never waive your Miranda Rights, even if you are innocent.
"Because detailed confessions represent such powerful evidence, when defense
attorneys tried to challenge the confession evidence they all failed. This
was true even when there were some clear signs that these were confessions
proffered by vulnerable people who may have been subject to highly coercive
techniques. Of those 40 exonerees who confessed, for instance, 14 were
mentally disabled or borderline mentally disabled, and three more (at least)
were mentally ill. Thirteen of the 40 were juveniles. All but four were
interrogated for more than three hours at a sitting. Seven described their
involvement in the crime as coming to them in a "dream" or "vision." Seven
were told they had failed polygraph tests. Like Sterling, all of them waived
their Miranda rights. Despite all these hints that their confessions were
lengthy and coercive, and despite the fact that they were mostly vulnerable
individuals, none had any luck challenging their confessions before trial.
The confessions were thought to be such powerful evidence of guilt that
eight were convicted despite DNA tests at trial that in fact excluded them
as the culprit."
http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/jurisprudence/features/2011/getting_it_wrong_convicting_the_innocent/who_confesses_to_a_crime_they_didnt_commit.html
"...more than 40 others [than Lowery] have given confessions since 1976 that
DNA evidence later showed were false, according to records compiled by
Brandon L. Garrett, a professor at the University of Virginia School of Law.
Experts have long known that some kinds of people - including the mentally
impaired, the mentally ill, the young and the easily led - are the likeliest
to be induced to confess. There are also people like Mr. Lowery, who says he
was just pressed beyond endurance by persistent interrogators."
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/14/us/14confess.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
Confessions are extremely persuasive evidence of guilt that can often make
or break a criminal case. Once a confession is given, it is difficult to
retract. Consequently, an admission of guilt can ultimately lead to
substantial fines, imprisonment and even execution. It's difficult for most
people to imagine why someone would risk such consequences and confess to
committing a crime they know for certain they didn't do. However, it happens
more frequently then you might think. Techniques utilized by inexperienced
or unscrupulous police interrogators, such as deception, fear tactics, long
interviews, sleep or food deprivation, and exaggerating or minimizing the
crime, are blamed for a majority of all documented false confessions.
Fear tactics such as direct threats, intimidation or actual physical abuse,
have been used to coerce suspects into falsely admitting guilt to a crime.
Such confessions are referred to as coerced-compliant confessions, Richard
Conti suggested in a 1999 article. One example of a coerced-compliant
confession occurred in March 1983, following the murder of a woman from
Pulaski County, Arkansas. Not long after the woman's murder, the police took
into custody Barry Lee Fairchild, a young, mentally handicapped black man.
Fairchild's lawyers said that while in custody, police interrogators forced
their client to confess to the crime after they allegedly placed telephone
books on his head and hit the books with blackjacks, Richard Lacayo reported
in a 1991 Time article. Lacayo quoted Fairchild's lawyer Steven Hawkins, who
claimed that the torturous method was likely used because it "leaves no
marks but causes excruciating pain." Fairchild was found guilty and executed
for the murder in 1995, even though he continued to profess his innocence to
the end. American Bar Association reporter Mark Hansen suggested in an
article that two area sheriffs later admitted that "beatings were a common
interrogation tactic at the time of Fairchild's arrest."
Physical abuse is undoubtedly one of the most barbaric methods used to
obtain a confession and is strictly illegal. But other successful
techniques, such as the use of deception, trickery and other similar
psychological tactics, are deemed more acceptable. John Painter Jr. quoted a
commonly used police textbook titled "Criminal Interrogation and
Confessions" by Fred E. Inbau, John E. Reid, and Joseph P. Buckley, which
states that the use of such tactics is "not only helpful but frequently
indispensable in order to secure incriminating information from the guilty,
or to obtain investigative leads from otherwise uncooperative witnesses or
informants."
One deceptive technique referred to as "maximization" can include
"exaggerating the evidence available, telling the person that the
interrogator knows he is guilty or stressing the consequences" of the crime,
Hollinda Wakefield and Ralph Underwager stated in a 1998 article in
Behavioral Sciences and the Law. The commonly used maximization method, such
as falsely telling suspects they have fingerprints linking them to the
crime, or that they failed a lie-detector test or an acquaintance of the
suspect witnessed them committing the crime, can lead to false confessions.
This occurs mostly in highly suggestible and confused suspects who actually
begin to believe that they are guilty of the crime they didn't commit, which
is known as coerced internalization.
During the interrogation process, interviewers can also use "minimization,"
whereby the seriousness of the crime is downplayed and the suspect believes
that they are less likely to get in trouble. This method can prompt a false
confession, especially if it is coupled with other coercive techniques.
Professor of Psychology Saul Kassin gave an example in a 2002 Talk of the
Nation interview with Neal Conan, saying that the interviewing detective
might say "You know, I think you're a really good person. I don't think you
intended to do the harm that occurred in this case. Maybe it was an
accident... maybe you were provoked... under the influence of some drug...".
The suspect may feel psychological pressure to satisfy the interrogator,
especially if they admire or fear them, or they may even believe what they
are being told and thus falsely confess to the crime.
Another method used to get suspects to confess is to make them sit through
long, drawn-out interrogations, which sometimes last more than hours. The
suspect often goes without sleep and/or food, and gets so worn down
emotionally and physically that he is more likely to give false statements
in an attempt to end the torture. During such confessions, the police may
"feed suspects bits of information, which are incorporated into a
confession," Dara Purvis reported in a 2002 University Wire Daily Trojan
article. Like physical torture, extended interrogations that are accompanied
by sleep and food deprivation are undoubtedly unethical and purely inhumane.
Unfortunately, these types of interrogations are not uncommon.
http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/not_guilty/coerced_confessions/index.html