Discovery of Hydraulic Cement (4400YA)
GDenke
It has been known for millennia that the mixture of volcanic ash or
pulverized tuff (siliceous), with lime, produces hydraulic (i.e. water-
resistant) cement.
Stonehenge builders removing such Bluestones from the Calcium
carbonate (CaCO3) rich Q and R Holes (circa 2400 BC) discovered
hydraulic cement.
Volcanic Ash (Tuff) in Ancient Construction
http://preview.tinyurl.com/3qvctcz
http://tinyurl.com/3qvctcz
G-D
Denoco Inc.
6500 BC
A form of concrete dating to 6500 B.C. was discovered by
archaeologists in Syria. The Image is "One of the dead towns in
northern Syria."
5600 BC
The earliest concrete yet discovered in Europe was developed along the
Danube River in Yugoslavia. Stone age hunters or fishermen mixed red
lime, sand, gravel and water.
4400 BC
Stonehenge builders mixed Welsh pulverized Bluestone volcanic ash and
tuff (Pozzolan) together with crushed in situ Calcium carbonate
(CaCO3) lime.
3000 BC
Chinese used cementitious materials to hold bamboo together in their
boats and in the Great Wall. The Chinese used concrete in Gansu
Province in northwest China.
2500 BC
Egyptians mixed mud with straw to bind dried bricks. Also furthered
the discovery of lime and gypsum mortar as a binding agent for
building the Pyramids.
800 BC
Babylonians and Assyrians used a bitumen to bind stone and bricks.
This allowed them to combine both large and small stone objects
together.
600 BC
Greeks discovered a natural Pozzolan on Santorini Island that
developed hydraulic properties when mixed with lime. This made it
possible to produce concrete that would harden under water, as well as
in the air."
586 BC
Altar of Burnt Offering containing 7 gold artifacts filled with a
Slurry of pulverized Bluestone (volcanic ash and tuff) aggregate and
lime 4 ft (1.2m) below Heelstone, Stonehenge.
400 BC
Petra (Greek, "city of rock"), also known as Sila, ancient city of
Arabia (now southwestern Jordan). The stronghold and treasure city of
the Nabataeans, an Arab people.
300 BC
Romans used slaked lime and volcanic ash (Pozzolan), found near
Pozzouli, Italy by the bay of Naples. Pliny the Elder reported a
mortar mixture of 1 part lime to 4 parts sand. Vitruvius reported 2
parts of Pozzolan to 1 part lime.
193 BC
Porticus Aemilia made of bound stones to form concrete.
75 BC
Romans use a pozzolanic, hydraulic cement to build the theater at
Pompeii and the Roman baths. The cement was a ground mix of lime and a
volcanic ash containing silica and alumina.
44 BC
Palatine Hill (Latin: Palatium), the centermost of the 7 hills of
Rome, one of the most ancient parts of the city of Rome, Italy. It is
some 70 meters high.
25 BC
Ancient harbor at Caesarea, Israel built by Herod the Great.
Historical Timeline of Concrete