http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JFKestes.htm
"Billie Sol Estes" (by John Simkin, May 2013)
Billie Sol Estes, one of six children of John and Lillian Estes, was born on
a farm near Clyde, Texas, on 10th January, 1925. According to the New York
Times: "He was an average student. His family was poor, but Billie Sol
showed early promise as a financier. At 13, he received a lamb as a gift,
sold its wool for $5, bought another lamb and went into business. At 15, he
sold 100 sheep for $3,000. He borrowed $3,500 more from a bank, bought
government surplus grain and sold it for a big profit. By 18, he had
$38,000."
After marrying in 1946 he moved to the small town of Pecos. As a result of
high irrigation costs, local farmers found it difficult to make profits from
their cotton crops. Estes started up a company providing irrigation pumps
that used cheap natural gas. Farmers had previously used irrigation pumps
powered by electricity. Estes also sold anhydrous ammonia as a fertilizer.
This was a great success and Estes soon became a wealthy businessman. In
1953 he was named one of America's 10 outstanding young men by the United
States Junior Chamber of Commerce.
Estes's business encountered problems when the Department of Agriculture
began to control the production of cotton. Allotments were issued telling
the cotton farmers how much they could and could not plant. In 1958 Estes
made contact with Lyndon B. Johnson. Over the next couple of years Estes ran
a vast scam getting federal agricultural subsidies. According to Estes he
obtained $21 million a year for "growing" and "storing" non-existent crops
of cotton.
In 1960 Henry Marshall was asked to investigate the activities of Billie Sol
Estes. Marshall discovered that over a two year period, Estes had purchased
3,200 acres of cotton allotments from 116 different farmers. Marshall wrote
to his superiors in Washington on 31st August, 1960, that: "The regulations
should be strengthened to support our disapproval of every case (of
allotment transfers)".
When he heard the news, Billie Sol Estes sent his lawyer, John P. Dennison,
to meet Marshall in Robertson County. At the meeting on 17th January, 1961,
Marshall told Dennison that Estes was clearly involved in a "scheme or
device to buy allotments, and will not be approved, and prosecution will
follow if this operation is ever used." Marshall was disturbed that as a
result of sending a report of his meeting to Washington, he was offered a
new post at headquarters. He assumed that Bille Sol Estes had friends in
high places and that they wanted him removed from the field office in
Robertson County. Marshall refused what he considered to be a bribe.
A week after the meeting between Marshall and Dennison, A. B. Foster,
manager of Billie Sol Enterprises, wrote to Clifton C. Carter, a close aide
to Lyndon B. Johnson, telling him about the problems that Marshall was
causing the company. Foster wrote that "we would sincerely appreciate your
investigating this and seeing if anything can be done." Over the next few
months Marshall had meetings with eleven county committees in Texas. He
pointed out that Billie Sol Estes scheme to buy cotton allotments were
illegal. This information was then communicated to those farmers who had
been sold their cotton allotments to Billie Sol Enterprises.
On 3rd June, 1961, Marshall was found dead on his farm by the side of his
Chevy Fleetside pickup truck. His rifle lay beside him. He had been shot
five times with his own rifle. County Sheriff Howard Stegall decreed that
Marshall had committed suicide. No pictures were taken of the crime scene,
no blood samples were taken of the stains on the truck (the truck was washed
and waxed the following day), and no check for fingerprints were made on the
rifle or pickup.
Marshall's wife (Sybil Marshall) and brother (Robert Marshall) refused to
believe he had committed suicide and posted a $2,000 reward for information
leading to a murder conviction. The undertaker, Manley Jones, also reported:
"To me it looked like murder. I just do not believe a man could shoot
himself like that." The undertaker's son, Raymond Jones, later told the
journalist, Bill Adler in 1986: "Daddy said he told Judge Farmer there was
no way Mr. Marshall could have killed himself. Daddy had seen suicides
before. JPs depend on us and our judgments about such things. we see a lot
more deaths than they do. But in this case, Daddy said, Judge Farmer told
him he was going to put suicide on the death certificate because the sheriff
told him to." As a result, Lee Farmer returned a suicide verdict: "death by
gunshot, self-inflicted."
Sybil Marshall hired an attorney, W. S. Barron, in order to persuade the
Robertson County authorities to change the ruling on Marshall's cause of
death. One man who did believe that Marshall had been murdered was Texas
Ranger Clint Peoples. He had reported to Colonel Homer Garrison, director of
the Texas Department of Public Safety, that it "would have been utterly
impossible for Mr. Marshall to have taken his own life."
Peoples also interviewed Nolan Griffin, a gas station attendant in Robertson
County. Griffin claimed that on the day of Marshall's death, he had been
asked by a stranger for directions to Marshall's farm. A Texas Ranger
artist, Thadd Johnson, drew a facial sketch based on a description given by
Griffin. Peoples eventually came to the conclusion that this man was Mac
Wallace, the convicted murderer of John Kinser.
In early 1962, Oscar Griffin Jr., the city editor of The Pecos Independent
and Enterprise, published an article arguing that thousands of mortgages had
been taking out for nonexistent fertilizer tanks. Soon afterwards Billie Sol
Estes was arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation on fraud and
conspiracy charges. Time Magazine reported that "He (Billie Sol Estes)
considered dancing immoral, often delivered sermons as a Church of Christ
lay preacher. But he ruthlessly ruined business competitors, practiced fraud
and deceit on a massive scale, and even victimized Church of Christ schools
that he was supposed to be helping as a fund raiser or financial adviser."
It was also disclosed by the Secretary of Agriculture, Orville L. Freeman,
that Henry Marshall had been a key figure in the investigation into the
illegal activities of Billie Sol Estes. As a result, the Robertson County
grand jury ordered that the body of Marshall should be exhumed and an
autopsy performed. After eight hours of examination, Dr. Joseph A.
Jachimczyk confirmed that Marshall had not committed suicide. Jachimczyk
also discovered a 15 percent carbon monoxide concentration in Marshall's
body. Jachimczyk calculated that it could have been as high as 30 percent at
the time of death.
On 4th April, 1962, George Krutilek, Estes chief accountant, was found dead.
Despite a severe bruise on Krutilek's head, the coroner decided that he had
also committed suicide. The next day, Estes, and three business associates,
were indicted by a federal grand jury on 57 counts of fraud. Two of these
men, Harold Orr and Coleman Wade, later died in suspicious circumstances. At
the time it was said they committed suicide but later Estes was to claim
that both men were murdered by Mac Wallace in order to protect the political
career of Lyndon B. Johnson.
The Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations also began to look into
the case of Billie Sol Estes. Leonard C. Williams, a former assistant to
Henry Marshall, testified about the evidence the department acquired against
Estes. Orville L. Freeman also admitted that Marshall was a man "who left
this world under questioned circumstances."
It was eventually discovered that three officials of the Agricultural
Adjustment Administration in Washington had received bribes from Billie Sol
Estes. Red Jacobs, Jim Ralph and Bill Morris were eventually removed from
their jobs. However, further disclosures suggested that the Secretary of
Agriculture, might be involved in the scam. In September, 1961, Billie Sol
Estes had been fined $42,000 for illegal cotton allotments. Two months
later, Freeman appointed Estes to the National Cotton Advisory Board.
It was also revealed that Billie Sol Estes told Wilson C. Tucker, deputy
director of the Agriculture Department's cotton division, on 1st August,
1961, that he threatened to "embarrass the Kennedy administration if the
investigation were not halted". Tucker went onto testify: "Estes stated that
this pooled cotton allotment matter had caused the death of one person and
then asked me if I knew Henry Marshall". As Tucker pointed out, this was six
months before questions about Marshall's death had been raised publicly.
However, the cover-up continued. Tommy G. McWilliams, the FBI agent in
charge of the investigation, came to the conclusion that Marshall had indeed
committed suicide. He wrote: "My theory was that he shot himself and then
realized he wasn't dead." He then claimed that he then tried to kill himself
by inhaling carbon monoxide from the exhaust pipe of his truck. McWilliams
claimed that Marshall had used his shirt to make a hood over the exhaust
pipe. Even J. Edgar Hoover was not impressed with this theory. He wrote on
21st May, 1962: "I just can't understand how one can fire five shots at
himself."
Joseph A. Jachimczyk also disagreed with the FBI report. He believed that
the bruise on Marshall's forehead had been caused by a "severe blow to the
head". Jachimczyk also rejected the idea that Marshall had used his shirt as
a hood. He pointed out that "if this were done, soot must have necessarily
been found on the shirt; no such was found."
The Robertson County grand jury continued to investigate the death of Henry
Marshall. However, some observers were disturbed by the news that grand jury
member, Pryse Metcalfe, was dominating proceedings. Metcalfe was County
Sheriff Howard Stegall's son-in-law. On 1st June, 1962, the Dallas Morning
News reported that President John F. Kennedy had "taken a personal interest
in the mysterious death of Henry Marshall." As a result, the story said,
Robert Kennedy "has ordered the FBI to step up its investigation of the
case."
In June, 1962, Billie Sol Estes, appeared before the grand jury. He was
accompanied by John Cofer, a lawyer who represented Lyndon B. Johnson when
he was accused of ballot-rigging when elected to the Senate in 1948 and Mac
Wallace when he was charged with the murder of John Kinser. Billie Sol Estes
spent almost two hours before the grand jury, but he invoked the Texas
version of the Fifth Amendment and refused to answer most questions on
grounds that he might incriminate himself.
Tommy G. McWilliams of the FBI also appeared before the grand jury and put
forward the theory that Henry Wallace had committed suicide. Dr. Joseph A.
Jachimczyk also testified that "if in fact this is a suicide, it is the most
unusual one I have seen during the examination of approximately 15,000
deceased persons." McWilliams did admit that it was "hard to kill yourself
with a bolt-action 22". This view was shared by John McClellan, a member of
the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. He posed for
photographs with a.22 caliber rifle similar to Marshall's. McClellan pointed
out: "It doesn't take many deductions to come to the irrevocable conclusion
that no man committed suicide by placing the rifle in that awkward position
and then (cocking) it four times more."
Despite the evidence presented by Jachimczyk, the grand jury agreed with
McWilliams. It ruled that after considering all the known evidence, the jury
considers it "inconclusive to substantiate a definite decision at this time,
or to overrule any decision heretofore made." Later, it was disclosed that
some jury members believed that Marshall had been murdered. Ralph McKinney
blamed Pryse Metcalfe for this decision. "Pryse was as strong in the support
of the suicide verdict as anyone I have ever seen in my life, and I think he
used every influence he possibly could against the members of the grand jury
to be sure it came out with a suicide verdict."
Estes trial began in October 1962. John Cofer, who was also Lyndon Johnson's
lawyer, refused to put Estes on the witness stand. Estes was found guilty of
fraud and sentenced to eight years in prison. Federal proceedings against
Estes began in March 1963. He was eventually charged with fraud regarding
mortgages of more that $24 million. Estes was found guilty and sentenced to
fifteen years in prison.
In 1964 the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations reported that it
could find no link between Marshall's death and his efforts to bring to an
end Billie Sol Estes' cotton allotment scheme. The following year Billie Sol
Estes went to prison for fraud relating to the mostly nonexistent fertilizer
tanks he had put up for collateral as part of the cotton allotment scam. He
was released in 1971 but he was later sent back to prison for mail fraud and
non-payment of income tax.
In 1964 J. Evetts Haley published A Texan Looks at Lyndon. In the book Haley
attempted to expose Johnson's corrupt political activities. This included a
detailed look at the relationship between Estes and Johnson. Haley pointed
out that three men who could have provided evidence in court against Estes,
George Krutilek, Harold Orr and Howard Pratt, all died of carbon monoxide
poisoning from car engines.
The case was taken up by the journalist Joachim Joesten. In his books, The
Dark Side of Lyndon Baines Johnson (1968) and How Kennedy was Killed: The
Full Appalling Story (1968), Joesten argues that Lyndon B. Johnson was
involved in the assassination of John F. Kennedy and was as a direct result
of the scandals involving Estes and Bobby Baker.
Clint Peoples retired from the Texas Rangers in 1974 but he continued to
investigate the murder of Henry Marshall. In 1979 Peoples interviewed Billie
Sol Estes in prison. Estes promised that "when he was released he would
solve the puzzle of Henry Marshall's death".
Billie Sol Estes was released from prison in December, 1983. Three months
later he appeared before the Robertson County grand jury. He confessed that
Henry Marshall was murdered because it was feared he would "blow the
whistle" on the cotton allotment scam. Billie Sol Estes claimed that
Marshall was murdered on the orders of Lyndon B. Johnson, who was afraid
that his own role in this scam would become public knowledge. According to
Estes, Clifton C. Carter, Johnson's long-term aide, had ordered Marshall to
approve 138 cotton allotment transfers.
Billie Sol Estes told the grand jury that he had a meeting with Johnson and
Carter about Henry Marshall. Johnson suggested that Marshall be promoted out
of Texas. Estes agreed and replied: "Let's transfer him, let's get him out
of here. Get him a better job, make him an assistant secretary of
agriculture." However, Marshall rejected the idea of being promoted in order
to keep him quiet.
Estes, Johnson and Carter had another meeting on 17th January, 1961, to
discuss what to do about Henry Marshall. Also at the meeting was Mac
Wallace. After it was pointed out that Marshall had refused promotion to
Washington, Johnson said: "It looks like we'll just have to get rid of him."
Wallace, who Estes described as a hitman, was given the assignment.
Billie Sol Estes also told the grand jury that he met Clifton C. Carter and
Mac Wallace at his home in Pecos after Marshall was killed. Wallace
described how he waited for Marshall at his farm. He planned to kill him and
make it appear as if Marshall committed suicide by carbon monoxide
poisoning. However, Marshall fought back and he was forced to shoot him with
his own rifle. He quoted Carter as saying that Wallace "sure did botch it
up." Johnson was now forced to use his influence to get the authorities in
Texas to cover-up the murder. The grand jury rejected the testimony of
Billie Sol Estes. Carter, Wallace and Johnson were all dead and could not
confirm Billie Sol's testimony. However, the Grand Jury did change the
verdict on the death of Henry Marshall from suicide to death by gunshot.
On 9th August, 1984, Estes' lawyer, Douglas Caddy, wrote to Stephen S. Trott
at the U.S. Department of Justice. In the letter Caddy claimed that Estes,
Lyndon B. Johnson, Mac Wallace and Clifton C. Carter had been involved in
the murders of Henry Marshall, George Krutilek, Harold Orr, Ike Rogers,
Coleman Wade, Josefa Johnson, John Kinser and John F. Kennedy. Caddy added:
"Mr. Estes is willing to testify that LBJ ordered these killings, and that
he transmitted his orders through Cliff Carter to Mac Wallace, who executed
the murders."
Four days later, the Texas Bureau of Vital Statistics ruled that there was
now "clear and convincing" evidence to prove Henry Marshall was murdered and
State District Judge Peter Lowry ordered that the death certificate should
be changed to "homicide by gunshot wounds".
In 1984 Billie Sol Estes' daughter, Pam Estes, published Billie Sol: King of
Texas Wheeler-Dealers. This was followed by JFK, the Last Standing Man
(co-written with William Reymond) in France (Le Dernier Temoin). In the book
Estes claims that Lyndon B. Johnson was involved in assassination of
President John F. Kennedy. When interviewed by the American journalist, Pete
Kendall, Estes said: "He (Johnson) told me if I wouldn't talk, I would not
go to jail." Estes has had no contact with LBJ's other long-ago associates,
he said, since the book's publication. "About all of them are dead, really.
I think I'm about the last one standing." That's partly why, he said, he
wasn't interested in doing a book sooner. "I've been accused of being dumb,"
he said, "but I'm not stupid."
Douglas Caddy, Billie Sol Estes's lawyer, in reply to questions on the JFK
Forum, said on 3rd March, 2012:
(1) I give great credibility to the accusations made by Billie Sol Estes in
the relevant 1984 letter to the U.S. Department of Justice. There were
contemporaneous newspaper reports of the untimely deaths of almost all of
the persons listed by him in the letter. In addition, Texan historian J.
Evetts Haley in his 1964 book, A Texan Looks at Lyndon, wrote in great
detail about Estes and the victims.
(2) I don't think my having met Estes, which originally occurred in 1983
when I was asked to do so by Shearn Moody, Jr., of the Moody Foundation in
connection with a grant request from Estes, influenced my assessment of the
accusations one way or the other. This is because there already existed in
the public record much evidence to support Estes' accusations.
(3) U.S. Marshal Clint Peoples, who had closely followed Estes' activities
for 25 years, told me on several occasions that his research supported Estes'
accusations. His exact words to me: "It is about time that the truth comes
out." It was Marshal Peoples who arranged for Estes to testify in 1984
before the Robertson County grand jury. Press reports at the time disclosed
that Estes reiterated his accusations in his grand jury testimony.
(4) There was no signed and notarized document of Estes dating before I met
him that recorded his accusations. He had not determined to tell what he
knew until while still in federal prison at Big Spring, Texas, he contacted
Shearn Moody, Jr. in 1983 and indicated he was prepared to relate for the
public record what he knew.
(5) Estes has maintained that he has taped recordings of conversations of
the conspirators that support his accusations. I have not heard the
recordings and have no knowledge of their whereabouts.
(6) He confided in U.S. Marshal Peoples of what he knew. Peoples is now
deceased. However, the transcript of Estes' testimony before the Robertson
County grand jury in 1984, if it were unsealed, would clarify much.
(7) At the time of JFK assassination, LBJ was facing criminal proceedings
stemming from his involvement in the Billie Sol Estes and the Bobby Baker
scandals that were reaching the explosive stage. LBJ's involvement in these
two scandals certainly adds credence to what Estes has alleged.
Billie Sol Estes died at his home in Granbury, Texas, on 13th May 2013.
---
"Those who would give up essential liberty to purchase a little temporary
safety deserve neither liberty nor safety."
--Benjamin Franklin, 1759
http://www.quotationspage.com/quote/1381.html