materials that pass through the global
economy. If the rest of the world were to duplicate our rates of
consumption and waste, we would need the resources of several
more planets like ours.
We are faced with an extraordinary opportunity. Can we use our
inexhaustible ingenuity and our technology to redesign our
global community so that commerce and nature are in harmony? Can
we create an ecologically sustainable economy that provides
jobs, clean water and clean air for a global population expected
to grow to 10 billion by the year 2050?
Kirvil Skinnarland and Amy Solomon are on the Board of Directors
for Sustainable Seattle, a not-for-profit organization that has
been recognized internationally for its indicators of community
sustainability.
Copyright © 2000 The Seattle Times Company
==================================================================
Source: Science, Oct 30, 1992 v258 n5083 p801(3).
Title: Saltation and stasis: a model of human growth.
Author: M. Lampl, J.D. Veldhuis and M.L. Johnson
Author's Abstract: COPYRIGHT American Association for the Advancement
of Science 1992
Human growth has been viewed as a continuous process
characterized by changing velocity with age. Serial length
measurements of normal infants were assessed weekly (n = 10),
semiweekly (n = 18), and daily (n = 3) (19 females and 12 males)
during their first 21 months. Data show that growth in length
occurs by discontinuous, aperiodic saltatory spurts. These
bursts were 0.5 to 2.5 centimeters in amplitude during intervals
separated by no measurable growth (2 to 63 days duration).
These data suggest that 90 to 95 percent of normal development
during infancy is growth-free and length accretion is a
distinctly saltatory process of incremental bursts punctuating
background stasis.
Subjects: Infants - Growth
Growth - Research
Full Text COPYRIGHT American Association for the Advancement of
Science 1992
The present assumptions regarding the biology of human growth are
based primarily on height and weight data collected in auxological
studies. Individuals have been traditionally measured at quarterly
intervals during infancy, and annually or biannually during childhood
and adolescence. Physiological data are mathematically smoothed and
growth is represented as a continuous curve of three sequential
stages: infancy, with growth progressing at a rapidly decelerating
rate from birth; childhood, as growth approaches a relatively constant
but slow rate; and adolescence, when the pubertal growth spurt propels
the body toward final adult form with a sharp increase and final rapid
decrease in growth velocity [1, 2].
Although undulations in growth velocity patterns have been described
in individual data as early as the 18th century [3], they have most
often been assumed to reflect measurement error [4]. The consensus
for most of the century has been that a focus on the structure of the
individual time course of growth is unprofitable. Sporadic reports
suggest that traditional studies may overlook important aspects of
individual growth patterns because undulations in growth rates shorter
than the period of measurement go undetected [5]. Descriptive studies
support this conclusion with data on nonlinearity [6] or short-term
velocity oscillations in serial height as well as total body or lower
leg length [7]. The general dictum, however, is that while some
oscillation occurs in the growth rate of some children, growth is a
continuous and generally constant process [1], and that the most
satisfactory assessment of children's growth is still considered to be
made over annual intervals [8].
The availability of human growth hormone and the resulting clinical
potential for treatment of growth disorders, as well as advances in
molecular biology describing normal cellular growth control
mechanisms, underscore the importance of clarifying normal growth
dynamics.
The present study further investigates the nature of normal infant
growth with time-intensive data and an analytic descriptor. Thirty-one
clinically normal [9] Caucasian American infants (19 females and 12
males) were studied between the ages of 3 days and 21 months after
parental informed consent of an institutionally approved human
subjects protocol. Ten of these infants were measured weekly for
periods of 4 to 12 months, 18 were measured semiweekly for 4 to 18
months, and 3 infants were measured daily for 4 months.
Recumbent length, weight, and head circumference were assessed
according to standard techniques [10]; the serial length measurements
are the focus of this report. Total recumbent length was measured to
the nearest 0.05 cm by two observers with a specially designed infant
measuring board [11] during home visits; 80% of the measurements were
replicates.
Sources of measurement error and variation include the equipment,
repeated measurements, the technique of the observer, and the
cooperation of individual subjects. The technical errors of repeated
measurement [12] for length were significantly different between
children, reflecting individual variability in cooperation. A pooled
intra-observer error of 0.124 cm (1729 replicates) and an
inter-observer pooled error of 0.11 cm (with an independent rater),
parallel reports of technical errors of replicate measurement (0.114
to 0.145 cm) recently published [13]. Because the technical error of
repeated observations cannot account for all errors of measurement,
the quantitative analytic methods were designed to take into account a
wider range of possible measurement error inherent in the data.
Analytical methods developed in part for the evaluation of episodic
hormonal pulses [14] were modified for the analysis of the serial body
measurements as an ad hoc first approximation descriptor. Individual
serial growth data were modeled as a series of putative, distinct,
stepwise (saltatory) increases or jumps separated by variable
intervals of no change. Using replicate measurements and an error
estimate, we express serial increments as standard normal deviates.
These deviates are assessed at an experimentally defined probability
(or P value) of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis of no difference
in serial length measures.
The growth in length of all subjects in this study occurred by
saltatory increments with a mean amplitude of 1.01 cm identified at
the P < 0.05 level. A plot of this growth punctuates intervals when no
statistically significant growth occurred (Table 1). We found that
the growth saltations were not identifiably periodic but episodic.
Information on the precise temporal structure of a growth saltation is
constrained by the measurement interval, the smallest window for
incremental growth documentation. When assessed weekly, length
increments from 0.5 to 2.5 cm punctuated 7- to 63-day intervals of no
growth. Semi-weekly assessments showed saltatory length increments of
0.5 to 2.5 cm punctuating 3- to 60-day intervals of no growth. Daily
measurements documented length increments from 0.5 to 1.65 cm (23 of
28 ranging from 0.8 to 1.65 cm in [is less than or equal to] 24 hours)
separated by 2 to 28 days of stasis (Fig. 1). The daily data suggest
that many of the weekly and semiweekly increments may have occurred
during individual 24-hour (or shorter) intervals. The amplitude of
these saltations is 2.5 to 10 times greater than errors of
measurement.
Our findings generate the hypothesis that human length growth during
the first 2 years occurs during short ([is less than or equal to]24
hours) intervals that punctuate a background of stasis. Contrary to
the previous assumption that the absence of growth in developing
organisms is necessarily pathological [1, 15], we postulate that
stasis may be part of the normal temporal structure of growth and
development. The validity of this model is supported by two
observations: (i) the sum of individual growth saltuses accounts for
the entire growth of individual infants during the course of their
serial documentation (within measurement error) and (ii) the
measurements at the end of each stasis interval are within measurement
error of those from the first day of the same plateau. This constancy
would not be the case if there were growth during the proposed stasis
intervals.
A pattern of saltation and stasis is also found for growth in head
circumference in the sample infants and thus may not occur solely in
linear bone growth [16]. Furthermore, this model is not constrained
to infancy because daily data on growth in height during adolescence
show the same discontinuous saltus and stasis profile [16].
The unavailability of long-term, time-intensive data limits further
explication of the time structure and amplitude characteristics of
growth saltuses. Developmental age changes in growth rates as well as
individual differences in size (for example, length and height) and
growth rate, may reflect variability in the amplitude, frequency, or
both of discrete saltations. This pattern for pulsatile
characteristics of growth hormone was observed in [17]. In the
present study, the mean amplitude (but not frequency) of weekly length
growth episodes correlated with growth rate (but not size) in a
subsample of 14 infants [P < 0.018 [18]].
Although saltatory growth has been documented for synchronized cell
cultures in vitro [19], saltation and stasis have not been previously
demonstrated at the level of whole animal linear growth. These
results may have implications for research into long bone growth
factors [20], cell kinetics [21], and normal and abnormal growth of
other cell types in general [22].
Our inferences are not inconsistent with recent cell-cycle research
[for example, [23]]. The plateau periods of no apparent linear growth
suggest that periods of growth stasis, possibly reflecting the
operation of cellular growth inhibitory mechanisms, constitute normal
physiology and that growth itself is a saltatory, highly
time-constrained event. Thus, both a suppressive (or inactive) phase
and a growth phase seem to be at the basis of the normal pattern of
human growth at the organismic level. The gross assessment of human
linear growth as described here suggests coordination of multiple
cellular processes and perhaps synchronization of cellular growth. The
exact mechanisms responsible for generating short-lived growth
increments in healthy growing individuals are not known.
REFERENCES AND NOTES
[1.] J. M. Tanner, Fetus into Man (Harvard Univ. Press Cambridge, MA,
ed. 2, 1990).
[2.] [underscore], R. H. Whitehouse, M. Takaishi, Arch. Dis. Child. 41
613 (1966); P. V. Hamill et al., Vital Health Stat. Ser. 11 165, 1
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J. Karlberg, Stat. Med. 6, 185 (1987).
[3.] R. E. Scammon, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 10, 329 (1927).
[4.] H. V. Meredith, Child Dev. 7, 262 (1936); M. J. R. Healy, M.
Yang, J. M. Tanner, F. Y. Zumrawi, in Linear Growth Retardation in
Less Developed Countries, J. C. Waterlow, Ed., vol. 14 of Nestle
Nutrition Workshop Series (Raven, New York, 1988), pp. 41-55.
[5.] D. A. Scholl, in Dynamics of Growth Processes, E. J. Boell, Ed.
(Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, NJ, 1954), pp. 224-241; F. P. G. M.
van der Linden, W. J. Hirschfeld, R. L. Miller, Growth 34, 385 (1970).
[6.] D. W. Smith et al., J. Pediatr. 89, 225 (1976); C. Polychronakos,
H. Abu-Srair, H. J. Guyda, Eur. J. Pediatr. 147, 582 (1988); G. E.
Butler, M. McKie, S. G. Ratcliffe, Ann. Hum. Biol. 17, 177 (1990).
[7.] M. Togo and T. Togo, Ann. Hum. Biol. 9, 425 (1982); M. Lampl and
R. N. Emde, in Levels and Transitions in Children's Development, K. W.
Fishcer, Ed., vol. 21 of New Directions for Child Development
(Josey-Bass, San Francisco, 1983), pp. 21-36; I. M. Valk et al.,
Growth 47, 53 (1983); M. Hermanussen, K. Geiger-Benoit, J. Burmeister,
W. G. Sippell, Ann. Hum. Biol. 15, 103 (1988).
[8.] W. A. Marshall, Arch. Dis. Child. 46, 414 (1971); J. K. H. Wales
and R. D. G. Milner, ibid. 62, 166 (1987); J. M. Wit, D. M. Teunissen,
J. J. J. Waelkens, W. J. Gerver, Acta Paediatr. Scand. Suppl. 337, 40
(1987).
[9.] The sample infants were characterized by birth weights [is
greater than or equal to]2500 g, 38 to 42 weeks gestational age,
uncomplicated pregnancy and delivery, 1- and 5-min Apgar scores
between 8 and 10, and no subsequently diagnosed medical problems
during the course of the study.
[10.] N. Cameron, in Human Growth: A Comprehensive Treatise, F.
Falkner and J. M. Tanner, Eds. (Plenum, New York, ed. 2, 1986), vol.
3, pp. 3-46.
[11.] The infant measuring board was specially designed after the
Harpenden-Holtain infant length board [10], equipped with a fixed
headboard and mobile footboard. One observer fixes the infant's head
as the second applies gentle pressure to the body to ensure that the
legs are straight and the ankles are at right angles. The footboard
is brought into firm contact with the subject's feet. A final check
on the proper alignment of the head and body is made before length
assessment. Ninety percent of the measurements were taken within 3
hours of the same time on each visit to control for diurnal variation.
Replicate examinations were conducted within 1 hour, and the observer
and recorder were the same for each replicate.
[12.] The technical error of measurement (tem) is the square root of
the sum of squared differences between replicates divided by twice the
number of paired observations [10].
[13.] G. A. Harrison, G. Brush, A. Almedom, T. Jewell, Ann. Hum. Biol.
17, 407 (1990). The tem of measurements here is slightly less than
that of field studies previously reported: R. Martorell, J.-P.
Habicht, C. Yarbrough, G. Guzman, R. E. Klein, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol.
43, 347 (1975); C. C. Gordon, W. C. Chumlea, A. F. Roche, in
Anthropometric Standardization Reference Manual, T. B. Lohman, A. F.
Roche, R. Martorell, Eds. (Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, 1988), pp.
3-9. The technical errors in the present study are not biased by the
design or any other known factor except the particular care given to
measurement technique by both the anthropometrist (M.L.) and the
assistant. The conditions of this study were unusual in that all
measurements were taken in the home with mothers as assistants,
conditions substantially different from those of previous studies in
clinical environments. The mothers of the three children measured
daily are all professional anthropometrists. In addition, 250
measurements were taken with an independent rater to verify
measurement reliability.
[14.] J. D. Veldhuis and M. L. Johnson, Methods Enzymol. 210, 539
(1992). This method fits the actual serial growth data by the use of a
weighted, nonlinear least-squares procedure of parameter estimation.
The analytical method is designed to compare the actual experimental
data to a series of models with increasing numbers of pulses. From an
initial model with no pulses, subsequent models are generated through
the addition of pulses at points of greatest decrement in variance,
until no statistically significant improvement of fit is gained from
pulse addition.
[15.] M. Hermanussen, K. Geiger-Benoit, W. G. Sippell, Acta Paediatr.
Scand. Suppl. 75, 601 (1987). A comparison was made between the
growth episodes, the stasis intervals, and all illnesses of the
subjects. There was no positive association between growth stasis and
illness (Pearson chi-square).
[16.] M. Lampl, unpublished data.
[17.] N. Mauras et al., J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 64, 596 (1987); K.
Albertsson-Wikland and S. Rosberg, ibid. 67, 493 (1988); P. M. Martha
et al., ibid. 69, 563 (1989).
[18.] The maximum sample size available for this comparison consists
of weekly data from 14 infants between 3 and 9 months of age, assessed
as standard deviation scores for age and sex.
[19.] D. Lloyd and S. W. Edwards, in Cell Cycle Clocks, L. Edmunds,
Ed. (Plenum, New York, 1986), pp. 27-46.
[20.] E. A. Wang et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87, 2220
(1990); R. Bortell, L. M. Barone, M. S. Tassinari, J. B. Lian, G. S.
Stein, J. Cell. Biochem. 44, 81 (1990); B. A. A. Scheven and N. J.
Hamilton, Acta Endocrinol. Copenhagen 124, 602 (1991).
[21.] E. B. Hunziker and R. K. Schenk, J. Physiol. London 414, 55
(1989); G. J. Breur, B. A. VanEnkevort, C. E. Farnum, N. J. Wilsman,
J. Orthop. Res. 9, 348 (1991); S. Stevenson, E. B. Hunziker, W.
Herrmann, R. K. Schenk, ibid. 8, 132 (1990).
[22.] R. A. Weinberg, Science 254, 1138 (1991).
[23.] J. B. Ghiara et al., Cell 65, 163 (1991); H. Matsushime, M. F.
Roussel, R. A. Ashmun, C. J. Sherr, ibid., p. 701; T. Motokura, Nature
350, 512 (1991); U. Surana et al., Cell 65, 145 (1991); T. Chittenden,
D. M. Livingston, W. G. Kaelin, Jr., ibid., p. 1073; S. P. Chellappan,
S. Hiebert, M. Mudryj, J. M. Horowitz, J. R. Nevins, ibid., p. 1053;
L. R. Bandara and N. B. La Thangue, Nature 351, 494 (1991).
[24.] We thank the parents who participated in this study, L. Hileman
for measuring assistance, R. N. Emde and M. Reite for their support of
earlier versions of this work, and K. Ryan for technical assistance
with the manuscript (M.L.). Supported by the Developmental
Psychobiology Research Group, the Grant Foundation, and the
Wenner-Gren Foundation (M.L.); National Institute of Child Health and
Human Development Research Career Development Award KO4HD00634,
National Institutes of Health (J.D.V.); National Science Foundation
Science Center for Biological Timing (J.D.V. and M.L.J.); Diabetes and
Endocrine Research Center grant DK 38942; and the University of
Virginia Pratt Foundation and Educational Enhancement Fund (J.D.V. and
M.L.J.).
jum...@my-deja.com
Source: Science, Oct 9, 1992 v258 n5080 p255(6).
Title: Continuous 500,000-year climate record from vein calcite
in Devils Hole, Nevada.
Author: Isaac J. Winograd, Tyler B. Coplen, Jurate M. Landwehr,
Alan C. Riggs, Kenneth R. Ludwig, Barney J. Szabo, Peter
T. Kolesar and Kinga M. Revesz
Author's Abstract: COPYRIGHT American Association for the Advancement
of Science 1992
Oxygen-18 ([delta.sup.18]O) variations in a 36-centimeter-long
core (DH-11) of vein calcite from Devils Hole, Nevada, yield an
uninterrupted 500,000-year paleotemperature record that closely
mimics all major features in the Vostok (Antarctica)
paleotemperature and marine [delta.sup.18]O ice-volume records.
The chronology for this continental record is based on 21
replicated mass-spectrometric uranium-series dates. Between the
middle and latest Pleistocene, the duration of the last four
glacial cycles recorded in the calcite increased from 80,000 to
130,000 years; this variation suggests that major climate
changes were aperiodic. The timing of specific climatic events
indicates that orbitally controlled variations in solar
insolation were not a major factor in triggering deglaciations.
Interglacial climates lasted about 20,000 years. Collectively,
these observations are inconsistent with the Milankovitch
hypothesis for the origin of the Pleistocene glacial cycles but
they are consistent with the thesis that these cycles
originated from internal nonlinear feedbacks within the
atmosphere-ice sheet-ocean system.
Subjects: Nevada - Geology
Paleoclimatology - Research
Glacial epoch - Research
Calcite - Analysis
Full Text COPYRIGHT American Association for the Advancement of
Science 1992
Since Louis Agassiz's startling claim 155 years ago that a polar ice
sheet once covered much of Europe[1], the study of the timing, extent
of, and causation for the Pleistocene ice sheets, as well as the
prediction of future ice ages, has remained among the most basic, yet
speculative, fields of earth science. In the past two decades, there
has been a major interdisciplinary effort to tackle the ice-age puzzle
anew, an effort driven in great part by the availability of new
information and analytical methods[1]. The paleontology and isotopic
composition of hundreds of deep-sea sediment cores have been analyzed
in order to reconstruct the secular variation of climate during the
Pleistocene; ice-age climates have been simulated with the use of
process-driven general circulation models; the [CO.sub.2] content of
the atmosphere during the past 160,000 years has been documented by
analysis of an ice core from Antarctica; and a once rejected theory
for the onset of ice ages - the Milankovitch hypothesis - was
revived[1-3]. We now appreciate that numerous interrelated conditions
on land and in the oceans and atmosphere and the attendant feedbacks
among them were involved in the recurrence of ice ages during the
Pleistocene. Factors identified as potentially relevant include
changes in: magnitude and distribution of ocean currents; ocean
productivity; sea-surface temperatures; the location of the
atmospheric polar and subtropical jet streams; latitudinal gradients
in atmospheric temperature and wind; cloud cover; atmospheric
concentrations of dust, [CO.sub.2], [CH.sub.4], and water vapor; and
orbitally controlled variations in solar insolation[1-3]. In addition,
subsidence and rebound of the earth's crust in response to ice-sheet
loading; the extent and thickness of the continental ice sheets and of
sea ice; and the increase in coastal plain areas attendant to
sea-level lowering could also have an effect. A solution to the
ice-age puzzle will require deciphering which of the above factors, or
more likely groups of factors, comprise the principal processes
driving the waxing and waning of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.
One of several major obstacles to solving the ice-age riddle has been
the absence of radiometrically well-dated paleoclimate records
spanning several glacial cycles. In this article, we present such a
record derived from vein calcite that precipitated from ground water
in the Great Basin. This record enables us to determine accurately the
timing and duration of the major climate shifts of the mid-to-late
Pleistocene and, in turn, to comment on the validity of two
theoretical approaches to the ice-age problem - the Milankovitch
hypothesis[1] and nonlinear dynamical simulations of Pleistocene
climates[3].
Devils Hole and Its Climate Record
Devils Hole is an open fault zone adjacent to a major ground-water
discharge area (Ash Meadows) in south-central Nevada; it is located
approximately 115 km west-northwest of Las Vegas, Nevada. To depths in
excess of 130 m below the water table (which is 15 m below land
surface), this open fissure is lined with a thick (>O.3 m) layer of
dense mammillary vein calcite that precipitated continuously from
calcite-supersaturated ground water over the past 500,000 years[4]. A
36-cm long core (DH-11) of vein calcite was recovered from about 30 m
below the water table by SCUBA divers and a submersible air-powered
coring machine designed for operation in the tight (0.5 to 2 m)
confines of the steeply (>70 [degrees]) dipping fault zone that forms
Devils Hole. Like vein calcite sample DH-2, which yielded our initial
250,000-year record[5], DH-11 is pure calcite and contains no apparent
depositional hiatuses nor any evidence of calcite recrystallization,
as determined by detailed thin-section petrography[6]. Further
evidence that DH-11 behaved as a geochemically closed system during
the past half-million years is presented in[7].
We milled 285 samples at a sampling interval of 1.26 mm along the
length of core DH-11 and analyzed each for [delta.sup.18]O and
carbon-13 ([delta.sup.13]C). The [delta.sup.18]O data were plotted
against their distance from the free face of the core and the
resulting curve was used to select 14 climatically interesting
locations for alpha-spectrometric uranium-series dating, and,
subsequently, 21 intervals for mass-spectrometric (MS) uranium-series
dating[7]. Using the more precise MS ages, we interpolated the age of
each of the 285 samples analyzed for [delta.sup.18]O. The sampling
interval (1.26 mm) represents an average time interval of about 1800
years.
The Devils Hole [delta.sup.18]O-time curve clearly displays the
sawtooth pattern characteristic of marine a [delta.sup.18]O records
that have been interpreted to be the result of the waxing and sudden
waning of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets during the Pleistocene[8].
But what caused the [delta.sup.18]O variations in DH-11 shown on Fig.
2? As discussed in[5], the [delta.sup.18]O variations in DH-11 calcite
most likely principally reflect isotopic variations in atmospheric
precipitation falling on ground-water recharge areas tributary to
Devils Hole, specifically the Spring Mountains, Pahranagat Valley (and
tributary areas) and possibly the Sheep Range. That is,
[delta.sup.18]O values are conserved during movement through this
relatively low-temperature (10 [degrees] to 35 [degrees] C) regional
ground-water flow system[5, 9]. The isotopic variations in atmospheric
precipitation are - to a first approximation[5, 10] - believed to
reflect changes in average winter-spring land surface temperature, the
season during which recharge is most likely to have occurred in the
southern Great Basin; the highest [delta.sup.18]O values on Fig. 2
reflect warm temperatures and the low values reflect a cold
climate[10]; each data point on Fig. 2 represents a 2000-year average.
The DH-11 record provides minimum ages of climatic events. This is
because the U-series techniques date the time when the calcite
precipitated out of a parcel of water in Devils Hole, not when that
parcel (with its [delta.sup.18]O signature) fell as precipitation in
the recharge areas 80 to > 160 km to the east and northeast. These
respective events are offset by the time required for the water to
traverse the flow system. Thus, the true age of any point on the
[delta.sup.18]O curve is equal to the measured age given on the
abscissa plus the ground-water transit time through the aquifer. Just
how long is the transit time? In our earlier report[5], we cited
reconnaissance [C.sup.14] values that suggested that ground water
currently discharging at the Ash Meadows oasis adjacent to Devils Hole
had been underground about 10,000 to 30,000 years; recent work
suggests that the [C.sup.14] age is 15,000 to 20,000 years[11]. Five
other lines of evidence[12], however, argue for considerably shorter
travel times, less than 10,000 years, and perhaps on the order of
several thousands of years.
Comparison with Other Records
To see to what degree our Great Basin paleotemperature record reflects
major mid-to-late Pleistocene climatic shifts, we compare it with two
other continuous and well-established stable isotope records, SPECMAP,
the marine [delta.sup.18]O standard[13], and the Vostok,
Antarctica[14], ice core deuterium ([delta]D) record. We use the
[delta]D variations for Vostok because they are considered a somewhat
better indicator of temperature changes than [delta.sup.18]O
values[14]; however, a normalized plot of Vostok [delta.sup.18]O
values would, for our purposes, be indistinguishable from the [delta]D
curve shown. The overall similarity of the three records is striking,
especially considering that they were obtained from different
materials and were dated by different means. SPECMAP is interpreted as
a record of Northern Hemisphere ice volume[13] deduced from
[delta.sup.18]O values of planktonic foraminifera. It is indirectly
dated by "tuning"; that is, dates initially assigned by interpolation
between three radiometric control points were shifted iteratively to
obtain a new chronology that best corresponded to the earth's orbital
oscillations[13]. The Vostok record[14] reflects mean annual air
temperature as recorded in glacial ice in Antarctica at 78 [degrees] S
and an altitude of 3488 m; it is indirectly dated with an ice-sheet
flow model[14] and assumptions regarding snow accumulation and
thinning rates. The DH-11 record reflects mean winter-spring air
temperature[5] in the southern Great Basin, as recorded by
[delta.sup.18]O values of directly dated vein calcite of ground-water
origin[7].
All three records display relatively rapid shifts from full-glacial to
interglacial climates followed by a gradual return to full glacial
conditions. The approximate midpoints of the transitions from full
glacial to peak interglacial climates have been called
"terminations"[8]. The DH-11 record, which begins about 566 ka
(thousand years ago) and ends at 60 ka, spans three full glacial
cycles and the first half of the most recent cycle. In contrast to the
youngest 460,000 years of record, the oldest 100,000 years of the
DH-11 and SPECMAP records show minimal variation in [delta.sup.18]O
values; there is little justification, from curve geometry, for a
termination in this oldest interval, and none is shown.
In spite of the strong similarity between these paleoclimate records,
there are significant differences among them with respect to curve
configuration. For example, during the period between about 240 and
190 ka (marine isotope stage 7) successive peaks in the SPECMAP record
increase in height with decreasing age (see slope of dashed line
connecting peaks on the SPECMAP curve, Fig. 3). This change indicates
that conditions warmed rather than cooled; in the DH-11 record, in
contrast, the peaks decrease in height with decreasing age (see slope
of dashed line on DH-11 curve) as expected during a buildup to full
glacial climates. A second difference is in the robustness of
termination III. In the SPECMAP record, this termination is subdued
and amounts to a shift of only two standard deviations in
[delta.sup.18]O values, which is about half that of terminations I,
II, IV, or V. In the DH-11 record, in contrast, termination III is
bold, and [delta.sup.18]O values shift by more than three standard
deviations. A third difference is that the DH-11 record suggests that
interglacial climates became slightly warmer from 410 to 120 ka (see
dashed-dotted sloping lines in Fig. 3); such warming is barely
discernible in the SPECMAP [delta.sup.18.]O curve.
Sarnthein and Tiedemann[15] presented high-resolution planktonic and
benthic [delta.sup.18]O records from Ocean Drilling Program Site 658,
off the northwest coast of Africa. The average sedimentation rate at
this site is more than four times that of the five cores used to
construct the SPECMAP curve[13]. In the records from site 658, the
peaks in marine isotope stage 7 decrease in height with decreasing
age, and termination III is clearly developed. The composite marine
chronology of Williams et al.[16] also shows these two prominent
features, which are shown in both the DH-11 and site 658 records but
are missing from the SPECMAP record. The contrasts with the SPECMAP
record cited above are not mentioned in order to question its
established position as a norm for numerous marine records but rather
to show that some major features of the DH-11 record not present in
the SPECMAP record are definitively present in other equally detailed
marine [delta.sup.18]O records.
The overall similarity of the DH-11 record to the SPECMAP record, to
other equally detailed marine [delta.sup.18]O records[15, 16] and to
the Vostok record, is the basis for our conclusion that the climate
record from DH-11 closely reflects global climate changes[17]. This is
not to say that the climate changes in these records are necessarily
synchronous or that (in the case of Vostok and DH-11 records) they
record equivalent temperature changes. By "global" we mean that major
features of the DH-11 (or Vostok) record appear to closely mimic the
major features in the marine record, which has generally been accepted
as representing global climate change. Although local and regional
meteorological factors are undoubtedly present in the Vostok and DH-11
records, they have not interfered with a definitive expression of the
full glacial, interglacial, stadial, and interstadial climates seen in
the marine record during the period 570 to 60 ka.
Timing of Terminations
There are significant differences in the timing of the terminations
among the DH-11, Vostok, and SPECMAP records. These differences bear
directly on the Milankovitch hypothesis, which attributes Pleistocene
climatic cycles to orbitally controlled variations in solar
insolation[1]. Termination II occurs at 140 [+ or -] 3 (2[sigma]) ka
in the DH-11 record, at 140 [+ or -] 15 ka in the Vostok record [14],
and at 128 [+ or -] 3 ka in the SPECMAP record[13]. (The uncertainty
in the DH-11 record is in the 2[sigma] uncertainties on the MS
uranium-series dates; other dates and uncertainties are from the
sources cited.) Termination Ill occurred at about 253 [+ or -] 3
(2[sigma]) ka in the DH-11 record and at about 244 [+ or -] 3 ka in
the SPECMAP record. These differences between the timing of
terminations II and III in the DH-11 and SPECMAP records are minimum
values because the ground-water travel time to Devils Hole would
increase the differences by at least several thousand years. Because
of the larger uncertainty of the DH-11 dates in the vicinity of
terminations IV and V, the timing of these two terminations in the
DH-11 and in SPECMAP records are not significantly different.
The timing of deglaciations has been widely attributed[1, 2, 18] to
the influence of major peaks in high-latitude summer insolation in the
Northern Hemisphere; specifically, the exceptional peaks at 128 [+ or
-] 1 and 220 [+ or -] 1 ka. However, the DH-11 record does not support
this interpretation. The warming associated with terminations II and
Ill in the DH-11 record, and II in the Vostok record, began well
before the start of above average insolation. For example, the warming
preceding termination II began in the DH-11 record around 150 ka at a
time of falling insolation; when insolation rose to its average value,
at about 135 [+ or -] 1 ka, the [delta.sup.18]O value in ground water
depositing calcite at Devils Hole was nearly at its peak value. In the
vicinity of termination III, the temperature rise recorded in DH-11
calcite began, and was two-thirds complete during a period of near
average insolation (270 to 248 ka). Furthermore, if we take
ground-water residence times into account, the amount that DH-11
terminations precede the cited maxima in June 60 [degrees] N
insolation is at least several thousand years greater than shown. In
contrast, the deglaciation in the SPECMAP record, near the time of
termination II, slightly lags the insolation curve, as would be
expected if insolation triggered the [delta.sup.18]O changes seen in
this record.
Sea-level variations, which are independently measured, are consistent
with the DH-11 chronology. Sea level had already attained modern (or
higher) levels by about 135 ka at the Huon Peninsula, Indonesia[I9],
and by 132 [+ or -] 1 (2[sigma]) in the Bahamas[20], which was 4000 to
7000 years before insolation peaked at 128 [+ or -] 1 ka. In contrast,
Holocene sea level began its rise toward modern levels around 19 ka
[21] but did not approach modern levels until 6 ka, or more than 5000
years after the most recent insolation maximum at 11 ka [21]. If the
time required for sea-level rise during termination II was
approximately similar to the time ( 13,000 years) required during
termination I, then the initiation of the sea-level rise that led to
the high stands at 132 to 135 ka would have begun around 145 to 150 ka
at a time of decreasing insolation. This timing is in agreement with
the DH-11 record, which shows initiation of warming at around 150 ka.
Thus, the DH-11 [delta.sup.18]O record, and the MS dated sea-level
high stands at Huon Peninsula and in the Bahamas support our
contention that the major insolation maximum at 128 [+ or -] 1 ka did
not trigger termination 11. Additionally, the SPECMAP record indicates
that full glacial conditions occurred at a time (132 to 135 ka) when
sea level was apparently at (or above) modern levels and when the
DH-11 record indicates that there was an interglacial climate. Thus,
the SPECMAP chronology is inconsistent with these records and may not
simply lag the DH-11 and Vostok records by 10,000 years[17].
In contrast, for Termination IV, both the Hh-11 and SPECMAP records
are consistent and coincide with a major buildup in insolation;
however, the uncertainty in the ages for DH-11 at this time is
relatively large.
Termination V occurred at a time [417 [+ or -] 12 (2[sigma]) ka for
DH-11 and 423 [+ or -] 3 ka for SPECMAP] of only nominal variation in
insolation. Berger[22] has shown that for all latitudes and months in
both hemispheres insolation variations were greatly subdued during the
period 450 to 350 ka because of the combined effects of near zero
eccentricity and minor variation in the precessional parameter[22].
In summary, three of the four terminations recorded by the DH-11
record either preceded (II and III) or are not associated with (V)
major insolation peaks; uncertainty in our dates precludes relating
termination IV to insolation. We thus conclude that variations in
Northern Hemisphere solar insolation did not directly force
deglaciations. Insolation may not even be a decipherable nonlinear
factor leading to deglaciation, as suggested by the occurrence of a
prominent termination (V) (and subsequent buildup to full-glacial
climates) in both the DH-11 and SPECMAP records at a time of minimum
insolation variations at all latitudes and months in both hemispheres
[23].
Obliquity and precession periodicities are evident in the DH-11
record[24]. Such periodicities suggest that although solar insolation
may not be the primary determinant of the onset of
glacial-interglacial shifts, astronomical geometry could still be one
of several factors contributing to Pleistocene paleoclimate changes.
Yet, such 40,000- and 20,000-year cycles have been widely reported to
occur in geologic records that predate the onset of Northern
Hemisphere glaciation by millions to more than 100 million years[25].
Duration of interglacial Climates
There are major differences in the duration of peak interglacial
climates between the DH-11 and Vostok record, on the one hand, and the
SPECMAP record, on the other. Lorius et al.[14] noted that the
duration of marine isotope substage 5e - the interglacial maximum
following termination II, called the Sangamon in the United States and
the Eemian in Europe[26] - is approximately 24,000 years in the Vostok
record and 11,000 years in the SPECMAP record. Lambeck and Nakada[27]
applied glaciohydroisostatic models to global sea-level data and
concluded that isotope substage 5e lasted at least 15,000 years. In
contrast, this substage has been widely considered to have lasted
11,000 years, or one-half of a precessional cycle[28]. To analyze
these differing opinions, we define this interglacial as the time
interval during which the [delta.sup.18]O value (or [delta]D) resided
in the upper one-third of its deglaciation amplitude (for example, for
substage 5e, the time during which [delta.sup.18]O on Fig. 2. equaled
or exceeded 15.0 per mil). For this arbitrary definition of
interglacial, the duration of the Sangamon is found to have been
18,000, 18,000, and 14,000 years in the DH-11, Vostok, and SPECMAP
records, respectively; and, the three interglacial substages following
terminations Ill to V would have lasted, respectively, 21,000, 18,000,
and 20,000 years in the DH-11 record and 8,000, 30,000 and 30,000
years in the SPECMAP record. An alternate method of estimating the
duration of the interglacial climates - using the difference in age of
the midpoints of the ascending and descending limbs of the
[delta.sup.18]O curves - yields similar results. The finding that
interglacial climates apparently lasted about 20,000 years may be of
practical importance[29].
The 100,000-Year Cycle and Implications
Much has been written about the origin of the dominant 100,000-year
cycle present in mid-to-late Pleistocene isotopic records, a cycle not
predicted by the Milankovitch hypothesis[1, 2]. Some workers have
attributed its origin to a nonlinear response to external, that is to
orbital insolation forcing [13], while others have proposed that it
results from free oscillations driven by internal feedbacks in a
complex nonlinear atmosphere-ocean-ice sheet system (13, 30). Still
other models invoke both internal and external forcing to explain the
100,000-year cycles[13, 30].
As shown in Fig. 3 the duration of glacial cycles, based on the DH-11
record, increased from 79,000 years between terminations V and IV to
128,000 years between II and I (31). The SPECMAP record also shows an
increase in the duration of these cycles between terminations V and
11, as does the independently dated marine [delta.sup.18]O chronology
of Williams et al.[16]; however, this increase ends in these marine
records between terminations Il and I. The DH-11 data, and to a lesser
extent the marine records, thus suggest that middle-to-late
Pleistocene climate did not arise from a strictly stationary process,
a finding previously noted for the marine record[32]. Additionally
these low-frequency cycles of increasing duration in the DH-11 record
are apparently superimposed on a much longer-lived transient warming
(see sloping dashed-dotted line on Fig. 3).
In all three time series, the trough centered at 65 ka (marine isotope
stage 4) indicates that the climate then was just as cold (and
presumably ice volume as large) as during the glacial maxima
immediately preceding some of the terminations. The prominent trough
at 222 ka in the DH-11 record is another example. These troughs
suggest that climates of full glacial severity also occurred at times
other than immediately before terminations. Such events of full
glacial magnitude, plus our observations regarding the increasing
length of the so-called 100,000 year cycles, and the timing of
terminations, support the contention of nonlinear dynamicists that
Pleistocene climate phenomena are aperiodic and therefore that their
timing is probably unpredictable[32].
In summary, the DH-11 [delta.sup.18]O paleoclimate record - anchored
by 21 MS uranium series dates - is inconsistent with the Milankovitch
hypothesis that orbitally controlled variations in solar insolation
play a direct role in Pleistocene climate change. The hypothesis fails
to predict the timing of deglaciations during the period 500 to 100
ka. During the middle-to-late Pleistocene the increase in the duration
of glacial cycles from about 80,000 to 130,000 years suggests that
climate shifts were aperiodic. Interglacial climates lasted on the
order of 20,000 years.
REFERENCES AND NOTES
[1.] J. Imbrie and K. P. Imbrie, Ice Ages. Solving the Mystery
(Enslow, Short Hills, NY, 1979). A beautifully written and illustrated
history of the ice-age puzzle. [2.] W. S. Broecker and G. H. Denton,
Geochim Cosmochim. Acta 53, 2465 (1989). [3.] T. J. Crowley and G. R.
North, Paleoclimatology (Oxford Univ. Press, New York, 1991). (4.) The
neotectonic, hydrologic, and geochemical setting of this cave is
discussed by A. C. Riggs, P. T. Kolesar and R. J. Hoffman, in
preparation. [5.] I. J. Winograd, B. J. Szabo, T. B. Coplen, A. C.
Riggs, Science 242, 1275 (1988); for discussion, see comment by R. G.
Johnson and H. E. Wright, Jr. [ibid. 246, 262 (1989)] and reply by I.
J. Winograd and T. B. Coplen (ibid., p. 262). (6.) Core DH-11, as
removed from Devils Hole, was 42 cm long. The innermost (or oldest) 6
cm of this core is fractured and stratigraphically complex and was not
used in our study. The useable outermost 36 cm of the core consists of
large crystals (up to 2.34 cm long and 2 to 3 mm wide) of calcite
oriented with the long axis approximately perpendicular to the bedrock
wall. Each large crystal has a complex internal structure in which
many smaller (2 to 4 mm long and 0.25 to 1 mm wide) crystallites are
arranged like closely spaced teeth on a comb. The long axes of the
crystallites attach to the back of the comb at a high (>70 [degrees])
angle. The c-axes of the crystallites are oriented at high angles (>60
[degrees]) to the direction of elongation, so the crystallites are
length-slow. The deposit is dense, with a porosity very much less than
1%, probably because of the slow growth rate (about 0.7 mm per 1000
years). There is no evidence for recrystallization of the calcite and
except for one interval - corresponding to an age of about 400 ka - no
evidence of a hiatus in calcite-crystal growth. At a distance of 221
to 224 mm from the free (outer) face of the core are two parallel
zones marked by abrupt crystal terminations and by nucleation of many
small crystals on those terminations, To determine the magnitude of
this possible hiatus, we dated samples taken at 219 and 227 mm from
the free face of the core these samples yielded ages of 395 [+ or -]
10 (2[sigma]) and 402 [+ or - ] 10 (2[sigma]) ka, respectively[7].
These ages are statistically indistinguishable, suggesting that the
interruption in crystal growth was short-lived. That the zones of the
crystal terminations do not represent a hiatus is indicated, both in
thin section and in slabs of the core, by the discontinuous nature of
these zones; these breaks in crystal growth may instead reflect a
response to jointing caused by the ongoing tectonic extension that
formed Devils Hole(4). The [delta.sup.18]O data and the
[delta.sup.13]C record (T. B. Coplen et al., in preparation) similarly
give no hint of a hiatus in the vicinity of 400 ka. In summary,
thin-section examination indicates that the calcite forming core DH-11
precipitated continuously between 566 and 60 ka and has not
recrystallized. It is a mystery why the precipitation of vein calcite
on most submerged surfaces in Devils Hole stopped at approximately 60
ka even though the water in this cave remained supersaturated with
respect to calcite[4]. One possible explanation [A. C. Riggs, in
Proceedings of the Desert Fishes Council, E. P. Pister, Ed. (Desert
Fishes Council, Bishop, CA, 1991), vols. 20 and 21, pp. 47-48] is that
Devils Hole opened to the surface about 60 ka and the consequent
introduction of inorganic ions introduced from the land-surface
environment or organic compounds generated by the aquatic flora and
fauna that colonized the newly available habitat or other compounds
stopped the widespread precipitation of calcite from the slightly
supersaturated waters. [7.] K. R. Ludwig et al., Science 258, 284
(1992). [8.] W. S. Broecker and J. Van Donk, Rev. Geophys. Space Phys.
8, 169 (1970). (9.) Since publication of[5], we have obtained evidence
that changes in ground-water temperature in Devils Hole did not affect
(by changing oxygen isotope fractionation between CA[CO.sub.3] and
[H.sub.2]O) the [delta.sup.18]O value in the vein calcite. One of us
(K.M.R.) analyzed the deuterium (D) in fluid inclusions of vein
calcite representing the peak and trough in [delta.sup.18]O values at
about 130 and 160 ka, respectively. A [delta]D difference of 14 per
mil was found. This difference - when coupled with knowledge that D
(which is not part of the calcite lattice) should be independent of
isotopic fractionation of oxygen during calcite precipitation -
requires that the [delta.sup.18]O value in Devils Hole ground water
changed by 1.8 per mil if temperature variations did not influence the
isotopic fractionation of oxygen. A [delta.sup.18]O variation of 2.1
per mil is observed between the cited peak and trough, which is
consistent with the conclusion that ground-water temperature
variations in Devils Hole do not account for the 8180 shifts in our
record; two other reasons for this conclusion were given in[5. (10.)
The relation between the mean [delta.sup.18]O of precipitation and
mean land surface temperature is complex; that is, variations in
moisture sources, ocean isotopic composition and temperature, and
synoptic climatologic and other factors indoubtedly jointly control
the [delta.sup.18]O value of precipitation at a site, but the
relations are not understood (P. M. Grootes, in paper presented at the
Chapman Conference of Continental Isotope Indicators of Climate,
Jackson Hole, WY, 10 to 14 June 1991). Even so, an empirical relation
between [delta.sup.18]O values in precipitation and temperature is
well-documented globally for mid-to-high latitudes [See for example: Y
Yurtsever and J. R. Gat, IAEA Tech. Rep. 210, 103 (1981) J. Jouzel et
al., J. Geophys. Res. 92, 14,739 (1987); D. A. Fisher, Ann. Glaciol.
14, 65, (1990); S. J. Johnson, W. Dansgaard, J W. C White, Tellus 41B,
452 (1989)]. This empirical relation has also been documented for
mid-latitude North American ground waters by C. J. Yonge et al, [Chem.
Geol, 58, 97 (1985)], who compared the 5180 values of cave-seep waters
with cave temperatures; they obtained virtually the same relation
obtained by Yurtsever and Gat for precipitation [delta.sup.18]O and
surface temperature. [11.] J. M. Thomas and M. D. Dettinger,
manuscript in review. (12.) Evidence suggesting that ground-water
residence time is considerably less than inferred from [C.sup.14]
dating includes: (1) Several dozen [C.sup.14]-dated water samples from
wells and springs around the Spring Mountains show no relation of
either [delta]D or [delta.sup.18]O values with [C.sup.14] age over the
past 20,000 years[11]. These data can mean either that: (i) there was
no variation in stable isotope content with time, a condition clearly
disproven by the Devils Hole and other records from the southwestern
United States[5]; (ii) the [C.sup.14] ages are correct, but Holocene
climates were achieved well before the widely accepted time frame of
10 to 12 ka; or (iii) the [C.sup.14] ages are incorrect and all of
these ground waters are of Holocene age and therefore show little
stable isotopic variation. Of these possibilities, the third appears
most plausible. (2) Ground-water residence times derived from
hydrogeologic data are one or more orders of magnitude less than
indicated by [C.sup.14] dating[11]. (3) The DH-11 [delta.sup.18]O
curve is synchronous (within a few thousand years) with the Vostok
[delta]D curve to 150 ka and with the marine SPECMAP curve for ages
younger than 110 ka similarly, DH-11 [delta.sup.18] data agree closely
with sea-level high stands as early as 135 ka. (4) In view of the
known hydraulic heterogeneity of the regional carbonate aquifer [I. J.
Winograd and W. Thordarson, U.S. Geol Surv. Prof. Pap. 712-C (1975);
I. J. Winograd and F. J. Pearson, Jr., Water Resour. Res. 12, 1125
(1976)], and the likely input of water into the aquifer from multiple
recharge areas at various distances from Devils Hole, hydrodynamic
dispersion or mixing of recharge sources (with differing ages and
isotopic contents) should have damped out all but the major peaks and
troughs in [delta.sup.18]O values displayed in Fig. 2 during the 80-
to >160-km journey of ground water from recharge to discharge areas.
It is, therefore, remarkable to see a [delta.sup.18]O signal at the
end of the flow system that so closely resembles the SPECMAP and
Vostok records. Prominent secondary troughs, some as short as 10,000
years duration, are clearly evident, for example, the troughs centered
at about 172 and 200 ka. A throughput of several volumes of aquifer
water would be necessary within 10,000 years in order to preserve
these sharply defined [delta.sup.18]O troughs. This situation suggests
that ground-water residence times are a fraction of 10,000 years. (5)
Geochemical modeling by one of us (T.B.C.) and in[11] demonstrates
that calculated [C.sup.14] ages of ground water are extremely
sensitive to input parameters, and the actual transit time could be
less than 10,000 years. [13.] J. Imbrie, A. McIntyre, A. Mix, in
Climate and Geosciences, A. Berger, S. Schneider, J.-Cl. Duplessy,
Eds. (Kluwer, Boston, 1989), pp. 121-164. [14.] C. Lorius et al,
Nature 316, 591 (1985); J. Jouzel et al, ibid. 329, 403 (1987). The
[delta]D curves in Figs. 3 and 4 were taken from Fig. 1 of Jouzel et
al. (1987). J. R. Petit et al. [Nature 343, 56, (1990)) assigned an
alternate chronology to the Vostok stable isotope time series than
that used by the cited original workers. They identified and
tentatively correlated full-glacial dust horizons in both Vostok and
in deep-sea core RC11-120, which had been dated by reference to the
SPECMAP record. They then assigned the marine chronology to Vostok,
resulting, for example, in a 128 ka age for termination II. Petit et
al. noted that their revision of the Vostok chronology was independent
of absolute dating. Both chronologies continued to be used[3]. That
the original Vostok chronology, used in this paper, is probably more
correct is indicated by its correspondence both to the DH-11 record
and to MS uranium-series ages for sea-level high stands for the period
135 to 119 ka. [15.] M. Sarnthein and R. Tiedemann, in Proc. Ocean
Drill. Prog. Sci. Resufts Leg. 106, W. Ruddimann et al., Eds.
(University of Texas, College Station, TX, 1989), vol. 108, chap. 12.
[16.] D. F. Williams, R. C. Thunell, E. Tappa, D. Rio, I. Raffi,
Paleogeogr. Paleoclimatol. Paleoecol. 64, 221 (1988). (17.) Unlike the
SPECMAP record, the DH-11 record is not physically correlated to a
globally averaged phenomenon such as ice volume [13]. Hence, the DH-11
record may reflect local or regional rather than global
paleotemperature. We conclude that a local response is unlikely,
first, because the MS uranium-series-dated sea-level high stands for
the period 135 to 119 ka correlate well with the warmest interval in
the DH-11 record and thus indirectly tie the Devils Hole record to
global ice volume; this correspondence also justifies our use of the
globally defining term, "termination," when discussing the DH-11
record. Second, terminations II and III in the DH-11 record precede
those in the SPECMAP record by about 10,000 years. Given that SPECMAP
is widely accepted as a global record, we are faced with a dilemma.
How could a purported local or regional record precede the global
marine record? Two possibilities come to mind. We suggest elsewhere in
this paper that the dating of the SPECMAP record may be in error for
ages older than 110 ka. Accordingly, we leave open the possibility
that when the SPECMAP record is dated radiometrically, key climatic
events in the marine record might be seen to lead related temperature
shifts in DH-11 record. Such a lead by the SPECMAP record might
support Kutzbach's suggestion that the climate of the Southwest was
significantly influenced by Northern Hemisphere ice-sheet deflection
of the jet stream [J. E. Kutzbach, in North America and Adjacent
Oceans During the last Deglaciation, vol. K-3 of the Geology of North
America, W. F. Ruddimann and H. E. Wright, Eds. (Geological Society of
America, Boulder, CO, 1987), pp. 425-446]. A second possibility is
that the Devils Hole and SPECMAP chronologies are both correct, but
that the DH-11 record reflects a global temperature signal that leads
global ice volume (represented by the SPECMAP record) by 10,000 years.
For example, sea-surface temperature (SST) variations in the Southern
Hemisphere lead variations in marine [delta.sup.18]O values by several
thousands of years [13], whereas [CO.sub.2] and temperature variations
in the Vostok core apparently lead marine [delta.sup.18]O changes by
at least 4000 years [T. Sowers, M. Bender, D. Raynaud, Y. S.
Korotkevich, J. Orchado, Paleoceanography 6, 679 (1991)]. And, in the
DH-11 record, changes in [delta.sup.13]C values lead changes in
[delta.sup.18]O values by up to 7000 years (T. B. Coplen et al., in
preparation). Since the Devils Hole paleotemperature record similarly
leads the SPECMAP record, then is it not a global precursor of this
marine record? But, if so, why are the DH-11 and SPECMAP records
apparently synchronous between 110 to 60 ka? Clearly, until the
SPECMAP and Vostok record are well dated we will be unable to answer
these questions, nor to address how these precursor parameters (SST,
[CO.sub.2], levels, [delta.sup.13]C values, and others) in different
records relate to one another, to the three [delta.sup.18]O time
series, and to suspected primary climate forcing mechanisms. In the
interim, the DH-11 record - by virtue of its detailed chronology -
provides the most reliable information available on the timing and
duration (but not the magnitude) of major global climatic events of
the mid-to-late Pleistocene. [18.] W. F. Ruddimann and H. E. Wright,
Jr., in North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last
Deglaciation, vol. K-3 of the Geology of North America, W. F. Ruddiman
and H. E. Wright, Jr., Eds. (Geological Society of America, Boulder,
CO, 1987), pp. 1-12; A. Berger, Quat, Int. 2, 1 (1989); Rev. Geophys.
26, 624 (1988); J. Imbrie, in Abrupt Climate Change, W. H. Berger and
L. D. Labeyrie, Eds. (Reidel, Boston, 1987), pp. 365-368. [19.] M.
Stein, et al., in Proc. Seventh Conf Geochronology, Cosmochronology,
and isotope Geology, Canberra, Australia, September 1990 (Geological
Society of Australia, Canberra, 1990). Three of the seven
mass-spectrometric U-series dates, with initial
[U.sup.234]/[U.sup.238] ratios indistinguishable from that of modern
sea water, cluster about 135 ka; the remaining four dates cluster
around 119 ka. (20.) J. H. Chen, H. A. Curran, B. White, G. J.
Wassenberg, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 103, 82 (1991). Recent work has shown
the need for extreme care in the U-series dating of corals used to
reconstruct Pleistocene sea levels, as even apparently well-preserved
specimens may not behave as closed systems for U-Th isotopes (see also
T. L. Ku, M. Ivanovich, S. Luo, Quat. Res. 33, 129, 1990; B. Hamelin,
E. Bard, A. Zindler, R. G. Fairbanks, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 106,
169 (1991). Although corals older than 100,000 years are especially at
risk for such open-system behavior, dating for two sea-level studies
[[19] and Chen et al.] passed criteria of acceptability far in excess
of almost all earlier studies. [21.] R. G. Fairbanks, Paleoceanography
5, 937 (1990). His Fig. 2 shows that at 6 ka sea level was still 10 m
below modern levels. Thus, conservatively, it took at least 13,000
years for sea level to rise from its full-glacial minimum of 120 m (at
19 ka) to modern levels. (22.) A. Berger and P. Pestiaux, in
Milankovitch and Climate, A. Berger, J. Imbrie, J. Hays, G. Kukla, B.
Saltzman, Eds. (Reidel, Boston, 1984), part 1, pp. 83-111; A. L.
Berger, Quat. Res. 9, 139 (1978). The insolation curves of Figs. 3 and
4 were generated by a digitizing computer package scan of Fig. 2 in
Berger and Pestiaux, and from an IBM-compatible diskette available
from National Geophysical Data Center, 325 Broadway, E/GC Department
853, Boulder, CO 80303. Subsequent to preparation of Figs. 3 and 4, A.
Berger and M. F. Loutre [Quat Sci. Rev. 10, 297 (1991)] released
updated insolation computations; differences between their new data
and our curves are negligible. (23.) Recent attempts to model the
period from 350 to 450 ka using nonlinear dynamical models have been
unsuccessful (G. Matteucci, Clim, Dynam. 6, 67 (1991); N. G. Pisias,
A. C. Mix, R. Zahn, Paleoceanography 5, 147 (1990)]. [24.] J. M.
Landwehr, in preparation. Spectral analysis indicates robust
[delta.sup.18]O peaks (in order of decreasing power) of 93,000-,
40,000-, 25,000-, 23,000-, and 17,000-year cycles. [25.] J. E. Joyce,
L. R. C. Tjalsma, J. M. Prutzman, Paleoceanography 5, 507 (1990); T.
C. Moore, N. G. Pisias, and D. A. Dunn, Mar. Geol. 46, 217 (1 982); P.
E. Olsen, Science 234, 842 (1986). [26.] J. Mangerud, in Quaternary
Landscapes, L. C. K. Shane and G. J. Cushing, Eds. (Univ. of Minnesota
Press, Minneapolis, 1991), pp. 38-75. [27.] K. Lambeck and M. Nakada,
Nature 357, 125 (1992). [28.] CLIMAP Project Members, Quat. Res. 21,
123 (1984). (29.) Current United States policy requires isolation of
high-level radioactive wastes from the biosphere for at least 10,000
years after their emplacement in a repository [National Research
Council, Rethinking High-level Radioactive Waste Disposal (National
Academy Press, Washington, DC, 1990)]. Consequently, on the widely
accepted assumption that the Holocene is about over, considerable
research is under way to determine the effects of pending glacial
climates on proposed waste repositories [ , Ground Water at Yucca
Mountain: How High Can It Rise? (National Academy Press, Washington,
DC, 1992); C. M. Goodess, J. P. Palutikof, T. D. Davies, Clim. Change
16, 115 (1990)]. However, if it were thought that the present
interglacial would last another 10,000 years, then a reordering of
research priorities, giving equal weight to studies of anthropogenic
modification of Holocene climates and to early-glacial climates, might
be considered. On a much shorter time frame, that is over the next
several centuries, possible greenhouse warming will not necessarily be
offset by cooling associated with the onset of a glacial cycle. [30.]
B. Saitzman, Clim. Dynam. 5, 67 (1990). (31.) Because the DH-11 record
does not extend forward to termination 1, we used the value 12 ka
(taken from the SPECMAP and Vostok curves, to arrive at our number of
128,000 years between terminations II and I. Between 110 and 60 ka,
the DH-11, Vostok, and SPECMAP records are essentially synchronous and
presumably would have remained so until the Holocene had calcite
precipitation in vein sample DH-11 not ceased at 60 ka. Support for
this belief comes from vein sample DH-7, collected in another portion
of Devils Hole cavern. An alpha-spectrometric [Th.sup.230] date for
the outermost few millimeters of this sample is 24 [+ or -] 1 ka, and
the [delta.sup.18]O values for this interval indicate full glacial
climate. [32.] P. Yiou et at, J. Geophys. Res. 96, 20, 365 (1991); H.
LeTreut and M. Ghil, ibid. 88, 5167 (1983); M. Ghil, in The Sun in
Time, C. P. Sonett, M. S. Giampapa, M. S. Matthews, Eds. (Univ. of
Arizona Press, Tucson, 1991), pp. 511-542. [33.] I. J. Winograd and W.
Thordarson, U.S. Geol. Surv. Prof Pap. 712-C (1975). (34.) Vienna
Standard Mean Ocean Water (VSMOW); Standard Light Antarctic
Precipitation (SLAP); T. B. Coplen, Chem. Geol. 72, 293 (1988).
[delta.sup.18]O = [(O.sup.18]/O.sup.16.sub.s] -
[O.sup.18]/O.sup.16.sub.vsmow])/(O.sup.18]/[O.sup.16.sub.vsmow])] x
1000, where s is the sample. [35.] J. Imbrie et al., in Milankovitch
and Climate, A. Berger, J. Imbrie, J. Hays, G. Kukla, B. Saltzman,
Eds. (Reidel, Boston, 1984), part 1, pp. 269-305. Data in their table
7 was used to construct curves in Figs. 3 and 4. (36.) We thank R. J.
Hoffman for assistance in the SCUBA retrieval of core DH-11. J.
Anderson assisted in the preparation of Figs. 1 to 3 and in data
processing. The National Park Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service granted us access to Devils Hole. We thank L. A. Bricker for
thoughtful secretarial assistance. The manuscript was measurably
improved by review comments of E. T. Sundquist, J. M. Thomas, and two
reviewers. 1. J. Winograd, T. B. Coplen, J. M. Landwehr, and K. M.
Revesz are with the U.S. Geological Survey, National Center, Mail Stop
432, Reston, VA 22092. A. C. Riggs, K. R. Ludwig, and B. J. Szabo are
with the U.S. Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Lakewood. CO
80225. P. T. Kolesar is in the Department of Geology, Utah State
University, Logan, UT 84322.
jum...@my-deja.com
Source: New Statesman (1996), May 31, 1999 v128 i4438 p35(3).
Title: Science friction.
(rivalry for technological dominance between the US and Japan)
Author: Ziauddin Sardar
Abstract: The different Star Trek television series is an excellent
indicator of the US consciousness. A scrutiny of the characters
called the Borg in the TV series 'Star Trek: Voyager' will show
that they represent the American fear of Japan's apparently
imminent technological dominance in the future.
Subjects: Television programs - Social aspects
Japanese - Portrayals, depictions, etc.
Full Text COPYRIGHT 1999 Statesman and Nation Publishing Company Ltd.
(UK)
What do Star Trek, orientalism and America's fear of Japan have in
common?
The Star Trek (ST) enterprise, with all its films and multiple
television shows, is a great barometer of American consciousness. For
the past 30 years it has been exposing the latent fears and anxieties
as well as the visible hopes and aspirations of the American people.
And inevitably, whenever the shows begin to sag and the ratings drop,
a new villain who taps right into that American state of mind is
introduced to reverse the decline. Last year, Voyager, the youngest of
ST's progenies, was declared by even the most zealous fans to be dull
and ready for an early grave. But the arrival in the last season of
the half-Borg character Seven of Nine restored the warp drive. Thanks
to Seven, Voyager started its fifth season this month on a triumphant
note.
Seven, played by the svelte and curvaceous Jeri Ryan, is clearly every
man's dream babe. But when we first meet her, she is a different
person, a Borg. Draped with wires, fitted with mechanical arms and
eyes, and complete with zombie skin, she is all machine with no
individual identity. She is linked to a hive mind that exists as a
collective. This drone collective is the most dangerous foe of the
Federation. But what or who are the Borg?
A major element in the success of ST siblings - The Next Generation
(TNG), Deep Space Nine (DSN) and Voyager - is their representation of
aliens in terms of the deep-seated anxieties of Pax Americana. The
xenobiology of ST is littered with marauding aliens that have been
constructed like a patchwork quilt with the fabrics of orientalism.
The main foe in TNG is the warrior race of Klingons, who, with their
genetic predisposition to treachery and fatalism, their emphasis on
honour at the expense of justice, contain more than a shade of the
Saracens of the Crusades. Indeed, to ensure that we transform all the
orientalist illusions to contemporary geopolitics, they even fight, in
the age of phasers, with scimitars. The Cardassian empire, currently
engaged in a life-and-death struggle with Commander Sisko of DSN,
contains more than a passing reference to contemporary China. Like the
orientalist representations of the Chinese, the Cardassians love
family and tradition, revere their elderly and their ancestors, eat
anything that moves and have a herd-like instinct. And like today's
China, they are determined to seek a dominant position in all matters.
The Borg are to Voyager what the Klingons and Cardassians are to TNG
and DSN. But there is a major difference that makes the Borg rather
special.
The central question that ST shows address is the problem of how we
imagine the "undiscovered country" that is the future. This question
is explored in an explicit, indeed overstated, framework of double
diversity. The shows are not only grounded in multiculturalism, but
also work within a number of different and highly specialised
disciplines. The latest theories, controversies and ideas from
anthropology, sociology, linguistics, psychology, physics, astronomy
and electronics can all be found debated and deconstructed in TNG, DSN
and Voyager. ST is constantly questioning the modernist underpinnings
of western civilisation - the notion of perpetual progress and
economic expansion, the truth of reason and science, the
self-assurance of morality, authority and identity. All those
categories, in fact, that we now know, thanks to a herd of social
theorists, to be in crisis.
ST aliens, even with all their orientalist make-up, are never painted
in black and white. They are always complex and amenable to change;
today's foe may become tomorrow's friends. This framework is further
enhanced by the Federation's principles of non-interference,
encapsulated in the Prime Directive. Thus the ST crews seldom make
moral judgements about other cultures and are always open and willing
to learn from new aliens they encounter - a direct reference to
contemporary dilemmas about the limits of the political and cultural
representation of various others and what it means to be responsible
in these postmodern times.
Yet the Borg, who have featured in the most successful ST episodes and
films, have escaped this postmodern logic. With the Borg, we are
seeing a 1990s reworking of the body-snatching commie-pod-people
aliens of cold war science-fiction. A race of totally evil cyber
zombies, the Borg cruise in spaceships that resemble big black cubes
or dense solid spheres, and look to evolve by absorbing new individual
races. What makes them so terrifying is their superior technology and
collective will. They have a simple and direct mantra: "Resistance is
futile. You will be assimilated."
As the distillation, in its purest form, of all the orientalist
stereotypes of Japan, the Borg provide us with an early-warning signal
of another approaching cold war. The Borg are the American fear of
Japan writ large.
Japan occupies a special place in the lore of orientalism. Like the
rest of the orient, it has been seen as an exotic culture, the land of
karate and the geisha. It has been admired for its aesthetics
(exquisite gardens, curious architecture, strange kabuki theatre and
funny tea ceremonies) and feared for its "inhuman" martial traditions
(samurai, bushido, ninja, kamikaze). In contrast to evil and
treacherous Muslims and cowardly and effeminate Hindus, orientalism
represented the Japanese, as ST now represents the Borg, as
emotionless sub-humans with no humanity, a robot-like people
hermetically sealed in their Zen spirituality and communal outlook.
But Japan also differs from much of the orient in two distinct ways.
First, it was never colonised. So Japan was able to protect itself
from the onslaught of the orientalist scholars. The histories of all
oriental civilisations have been written by western scholars in a
framework that makes them small tributaries in the great universal
river of western history. But Japanese studies, unlike Islamic,
Chinese and Indian studies, have been and continue to be very much the
preserve of Japanese scholars. Therefore Japan was and is able to
control its own history and identity, and the west is unable to shape
a modern, westernised Japanese identity. This is the key to
understanding western representations of Japan. The representations
are based on the fear that the west has no control over Japan's sense
of itself. (For example, we have not succeeded in persuading the
country to own up to its responsibilities following the second world
war.) Japan is thus destined to remain irreducibly different from the
west and impenetrable to the total embrace of western humanism.
Secondly, Japan was able to adopt, appropriate and transform western
technology. Indeed, a technologically advanced Japan has "Japanised"
technology itself. If the future is technological and technology has
been Japanised, then it is reasonable to assume that the future, too,
is Japanese. Or rather, Japan is the future - a future that displaces
and transcends the west. For many of us, this is a deeply frightening
thought.
It is also a thought that has produced a new variety of orientalism.
The fears of an irreducibly different Japan, a western culture about
to be overwhelmed by the Japanese other, a Japan comfortable with high
technology, all come together in techno-orientalism. In
techno-orientalism, Japan is not only located geographically, but also
projected chronologically. It is located in the future of technology.
This reinvented Japan - a land of manga comic strips and film
animations, Godzilla, video games, video cameras, videophones, techno
pore, faxes, televisions, computers, smart buildings, superfast bullet
trains, packed underground carriages and overcrowded cities - can be
sampled in cyberpunk novels such as William Gibson's Neuromancer and
futuristic movies such as Blade Runner.
The Borg are the most pernicious representation of techno-orientalism.
As symbols of a future Japanese society, they represent the end
product of dehumanised technological power, the nightmarish dimension
of capitalist progress. But this representation is based as much on
animosity as on jealousy. The mutant Japanolds are better suited to
survive the future. As Voyager makes clear, the Borg adapt very
quickly and are totally future-proof.
If the Borg are the fear, Seven is the hope. In her Borg incarnation,
she is modelled on two icons of contemporary Japan. The first are the
kids of the otaku generation, lost to everyday life because of their
immersion in information technologies. Techno-orientalism imagines
these young people mutating into machines, a cyber-biological mode of
being for the future. The second is a brand of techno-body horror
imagery (drills entering eyeballs, wires bursting the flesh) that
comes straight from Shinya Tsukamoto's cult film Tetsuo. The two icons
are combined to produce a single distinctive image of future
Japanoids.
But as Seven is humanised and assimilated into the crew of the
Voyager, she begins to lose her horror make-up and transforms into a
ravishing beauty. We return from techno-orientalism to the
old-fashioned variety. The west has always seen the oriental woman as
a functional instrument. Seven becomes an automated doll, an empty
vessel ready to be reprogrammed as an individual by western humanism.
It is significant that the Borg first appeared in the aftermath of
Shintaro Ishihara's influential book, The Japan That Can Say No.
Ishihara argues that Japan needs to stand up for itself and shape its
own destiny, independent of the west. American commentators
immediately attacked Ishihara as a "Japanese chauvinist" and called
for the containment above its station. The Borg are the first major
exercise towards that containment. And Seven shows what the Japanese,
drained of their ugly Asian values, could become: a ravishingly
beautiful, curvaceous and industrious cog in the grand narrative of
western humanism. In the sub-conscious mind of Pax Americana, Japan
looms large as a future nightmare and an orientalist dream.
The new series of"Star Trek: Voyager" is on Sky 1 (Mondays, 6pm)
Ziauddin Sardar is the editor of "Futures", the monthly journal of
policy, planning and futures studies. His book "Orientalism "will be
published in the autumn by the Open University Press
=================================================================
Source: Playboy, Sept 1999 v46 i9 p122.
Title: Jeri Ryan.(TV actress)(Interview)
Subjects: Television actors and actresses - Interviews
People: Ryan, Jeri - Interviews
Full Text COPYRIGHT 1999 Playboy Enterprises Inc.
Star Trek's Borg babe on technobabble, patriotism and what her costume
leaves to the imagination
Jeri Ryan burst into television prominence by wearing a formfitting
costume on Star Trek: Voyager that many male fans pray she'll one day
burst out of. Cast as Seven of Nine, Ryan is a no-nonsense Borg who is
returned to her human form after the Voyager crew's encounter with the
Collective leaves her stranded on the Federation starship. It's a
challenging role that Ryan accepted only after the producers promised
her that Seven was no intergalactic Barbie doll. In return Ryan has
created a complex young woman trying to understand and regain her
humanity even while Borg notions of efficiency and perfection linger
in her head. And there's still the babe factor. It didn't take long
for TV Guide to recommend that the producers rename Seven of Nine "Ten
Out of Ten." Ryan grew up as an Army brat, trained at Northwestern
University's drama department, is the mother of a young son and has
serious career ambitions. We asked Contributing Editor David Rensin to
go where many men would love to go and meet with Ryan. Rensin reports:
"We hooked up midafternoon in a nearly deserted Polo Lounge at the
Beverly Hills Hotel. In contrast to her stern TV persona, Jeri laughs
easily. Each time she did, she kicked my leg under the table. I
thought briefly of moving out of the way but decided I would rather
get my kicks."
1
PLAYBOY: Last year TV Guide called you one of TV's sexiest stars, and
a readers' poll named you favorite performer-male or female. Yet the
folks who hired you for Voyager claim that your being a babe was
beside the point. Do you believe it? Do you mind being thought of as
eye candy?
RYAN: I've been told that they didn't set out to find a babe, that it
was just a by-product of the audition process. I guess they just got
lucky [laughs]. But once I saw sketches of Seven of Nine's costume, it
was obvious that she was cast in part to add sexuality. And I still
didn't have a problem with it, because the writing is strong and
intelligent. So I auditioned, even though this is the last job I ever
imagined myself having. For a while I didn't have any interest in
taking the part because I thought a Star Trek character would be
pigeonholed. But Seven is a positive female, and I was intrigued by
the discoveries she could make each week.
And I don't mind being called a babe. It's better than being called a
dog [smiles]. Maybe it's not the most eloquent compliment in the
world, but it's a good place to start. I have a hard time with women
who get upset by this stuff. When people whistle at you on the street
I don't think it's meant to offend.
2
PLAYBOY: Once, in a Saturday Night Live skit spoofing Trekker mania,
William Shatner told a mock convention crowd to get a life. Now that
you're a part of the Star Trek family, would a personal deflector
array come in handy?
RYAN: It might with a few overzealous fans for whom the concept of
science fiction is not clear. When I first signed on I was leery of
Star Trek fans because they're notorious for being passionate and
proprietary about every aspect of this franchise. They know every bit
of technobabble ever uttered, and what it means. They write letters if
you mispronounce a word or if some technical detail that means nothing
in real life gets messed up. But for the most part they're very
respectful. They're warm and loving toward anybody remotely related to
the series, and dressing up as the characters they love is no
different from impassioned football fans who paint their faces with
team colors, or wear a big piece of cheese on their heads at a
Wisconsin game. It's their social outlet. Before my first convention,
my fellow Voyager cast members tried hard to prepare me. But believe
me, there's no way to prepare to enter a hotel lobby and be greeted by
a dozen Klingons in full Klingon regalia, speaking the Klingon
language, drinking blood wine-the whole nine yards. I walked in, heard
a loud greeting in the Klingon language, saw the crowd and walked
right back out. I said, "I can't do this! I don't belong here." It
took a few minutes to recover.
3
PLAYBOY: Compare Seven's sexual vibe with Captain Kirk's.
RYAN: He had a skirt of the week. Hers is static. Part of Seven's
charm and popularity is her naivete. Yes, she wears a skintight suit
that leaves nothing to the imagination, but she has no concept of its
effect on the crew. It's as if she doesn't know what she's got on.
Seven understands only the physiological processes of sexuality.
Emotionally, she has just left childhood and grown into a rebellious
teenager. Last season she had her first date, and though nothing
happened, it's just a matter of time before she has to explore adult
sexuality. But with whom? A crew member, or a good-looking alien from
the Delta quadrant that she has to leave behind? I cast my vote for
the alien.
4
PLAYBOY: Sex: efficient or messy?
RYAN: [Laughs, clears her throat] For me? Efficient enough.
5
PLAYBOY: You say your costume leaves nothing to the imagination. We
disagree. If we were to see you without it, would we be surprised?
What do your parents think of Seven's getup?
RYAN: Perhaps you're right. Every curve is shown, but there's no flesh
exposed. No cleavage. No leg. Nothing. It's all about what you think
you see. The perception is the allure. They took great care to make
sure that the fabric fit my body perfectly. This costume is a stunning
feat of engineering. If you were to see me without it there wouldn't
be any surprises except for the fact that I don't have vertical Borg
ribs. My dad carries pictures in his wallet and lets everyone he meets
know who his daughter is. My parents are my biggest fans and they have
no problem with this character being a sex symbol.
6
PLAYBOY: Which cast member would you like to see in Seven's uniform?
RYAN: Robert Beltran, who plays Commander Chakotay. I would pay big
bucks to see him in that corset and those heels. And if he can't get
into my costume, I'm sure we can arrange to have one made. Also, he
has to do it on the set so the cast, crew and Teamsters can watch.
That's only fair. Actually, to see any of the guys would be worth the
price of admission, except Bob Picardo, the doctor, whom I've already
seen in tights. That's close enough. As for the rest of them, my money
is on the table.
7
PLAYBOY: Seven was once a part of the Borg Collective, in which all
minds are linked and there are no individuals. Does being part of a
collective make for a more or less interesting life? Does Seven need
therapy?
RYAN: A collective mind seems to me less interesting. Although every
Borg possesses the knowledge of every species they've assimilated,
there's nothing they can do with it. Each Borg has a specific
designation and job in the Collective, and all they do is work to be
perfect and more efficient. It's work, regenerate, work, regenerate.
That gets old. As an individual you're open to a lot more. Seven has
always been part of dysfunctional families. Her human parents were not
altogether conventional, dragging a child across the galaxy. The Borg,
whose goals are efficiency and perfection, think they're doing other
races a favor when they assimilate them. If anything, they think
they're misunderstood. As for the Voyager crew, they try to function
efficiently, but when you think you won't be home for another
generation or two, problems can crop up.
8
PLAYBOY: Speaking of the Borg, is resistance "few-tile" or "few-tul"?
RYAN: Good question. When my character was introduced I had to say,
"Resistance is futile." The producers had shown me the movie First
Contact so I'd at least know what a Borg is, and every time a Borg
speaks the line it's "Resistance is few-tile." Few-tile, few-tile,
few-tile. So I asked your question: "Few-tile? Is that a Borg thing?
Or is it few-tul?" They said, "No, no, no, it's few-tul. You don't say
few-tile. Patrick Stewart says few-tile because he has an English
accent." I said, "Well, what about the voice of the Collective? It
says few-tile, doesn't it?" "No, no, no. We recorded the voice of the
Collective and it says few-tul." I said, "All right, but I don't want
to take the flak if we start getting mail because I said the wrong
thing." Sure enough, the show airs and the voice of the Collective
says few-tile, and I'm the only Borg in the history of Star Trek,
apparently, who has ever said few-tul. It has no zip. It's depressing.
9
PLAYBOY: Do you remember the first guy who resisted you?
RYAN: Yes [smiles]. I was a freshman in high school, in Paducah,
Kentucky. He was the school studmuffin. I had a huge, unrequited
crush-when I was 14 I was very much a kid, and not particularly cute.
He was a bag boy at the grocery store. Whenever my mom had to go to
the grocery store, I'd insist on going along. Then I'd take an hour to
put on my best outfit, all just to say hi. Then one day my brother
busted me. He told the bag boy why I always got dressed up to go to
the store. My crush thought it was cute: cute-kid cute, not
this-hot-chick-likes-me cute. I was devastated.
10
PLAYBOY: We hear you like to hang out at the supermarket and fondle
the vegetables. Give guys who don't do the shopping a short course on
how to choose the best produce.
RYAN: It's all about the smell. A tomato should smell like a tomato.
Very few in grocery stores do, unfortunately. On a melon, you smell
where the stem was. You can also push on the spot to see if it's hard
or soft; it should give a little but shouldn't be mushy. With
vegetables such as zucchini and cucumbers, smaller, thinner and
younger are better because they're not tough. The same with squash and
sweet potatoes; younger vegetables always have more flavor. Obviously
no bruises or dings, even if it's purely cosmetic. I can't eat a
banana that's the slightest bit brown.
11
PLAYBOY: When we're invited to your place for dinner what should we
expect on the menu?
RYAN: The first meal I cook is usually steak. I learned how to make it
in New York. First I heat a well-seasoned cast-iron pan under the
broiler. The cast iron gets really hot; it's almost smoking. When you
put in the steak it sears one side right away. Then you put it real
close to the flame and the broiler cooks the top. Flip it only once.
Keep it in for maybe five minutes; I like mine pretty rare. Then take
out the steak and mix the juices with shallots, wine and fresh herbs.
God forbid I should ever date a vegetarian. For a second dinner I'll
make pasta. I specialize in comfort food because I like big, filling
meals like risottos and casseroles and stews and soups.
12
PLAYBOY: Did you grow up in an atmosphere of strict Army discipline?
RYAN: There was no Army discipline. My dad is a pussycat. He cries
during Kodak commercials. He cried when I got college brochures in the
mail during my senior year of high school. When I'd visit him at work
on the base I couldn't understand why all the soldiers seemed so
scared of him. He was just my daddy.
13
PLAYBOY: If Seven is struggling to regain her humanity, what should
the rest of us struggle to recapture?
RYAN: You're talking to a soldier's daughter, so the answer is
patriotism. I grew up getting misty when I heard the national anthem
and saw our flag. They mean something to me because they meant so much
to my father, who risked his life in Vietnam to support our American
ideals. We have a lot of freedoms we take for granted.
14
PLAYBOY: When should a man be a man?
RYAN: All the time. I like strong men; I always have. Strong doesn't
mean overbearing or disrespectful of women. My dad is romantic; he's
always bringing my mom flowers. I don't like wishy-washy guys. I want
a man to handle decisions on small day-to-day things, but major
decisions obviously have to be a collaborative effort. I admit that I
can't make up my mind very well, so just tell me where we're going to
dinner, tell me what time to be ready, and I'll be there.
15
PLAYBOY: When your son grows up, what are you going to tell him about
girls?
RYAN: That Mommy is the only girl he ever needs [laughs]! I'm trying
not to think about it now, because those days will be upon me before I
know it. To be honest, I'm not sure I'll be able to help him much. The
things that give women a really bad name, like being way too emotional
and fickle, I'm notorious for. It's not just about men, it's
everything. It's a chick thing. All I can do is tell my son how to
treat girls when he starts dating. Relationships are all about
respect, and I can help him be a gentleman.
16
PLAYBOY: Let's do a Voyager fashion makeover. What change would you
make in each character's look?
RYAN: I'll get in trouble for saying this, but Star Trek is known for
making beautiful people look dowdy. Neelix needs to stop wearing
upholstery. Torres, Ensign Kim and Tuvok need to get rid of the
mustard yellow. Captain Janeway already took my fashion tip-she let
her hair down. The doctor is dressed perfectly for his character. It
sums up his personality and his job. If Paris and Chakotay bagged the
turtlenecks under their uniforms and did something a little more
daring, ratings might soar.
17
PLAYBOY: Seven has all the Borg's technical knowledge in her head.
What can you fix around the house?
RYAN: I'm pretty good at assembling things and programming a VCR. I'm
not great with plumbing. I'm better at making things, which I learned
while at Northwestern. You have to learn stuff like set construction.
I am mean with power tools, especially sanders-disc or belt. I'm good
with a jigsaw and a table saw. I love electric drills, especially ones
that can be used as screwdrivers. And a pneumatic nailer is wonderful.
18
PLAYBOY: We know what the world thinks of your figure. What's your
assessment? What would you change? Improve? Kill to have?
RYAN: Lots of things. I think my legs from the knees down could be a
little longer. My ankles could be a little thinner. My torso could be
a little shorter. I could be a little firmer and more toned here and
there-which is within my power to do. I'm just too lazy.
19
PLAYBOY: Where do you keep your action figures?
RYAN: One's on a shelf in the TV room. The others are at the bottom of
my son's toy chest. He's not real into them.
20
PLAYBOY: If you got to act in baggy outfits, what would you eat more
of?
RYAN: This is a long list-are you ready? Cheesecake. Ribs. French
fries. Big Macs. Tacos. Cheese. I eat them now, but I'd eat more.
After my son turned two I discovered that I can eat exactly what I
want and as much as I want for three or four days, and then for the
next few days I watch it. I guess I have a good metabolism.
===============================================================
Source: Science, March 12, 1999 v283 i5408 p1724.
Title: Single-Polymer Dynamics in Steady Shear Flow.
Author: Douglas E. Smith, Hazen P. Babcock and Steven Chu
Author's Abstract: COPYRIGHT 1999 American Association for the
Advancement of Science
The conformational dynamics of individual, flexible polymers in
steady shear flow were directly observed by the use of video
fluorescence microscopy. The probability distribution for the
molecular extension was determined as a function of shear rate,
[Gamma], for two different polymer relaxation times, [Tau]. In
contrast to the behavior in pure elongational flow, the average
polymer extension in shear flow does not display a sharp
coil-stretch transition. Large, aperiodic temporal fluctuations
were observed, consistent with end-over-end tumbling of the
molecule. The rate of these fluctuations (relative to the
relaxation rate) increased as the Weissenberg number,
[Gamma][Tau], was increased.
Subjects: Polymers - Research
Shear flow - Research
Molecular dynamics - Research
Full Text COPYRIGHT 1999 American Association for the Advancement of
Science
The dynamics of flexible polymers in shear is of great practical
interest because this type of flow occurs whenever a fluid flows past
a surface. Macroscopic, non-Newtonian rheological properties of
polymer solutions, such as flow-dependent viscosities and normal
stresses, result from microscopic stresses that arise when polymeric
molecules are stretched and affect the solvent motion. Thus, much
effort has been directed at predicting the molecular dynamics of
polymers in shear flows (1-5). However, it has been difficult to
rigorously test these predictions because the dynamics of a polymer
molecule in shear have not been observed directly. Experimental
efforts have mainly focused on measuring bulk rheological properties
or on measuring the scattering of light or neutrons by polymer
solutions (6-10). Here we describe how single-molecule imaging
techniques (11) can be used to study the configurations of polymers in
shear flow so that the detailed molecular predictions of theories can
be tested.
It has long been recognized that the amount of distortion of a
molecule is strongly dependent on the nature of the flow (4, 5). In
general, any planar flow of the form v = [v.sub.x]x + [v.sub.y]y may
be represented as a linear superposition of a rotational flow with a
vorticity [Omega] = [([Delta] [v.sub.y]/ [Delta]x) -
([Delta][v.sub.x]/[Delta]y)]/2 and an elongational flow with a strain
rate [Epsilon] = [([Delta][v.sub.y]/[Delta]x) +
([Delta][v.sub.x]/[Delta]y)]/2. In a pure elongational flow ([Omega] =
0) one expects large deformations of a polymer, whereas in a pure
rotational flow ([Epsilon] = 0) one expects only rotation and not
deformation (4, 5).
Most practical flows consist of a mixture of both rotational and
elongational components, and the resulting polymer deformation depends
on the relative magnitudes of [Epsilon] and [Omega]. In general, the
response is not necessarily a linear superposition of the responses to
each component. In a simple shear flow ([v.sub.y] = 0 and [v.sub.x] =
[Gamma]/y, where [Gamma]/ = d[v.sub.x]/dy is the shear rate) the
magnitude of the elongational and rotational components are equal
(|[Epsilon]| = |[Omega]|) (Fig. 1A). In this case, it has been
suggested that the polymer will not attain a stable, strongly
stretched state (4, 5). In fact, large fluctuations in the extension
due to an end-over-end rambling of the molecule have been observed in
some simulations (3). These fluctuations presumably occur because the
stretched state is destabilized by the rotational component of the
shear flow (Fig. 1B). By observing individual molecules, we have
experimentally confirmed the existence of such fluctuations and
studied their statistical and temporal properties.
[Figure 1 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]
In our experiment, a uniform shear flow was created in a ~50-[micro]m
gap between two parallel glass plates (Fig. 1C) (12). Individual,
isolated molecules of fluorescently labeled lambda bacteriophage DNA
([Lambda]-DNA) in viscous sugar solutions were imaged at a depth of 25
[+ or -] 15 [micro]m (13-15). These DNA molecules of contour length L
[congruent] 22 [micro]m may be considered "flexible" polymers because
they contain roughly 440 persistence lengths (13). Images of the
molecules were digitized, and a computer-generated cursor was used to
measure (by inspection) the maximum extension, x, of the molecule
along the shear direction.
The strength of an applied shear flow is specified by the
dimensionless number Wi = [Gamma][Tau] (called the Weissenberg
number), which is the ratio of the applied shear rate, [Gamma], to the
polymer's natural relaxation rate, 1/[Tau]. In our experiment, data
were recorded at shear rates ranging from [Gamma] = 0 to 4.0
[s.sup.-1] and with polymer relaxation times of [Tau] = 6.3 and 19 s
such that Wi ranged from 0 to 76. The relaxation time was adjusted by
using two different solvent viscosities, [Eta] = 60 and 220 centipoise
(cP) (16). Molecular extension data (Fig. 2) were recorded after the
mean extension reached a steady-state value. The initial transient
period, during which the chain began to stretch, lasted for fewer than
50 units of strain ([Gamma] = [Gamma]t [is less than] 50) for all of
the recorded data sets. The raw data show that, even at relatively low
Wi, there are large fluctuations in the extension of the molecule. As
Wi is increased, the molecule fluctuates more rapidly (relative to its
relaxation rate) and reaches larger extensions. These two basic trends
are in qualitative agreement with computer simulations (3). The amount
of extension increases as Wi is increased because the velocity
gradient, and hence the net hydrodynamic forces acting across the
molecule, increase.
[Figure 2 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]
The exact configuration of the polymer backbone cannot be extracted
from the images because of the limits of optical resolution (~0.3
[micro]m). However, a reasonably detailed picture of the mass
distribution (projected into a plane parallel to the shear plates) can
be inferred from the relative brightness of various parts of the image
(Fig. 3). After time-averaging many images, we find that, on average,
the shape is approximately elliptical. However, the conformation
changed continuously, and at various times dumbbell, half-dumbbell,
kinked, and folded shapes, similar to those observed in elongational
flow (11), were observed. Folded and kinked shapes were seen more
often at higher Wi. Lumps of mass density that propagated up or down
the length of partially stretched chains were also seen (Fig. 3B).
Molecules that developed a hairpin fold (or U shape) while stretching
or contracting tended to unfold slowly, like a rope traveling over a
pulley (Fig. 3C). The polymer never made large excursions in a
direction perpendicular to the shear plates. The depth of field of the
microscope objective was about 1 [micro]m, and we found that the
entire chain contour could always be kept in focus as the polymer
stretched.
[Figure 3 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]
To calculate the mean extension at each Wi, we time-averaged the data
over all of the measurements at each shear rate and viscosity (Fig.
4). In steady shear, the mean fractional extension, <x>/L, increases
gradually with Wi and appears to approach an asymptotic value of ~0.4
to 0.5. This behavior differs markedly from that which occurs in pure
elongational flow, where the extension rises very rapidly to a value
close to the full contour length of the chain at relatively low strain
rates (11). These steady-state results, in shear (|[Epsilon]| =
|[Omega]|) and in elongational flow ([Omega] = 0), qualitatively agree
with the basic coil-stretch "phase diagram" picture proposed by de
Gennes (5). However, whether or not the elongational component will
dominate the behavior as soon as |[Epsilon]| is made greater than
|[Omega]| remains to be explored (10). The sharp transition seen in
elongational flow was not observed in birefringence measurements on
DNA (17) because in the birefringence measurements there was a wide
distribution of different residence times of the molecules in the flow
(18).
[Figure 4 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]
Previous experiments with light and neutron scattering indicated that
polymers did not deform substantially in shear (7-9). However, this
seems to be due to the small shear rates applied to the molecule in
these experiments. Because of technical difficulties the scattering
measurements were limited to Wi ?? 2.5, where there is very little
deformation. In our experiment we were able to reach a value of Wi =
76, and we saw substantial ([is greater than] 100%) deformation for Wi
?? 5. The scattering experiments measure a different quantity than our
experiment--they determine the components of the radius of gyration
tensor of a time-averaged mass distribution. It is difficult to
compare our small-deformation data with the scattering data because
blooming of the image due to the intensified camera made it difficult
to accurately estimate the radius of gyration of the coiled polymer
when it is only slightly deformed. This is unfortunate because the
values obtained in the light- and the neutron-scattering experiments
do not agree. We do observe less deformation as Wi is increased than
that predicted by the Zimm model (1). However, good agreement is not
really expected, because the Zimm model is only meant to describe
small fluctuations of the polymer about its equilibrium shape and does
not constrain the polymer to have a finite extensibility.
Because we recorded the dynamics of individual molecules, the
probability distribution for molecular extension in shear flow can be
determined directly. Histograms of the extension were calculated by
binning the extension data obtained from many molecules (Fig. 5). The
extension is always positive because when the polymer is coiled we
cannot usually distinguish the ends of the chain and therefore do not
track the orientation of the end-to-end vector. The minimum measured
extension is ~1 [micro]m, which is close to the inferred ~0.7-[micro]m
radius of gyration, [R.sub.G,0], of the coiled polymer at equilibrium
(19). As Wi is increased, the shape of the extension distribution
changes dramatically. At low values of Wi, the distribution is
strongly skewed to lower values, but as Wi is increased it becomes
more symmetric: At higher shear rates, the molecules make more
frequent and larger excursions in extension. The standard deviation,
which indicates the size of the fluctuations, increases with Wi and
reaches a value of ~4 [micro]m (~20% of the full contour length) for
Wi = 76.
[Figure 5 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]
To investigate the spectral properties of the fluctuations, we
calculated the power spectral density per unit time (PSD) using a fast
Fourier transform (Fig. 6A) (20). The rotational component of a simple
shear flow causes solid objects of finite aspect ratio, such as
ellipsoids (21), to tumble periodically in steady shear flow and might
lead one to expect periodic tumbling for a polymer coil (2). However,
these simplest models neglect Brownian motion. When Brownian motion is
important we might expect a tumbling motion that is stochastic rather
than periodic. Indeed, no distinct peaks were distinguishable in the
power spectra, indicating that there was no periodicity detectable
within the observed frequency range (22). The data suggest a random
stretching and contraction process that occurs more frequently at
higher shear rates. As [Gamma] is increased, the fluctuations are
larger and more frequent because both the stretching and tumbling are
driven by the velocity gradient as indicated in Fig. 1B.
Alternatively, by adjusting the solvent viscosity, we can change the
polymer relaxation time, [Tau] (23). As [Tau] is decreased, the PSD
shifts to higher frequencies. An increase in the role of Brownian
motion causes the polymer to diffuse more rapidly from the stretched
state (left hand side of Fig. 1B) to the tumbling state (right hand
side of Fig. 1B). Furthermore, if the polymer relaxes into a coiled
shape, Brownian fluctuations may be needed to begin the elongation
process again (top of Fig. 1B).
[Figure 6 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]
Commonly accepted polymer physics theory holds that the relevant
dimensionless parameters describing the dynamics are Wi and the
frequency made dimensionless by multiplying by the relaxation time. To
investigate the validity of this assumption, we plotted
PSD/[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] (dimensionless
PSD) versus frequency x [Tau] (dimensionless frequency) for two data
sets that had the same value of Wi but were acquired at different
viscosities and shear rates (Fig. 6B). In agreement with theoretical
expectations, we found that the PSD for these data sets do collapse
when plotted with these dimensionless parameters.
In zero flow (Wi = 0), there are still fluctuations in the extension
that are entirely due to Brownian motion. We find that at low and
intermediate frequencies the PSD of these small fluctuations from
equilibrium is reasonably well fit by a Lorentzian function, PSD ~1/(a
+ [f.sup.2]), where a is a constant. This function is the form of the
PSD for a Brownian particle confined by a harmonic potential well
(24), which indicates that in this frequency range the dynamics may be
described by a "dumbbell" model in which the polymer is modeled as two
Brownian particles connected by a harmonic spring. When a shear flow
is applied, the shape of the PSD function changes. For the lowest Wi
studied (Wi = 1.3, [Gamma] = 0.2), the chain is only weakly deformed
and the PSD deviates only slightly from the Lorentzian form. As Wi is
increased, the deviation increases because the PSD falls off faster at
intermediate frequencies. In all cases, however, the PSD declined much
more slowly than the Lorentzian at the highest observed frequencies.
This behavior is also seen in some computer simulations of polymers in
shear (25).
Another way of characterizing the temporal properties of random
fluctuations is to calculate the autocorrelation function <x(t)x(t +
T)>, where t is time and T is a fixed time delay interval. The
autocorrelation decay shows that, although the fluctuations are not
periodic, they occur on a characteristic time scale that depends on
the shear rate. The autocorrelation function may also be plotted
against a dimensionless time, namely the amount of strain [Gamma]T
(Fig. 6C). When plotted this way, one sees that the deformation
remains correlated for higher strains at higher Wi. Larger changes in
conformation occur at higher Wi, and more strain is apparently
required to produce these changes. Empirically, the data for all Wi
may be approximately, but not exactly, collapsed by plotting the
autocorrelation versus [Gamma]T/[(Wi).sup.2/3].
We have presented experimental data on the conformational dynamics of
individual polymer molecules in steady shear flow. Possible
improvements in the technique include better spatial and temporal
resolution and specific labeling of portions of the polymer. The
ability to clearly distinguish the ends of the chain should allow the
tumbling dynamics to be studied in greater detail. In future studies,
it is expected that these types of measurements may be extended to
time-dependent (transient) flows and to the study of semi-dilute and
entangled polymer solutions. Such experiments, in conjunction with the
development of accurate molecular models, should reveal many details
of the molecular processes that underlie non-Newtonian rheological
effects. This approach should be useful for rigorously testing polymer
physics models and lay the foundation for a complete microscopic
understanding of the rheology of polymer solutions.
References and Notes
(1.) P. Rouse, J. Chem. Phys. 21, 1272 (1953); B. Zimm, ibid. 24, 269
(1956); A. Peterlin, W. Heller, M. Nakagaki, ibid. 28, 470 (1958); H.
Warner, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fundam. 11, 379 (1972); E. Hinch, J. Fluid
Mech. 75, 765 (1976); J. Magda, R. Larson, M. Mackay, J. Chem. Phys.
89, 2504 (1988); L. Wedgewood and H. Ottinger, J. Non-Newtonian Fluid
Mech. 27, 245 (1988); L. Wedgewood, D. Ostrov, R. Bird, ibid. 40, 119
(1991).
(2.) W. Kuhn and H. Kuhn, Helv. Chim. Acta. 26, 1394 (1943); D. E.
Keyes and F. H. Abernathy, J. Fluid Mech. 185, 503 (1987).
(3.) T. Liu, J. Chem. Phys. 90, 5826 (1989); P. Doyle, E. Shaqfeh, A.
Gast, J. Fluid Mech. 334, 251 (1997); P. Doyle, E. Shaqfeh, J.
Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech. 76, 78 (1998).
(4.) J. Lumley, Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1, 367 (1969).
(5.) P. G. de Gennes, J. Chem. Phys. 60, 5030 (1974).
(6.) R. Larson, Constitutive Equations for Polymer Melts and Solutions
(Buttersworths, New York, 1988).
(7.) F. Cottrell, E. Merrill, K. Smith, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys.
Ed. 7, 1415 (1969); A. Link and J. Springer. Macromolecules 26, 464
(1993).
(8.) E. C. Lee, M. J. Solomon, S. J. Muller, Macromolecules 30, 7313
(1997).
(9.) P. Lindner and R. Oberthur, Colliod Polym. Sci. 266, 886 (1988).
(10.) G. G. Fuller and L. G. Leal, Rheol. Acta 19, 580 (1980); J.
Bossart and H. Ottinger, Macromolecules 30, 5527 (1997).
(11.) D. E. Smith and S. Chu, Science 281, 1335 (1998); T. T. Perkins,
D. E. Smith, S. Chu, ibid. 276, 2016 (1997); --, in Flexible Chain
Dynamics in Elongational Flow, H. Kausch and T. Nguyen, Eds.
(Springer-Verlag, Berlin, in press).
(12.) A 1.3 cm by 2.5 cm glass slide glued to a piece of Plexiglass
(acrylic plastic) was positioned above a 2.5 cm by 5.7 cm by 1.5 cm
channel by three micrometer screws. The plate was held against the
screws by a stiff spring, allowing one to level the plates and to
adjust the size of the gap between them (with [is less than] 5%
variation). The bottom plate, which acted as an optical window, was a
1.5 cm by 5.7 cm, no. 2 glass coverslip. The top plate was connected
to the channel by a translation stage that was leveled relative to the
bottom plate by a fourth micrometer screw. The translation stage was
driven by an optically encoded dc motor moving at speeds of 10 to 200
[micro]m/s with ~2% root mean square variation over 2.4 cm of travel.
(13.) [Lambda]-DNA (Gibco BRL, Gaithersburg, MD) was labeled with
YOYO-1 (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) at a dye/base pair ratio of 1:4
for [is greater than] 1 hour. The persistence length of native DNA is
~53 nm [C. Bustamante, J. Marko, E. Siggia, S. Smith, Science 265,
1599 (1994)] and its hydrodynamic diameter is ~2 nm [R. Pecora, ibid.
251, 893 (1991)]. When labeled with YOYO, the contour length increases
to ~22 [micro]m [T. T. Perkins, D. E. Smith, R. G. Larson, S. Chu,
ibid. 268, 83 (1995)]. Experiments were performed at ~20 [degrees] C
in a pH 8 buffer consisting of 10 mM tris-HCl, 2 mM EDTA, 10 mM NaCl,
4% [Beta]-mercaptoethanol, glucose oxidase (~50 [micro]g/ml) and
catalase (~10 [micro]g/ml), ~10 to 18% (w/w) glucose, and 40 to 55%
(w/w) sucrose. In this solution, where the free oxygen has been
minimized, the photobleaching of the molecules during the measurements
was found to be negligible. The viscosity of each solution was
measured and adjusted by varying the sugar concentrations.
(14.) Molecules were epi-illuminated by a 100 W mercury arc lamp
(Zeiss) with a 470 [+ or -] 32 nm bandpass excitation filter and a
500-nm long-pass dichroic mirror and imaged with a x60, 1.2 numerical
aperture water immersion objective (Nikon), a
160-mm-to-infinity-corrected conversion lens (Zeiss), a 40-cm tube
lens, a 515-nm long-pass emission filter, a microchannel plate
intensifier (Hamamatsu), and a video camera (Phillips CCD).
(15.) The concentration was kept very low so that the dynamics of
isolated, noninteracting molecules could be observed. Typically it was
[10.sup.4] to [10.sup.5] times lower than the concentration (c*) at
which coiled molecules begin to overlap.
(16.) We determined that [Tau] = 6.3 s in the 60-cP solution and 19 s
in the 220-cP solution by analyzing the relaxation of [is greater
than] 40 molecules that were extended by [is greater than] 30% when
the flow was stopped. [Tau] was determined by fitting to the function
x[(t).sup.2] = c exp (-t/[Tau]) + [2R.sub.G], where [Tau], c, and
[R.sub.G] were free parameters.
(17.) E. Atkins and M. Taylor, Biopolymers 32, 911 (1992).
(18.) Also, the birefringence does not directly correspond to the
extension but rather the ordering of portions of the chain along the
polarization axis.
(19.) D. E. Smith, T. T. Perkins, S. Chu, Macromolecules 29, 1372
(1996).
(20.) The FFT was calculated after subtracting the mean extension from
all of the data points and multiplying the data by a Welch window
function [W. H. Press et al., Numerical Recipes in C (Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge, 1988), p. 442]. The PSD for all of the data sets at
the same [Gamma] and [Eta] were averaged together and normalized
according to Parseval's theorem.
(21.) G. Jeffery, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. A 102, 161 (1922).
(22.) The maximum frequency that can be resolved is determined by the
sampling rate, typically 0.1 s. The minimum frequency is determined by
the length of the run, typically 150 s for [Gamma] [is greater than] 2
and as long as 800 s for [Gamma] = 0.2.
(23.) The ratio of the values determined experimentally (16) were
close to, but not exactly equal to, the ratio of the solvent
viscosities. The deviation from a strict linear proportionality may be
due to slight differences in the solvent arising from the differing
fractions of water in the two solutions.
(24.) M. Wang and G. Uhlenbeck, Rev. Mod. Phys. 17, 323 (1945).
(25.) E. Shaqfeh and J. Hur, personal communication.
(26.) We acknowledge assistance from T. Perkins with an earlier
version of this experiment and helpful comments from J. Hur, R.
Larson, T. Perkins, E. Shaqfeh, and B. Zimm. This work was supported
in part by the AFOSR and the NSF. D.E.S received support from a
fellowship from the NSF Program in Mathematics and Molecular Biology.
H.P.B. was supported in part by an NIH biophysics training grant.
3 December 1998; accepted 11 February 1999
Douglas E. Smith, Hazen P. Babcock, Steven Chu(*)
Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Varian Building, Stanford
University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
(*) To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
sc...@leland.stanford.edu
MW
Out of the China Blue wrote in message ...
>/ days earlier-and specifically the
>/ assassination of Vicky Weaver while
>
>At least you're unbiased. Of course, if Randy hadn't been resisting a
>search warrant with deadly force, his wife would still be alive.
What kind of hallucinogen are you using?
He never resisted a search warrant. No one ever tried to serve one.
Doc Tavish
TRUE!
Doc Tavish
greg_...@my-deja.com
what you are. Your response fit PERFECTLY with what most so-called
leftists say about this issue. The "left" of this country isn't really
left, it's anti-White, genocidally anti-White.
In article <36EA6E...@hl.telia.no>,
ShadowWalker
>
> What you say, or think you are, may not be an acurate reflection of
> what you are. Your response fit PERFECTLY with what most so-called
> leftists say about this issue. The "left" of this country isn't really
> left, it's anti-White, genocidally anti-White.
The answer to my earlier query is of course this: It does *not* fit
into your preconceived, narrow "perception" of the world.
Amos
woodyw...@my-deja.com
- George W. Bush, in response to an e-mail from Al Gore admonishing Bush
for using "soft money" in his campaign.