In article
<
28a0455d-1fd6-434f...@b15g2000yqk.googlegroups.com>,
Budikka666 <
budi...@netscape.net> wrote:
I will respond to your posts but not engage in a debate. I have anxiety
and also do NOT have a degree in a sciene related field. I once debated an
atheist college professor and did not win that debate since he kept
discussing so called life forms such as archaeoraptor that I had never
heard of prior to the debate. That same professor later debated Duane Gish
Ph.D. and that professor lost that debate. Dr. Gish did know all about the
various life forms that the professor discussed during that debate.
http://www.icr.org/article/archaeoraptor-featured-dinosaur-from-national-geog/Articles
Archaeoraptor: Featured Dinosaur from National Geographic Doesn't Fly
by Steven A. Austin, Ph.D.
Download Archaeoraptor: Featured Dinosaur from National Geographic Doesn't
Fly PDF
National Geographic Society is widely known as one of the most important
promoters of the theory of organic evolution in the eyes of the public.
Louis and Richard Leakey might have remained obscure paleoanthropologists
except that their research on fossil evidence for human evolution was
generously funded and heavily publicized by the National Geographic
Society. Now the idea that birds are simply feathered theropod dinosaurs
is the prominent evolutionary doctrine being promoted by the society.
Recent scientific research funded by National Geographic concerns what
have been called "feathered dinosaurs" from lower Cretaceous strata of the
Liaoning province in China. This new research program appears to be
directed specifically at changing what the world believes about dinosaurs
and their relationship to birds. A recent episode concerns the discovery
and promotion of a particular Chinese fossil appearing to be a combination
of bird and theropod dinosaur. Is it actually evolution's missing link
between dinosaurs and birds? The episode concerning the fossil provides an
extraordinary peek into the peculiar ideology and journalistic slant of a
cadre of zealous scientists and the National Geographic Society that
promotes them.
The Fossil's Discovery and Interpretation
On October 15, 1999, at a press conference in Washington D.C., the
National Geographic Society announced the discovery and interpretation of
the newest fossil called Archaeoraptor liaoningensis (meaning "ancient
bird of prey from Liaoning").1 The press conference coincided with the
November 1999 issue of National Geographic magazine and its article
"Feathers for T. rex? New birdlike fossils are missing links in dinosaur
evolution."2 The turkey-sized animal according to National Geographic ". .
. is a true missing link in the complex chain that connects dinosaurs to
birds. It seems to capture the paleontological `moment' when dinosaurs
were becoming birds."3 According to their press release, the anatomy of
Archaeoraptor proves a feathered theropod dinosaur was capable of flight.
The features include:
. . . a very advanced, birdlike shoulder structure, wishbone and big
sternum‹all indicating the animal was a powerful flier. Remains of
feathers surround the specimen's bones. Yet its tail was strikingly
similar to the stiff tails of a family of predatory dinosaurs known as
dromaeosaurs, which includes the "raptors" of Jurassic Park.4
Several remarkable characteristics are noted. "This mix of advanced and
primitive features is exactly what scientists would expect to find in
dinosaurs experimenting with flight,"5 and "It's a missing link between
terrestrial dinosaurs and birds that could actually fly."6 The arms of the
fossil are quite wing-like, much longer than would be expected of a normal
theropod dinosaur.
A two-page photograph of the rock slab containing Archaeoraptor appears
with the article.7 The description and interpretation of Archaeoraptor was
accomplished by two scientists funded by National Geographic: Stephen
Czerkas of the Dinosaur Museum (Monticello, Utah) and Xing Xu of the
Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (Beijing,
China). The fossil was studied under normal light, uv light, CAT scan, and
x-ray. Czerkas said, "It's a missing link that has the advanced characters
of birds and undeniable dinosaurian characters as well." Czerkas was also
commissioned by National Geographic to produce a life-size sculpture of
Archaeoraptor. Both Czerkas and Xu appeared at the news conference on
October 15, 1999, in Washington and endorsed the authenticity of the
fossil. Also endorsing the fossil and its "feathered dinosaur"
interpretation in Washington was Philip J. Currie of the Royal Tyrrell
Museum of Paleontology (Drumheller, Alberta). Currie is widely known for
his belief that theropod dinosaurs had feathers and were warm-blooded
creatures.8 The National Geographic magazine boldly states the
implications: ". . . we can now say that birds are theropods just as
confidently as we say that humans are mammals. Everything from lunch boxes
to museum exhibits will change to reflect this revelation."9
The public impact of the National Geographic Society promotion of
Archaeoraptor has been enormous. Not only has the fossil appeared in the
magazine, but in the public display in "Explorers Hall" (October 15, 1999,
to January 18, 2000, at NGS headquarters in Washington) and on the TV
program, "National Geographic Explorer" (November 14, "Dinosaurs Take
Wing" on CNBC). Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) televised a
lengthy interview concerning the fossil with Philip Currie. All the major
news services carried the story from National Geographic worldwide.
Numerous Internet websites report the fossil, including several children's
educational sites. These stories circulated just after the Kansas State
Board of Education in August adopted new science standards that deleted
references to "macroevolution."
The Fraud is Exposed
Numerous scientists voiced skepticism about both the claims and even the
fossil itself. In particular, two scientists played important roles in
asking questions that grounded Archaeoraptor. Storrs L. Olson, the curator
of birds at the Smithsonian Institution wrote:
With the publication of "Feathers for T. rex?" by Christopher P. Sloan in
its November issue, National Geographic has reached an all-time low for
engaging in sensationalistic, unsubstantiated tabloid journalism.10
Specifically, Olson had been asked by the National Geographic photographer
before the October 15, 1999, news release to examine the photographs of
the three Chinese fossils that later went on public display and before the
article was published in the National Geographic. Olson wrote, "More
importantly, however, none of the structures illustrated in Sloan's
article that are claimed to be feathers have actually been proven to be
feathers." Larry D. Martin, paleontologist at the University of Kansas
specializing in bird fossils, also could not see feathers.11 Furthermore,
Martin's examination of photographs (not the actual rock slab of
Archaeoraptor) caused him to propose the hypothesis that the pieces of the
fossil had been assembled and could include more than one animal.12 The
dinosaur-looking tail hardly seemed to go with the bird-looking body.
Furthermore, a close inspection of the photos indicated that bones were
missing between the tail and the body.
To seal the matter, upon his return to China, Xing Xu knew that the
authenticity of Archaeoraptor could be confirmed if the counterpart of the
fossil slab could be located. The fossil had been discovered when an
original slab had been split open, and only one side of the slab had been
used by the National Geographic Society. Remarkably, Xu is reported to
have found the counterpart slab in a Chinese collection, but it did not
authenticate the assembly on display at the National Geographic Society.13
It appears that two separate fossils had been joined together. Stephen
Czerkas also admitted evidence that the Chinese fossil hunters who found
the specimen glued sections together,14 but he still holds that the tail
may go with the body of the fossil.15 Philip Currie could no longer accept
the authenticity of Archaeoraptor and expressed true remorse for having
been duped.16 A science news writer described the situation in January
2000:
Red-faced and downhearted, paleontologists are growing convinced that they
have been snookered by a bit of fossil fakery from China. The "feathered
dinosaur" specimen that they recently unveiled to much fanfare ap-parently
combines the tail of a dinosaur with the body of a bird, they say.17
Conclusion
The events surrounding Archaeoraptor provide a rare peek into the
ideological and journalistic slant that can be placed upon public
promotion of a missing link. Sloan's statement, ". . . we can now say that
birds are theropods just as confidently as we say that humans are
mammals"18 is the editor's unfounded assertion, designed to sway public
perception, not a statement of a scientist documented with facts.
Editorial propaganda needs to be countered with attention to detail and
empirical evidence. Storrs Olson at the Smithsonian Institution may have
the best analysis of lessons learned from the Archaeoraptor affair:
The idea of feathered dinosaurs and the theropod origin of birds is being
actively promoted by a cadre of zealous scientists acting in concert with
certain editors at Nature and National Geographic who themselves have
become outspoken and highly biased proselytizers of the faith. Truth and
careful scientific weighing of evidence have been among the first
casualties in their program, which is now fast becoming one of the grander
scientific hoaxes of our age‹the paleontological equivalent of cold
fusion.19
Recently, another "Chinese fossil" published in Nature magazine has been
questioned.20 Thus, as often occurs when "proof" for evolution is revealed
in the media, especially before careful description of the claim appears
in the scientific literature, the evidence is overstated or, in this case,
fraudulent. Sometimes time and careful study is all it takes to disprove
such "proofs."