"Jonathan" <
j...@home.com> wrote in message news:4172a...@127.0.0.1...
>
>
>
> Hydrothermal Systems, Stromatolites and Bacterial Concretions!
>
>
> It's been over 6 months since the following statement was
> issued by Nasa. On that day the science releases from Nasa
> concerning the Opportunity Rover at Meridiani ceased completely.
> Nasa has never stated an embargo is in force or when, if ever, it
> will end.
>
>
> "This is a profound discovery. It has profound implications for
astrobiology,"
> said Edward Weiler, NASA chief of space science, at a Washington, D.C.,
> news conference. "If you have any interest in searching for fossils on
> Mars, this is the first place you'd want to go."
>
http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2004/03/24/MARS.TMP&type=science>
>
>
> I believe Meridiani shows recent evidence of various forms
> of bacterial life shaping a region of hundreds of square
> miles. The dark soil, finely laminated layered outcrops, and
> massive quantities of spheres all are consistent with systems fed
> by warm underground water. Such hydrothermal systems
> are known to be among the most biologically active
> environments of all. .
>
>
> Nasa has the motto 'follow the water'. I believe that it
> should be "follow the dark soil', as that is where
> underground water and hot-springs should be found.
>
> Why has Nasa repeatedly failed to mention that the hematite
> at Meridiani was formed in hot water?
> Why does Nasa claim that Endurance is an impact crater?
>
>
> Why has Nasa been silent for 6 months?
>
>
>
> NASA Technical Memorandum
> WORKSHOP ON THE SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS
> OF ASTROBIOLOGY
>
http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/workshops/societal/societal_report.pdf>
> "One of the reasons for this is a sense of urgency: confirmation of
> extraterrestrial life could occur at any time and in any of a number of
ways.
> When it occurs, we may have only limited control over the situation."
> page 36
>
>
> "The discovery may stimulate a worldwide resurgence in religious
activity."
> page 29
>
> " .... it is extremely important for us to be highly knowledgeable
> about the likely reactions of different constituencies (the press, various
> religious groups, political leaders, and the general public).
> We would be foolish and negligent if we did not study such reactions
> well ahead of time and make state-of-the art preparations for major
> discoveries."
> page 6
>
>
>
>
> ......................................................
>
>
>
> Morphological Biosignatures and the Search for Life on Mars
>
> "Determining the location of potential paleobiological repositories
> on Mars requires an understanding of the martian surface in
> terms of elemental abundances and mineralogy. This variety
> of hematite on Earth forms only in the presence of large amounts of
> water, and typically at elevated (hydrothermal) temperatures
> (Christensen et al., 2000)."
>
http://geology.asu.edu/jfarmer/pubs/pdfs/morpho.pdf>
>
>
>
> Orbital views of the Dark Soil at Meridiani
>
http://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/2004/01/24/>
>
> Dark Soil elsewhere on Mars
>
http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/canyons/PIA02398.html>
http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/sanddunes/PIA01695.html>
http://www.msss.com/mars_images/moc/5_27_98_agu_release/7707rel.gif>
>
> Upper right corner, recent outcrop water flow at Endurance crater?
>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/p/098/1P136889417EFF2002P2448L7M1.JPG>
>
> ........................................
>
>
>
>
> The Stromatolites of Stella Maris, Bahamas
>
http://www.theflyingcircus.com/stella_maris.html>
> Endurance Crater
>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/n/119/1N138744629EFF2809P1987R0M1.JPG>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/n/111/1N138039382EFF2600P1986R0M1.HTML>
>
>
> Endurance finely layered rock
>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/p/123/1P139114820EFF2815P2532R1M1.JPG>
> Opportunity micro images
>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/m/105/1M137503553EFF2208P2956M2M1.HTML>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/m/106/1M137593860EFF2208P2956M2M1.JPG>
>
>
>
>
> Blueberry Bowl chart
>
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/mer2004/rover-images/mar-18-2004/captions/image-19.html>
>
> 4. Siderite as a Component of an Ancient Stromatolite
> "Mossbauer spectra at two temperatures of a freshly slabbed
> portion of a 2.09 Ga (Early Proterozoic) hematic chert stro-
> matolite from the Gunflint Iron Formation
>
> Hematic Chert Stromatolite Chsrt
> (Fig 26, bottom of page 16)
>
http://geology.asu.edu/jfarmer/pubs/pdfs/mossbauer.pdf>
>
> Meridiani sinkholes
>
>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/n/093/1N136441478EFF1800P1829L0M1.HTML>
http://qt.exploratorium.edu/mars/opportunity/pancam/2004-06-14/1P133331623ESF0800P2556L7M1.JPG>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/p/088/1P135996874EFF1413P2285L7M1.HTML>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/p/072/1P134586308EFF0972P2416R7M1.HTML>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/p/074/1P134753252EFF10CGP2591R3M1.JPG>
>
>
> Yellowstone fumarole
>
http://www.nps.gov/yell/slidefile/thermalfeatures/hotsprings/heartlake/images/16900.jpg>
> Meridiani Fumaroles?
>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/p/256/1P150908451EFF36C3P2531R6M1.HTML>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/p/251/1P150465642EFF3691P2432R1M1.HTML>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/p/252/1P150553957EFF36A5P2433L7M1.HTML>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/p/222/1P147891740ESF35CCP2584L2M1.HTML>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/p/237/1P149219731ESF35CRP2588L2M1.HTML>
>
>
>
>
> Tendril close-up
>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/p/211/1P146917874ESF35BGP2568R1M1.HTML>
> Discharge from a Yellowstone thermal spring. Showing the
> brightly colored thermophiles formed into 'tendrils'.
> Thermophiles are heat loving bacteria and algae.
>
http://www.nps.gov/yell/slidefile/thermalfeatures/thermophiles/images/05250.jpg>
http://www.nps.gov/yell/slidefile/thermalfeatures/thermophiles/images/05252.jpg>
>
>
>
>
> Compare the delicate erosion pattern seen in the shadow skyline of
> each picture. Similar processes and both appear recent.
>
> Yellowstone mudpot
>
http://www.nps.gov/yell/slidefile/thermalfeatures/mudpots/midwaylower/images/05402.jpg> Endurance mudpot
>
http://qt.exploratorium.edu/mars/opportunity/pancam/2004-07-16/1P143185259EFF3221P2397R1M1.JPG>
>
>
> Did these deposits form when Endurance was covered by a layer of ice?
>
http://marsrovers.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/all/1/p/170/1P143263578ESF3243P2598L5M1.HTML> Yellowstone mudpot
>
http://www.nps.gov/yell/slidefile/thermalfeatures/mudpots/mudvolcano/images/05721.jpg>
>
> ......................................
>
>
>
> Mars as an underground 'water-world'.
>
>
>
> The State and Future of Mars Polar Science and Exploration
>
> "The recent identification of putative shorelines in the northern plains
> suggests that the water from these events may have contributed to one or
> more ice-covered lakes or seas that may have collectively covered as
> much as a third of the planet . These, and other lines of evidence,
suggest
> that Mars is water-rich and may store the equivalent of a global
> ocean of water ť 0.5-1 km deep as ground ice and
> groundwater within its crust (Carr 1987)."
>
> "Whether the early climate was warm or cold, the presence of
> abundant water on the surface has profound implications for the
> development of life. Indeed, given the intense impact and volcanic
> activity that characterized the planet at this time, the development
> of long-lived hydrothermal systems was likely widespread-
> duplicating many of the important conditions that are thought
> to have given rise to life on Earth (Farmer 1996)."
>
http://geology.asu.edu/jfarmer/pubs/pdfs/marspolarsci.pdf>
>
> Embargoed until 1 p.m. EDT on Wednesday, Sept. 8.
> CU Study: Mars May Have Had Large Sea Near NASA Rover Landing Site
>
> "Spacecraft observations of the landing area for one of NASA's two Mars
rovers
> now indicate there likely was an enormous sea or lake covering the region
in the
> past, according to a new University of Colorado at Boulder study."
>
http://www.colorado.edu/news/releases/2004/261.html>
>
>
> Nasa is claiming that Mars is exiting a very recent ice age.
>
> "Frozen water makes up as much as 10 percent of the top meter (three feet)
> of surface material in some regions close to the equator."
>
http://marsprogram.jpl.nasa.gov/odyssey/newsroom/pressreleases/20031208a.html>
>
>
>
>
>
> Hydrothermal Systems:
> Doorways to Early Biosphere Evolution
>
> ABSTRACT
> "Hydrothermal systems may have provided favorable
> environments for the prebiotic synthesis of
> organic compounds necessary for life and may also
> have been a site for life's origin . They could also have
> provided a refuge for thermophilic (heat-loving)
> microorganisms during late, giant-impact events.
> Phylogenetic information encoded in the genomes of
> extant thermophiles provides important clues about
> this early period of biosphere development that are
> broadly consistent with geological evidence for Archean
> environments . Hydrothermal environments often
> exhibit high rates of mineralization, which favors
> microbial fossilization."
>
http://geology.asu.edu/jfarmer/pubs/pdfs/gsa.pdf>
>
>
> "It is this common association of microbes and iron
> deposition on earth that has spurred hopes that robot
> crafts exploring the hematite anomaly of Mars' Meridiani
> Planum might find evidence for ancient life. The
> hematite deposits of Meridiani Planum [7], regardless of
> their exact origin, are considered to be a favorable host
> for microorganisms that might have been associated
> with their formation [8]."
>
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2004/pdf/1369.pdf>
>
>
>
> Microbolites in the Geologic Record
>
> "Whereas internal morphology indicates the accretionary nature of
stromatolite
> growth, the external morphology of stromatolites can be used to infer
hydrological
> conditions in the environment in which the stromatolites grew. For
instance, in
> still-water environments, stromatolites will approximate a flat sheet,
while in
> more turbulent environments the stromatolites will consist of interlinked
domes
> or columns, with flat, linking mats between them."
>
http://www.geocities.com/earthhistory/newstrom.htm>
>
>
> Lamination as a tool for distinguishing microbial and metazoan
> biosystems from inert structures
>
> Conclusion:
> "Lamination often indicates the presence of microbial or microbially
> dominated biosystems. Furthermore, laminated structures are an
> important borderline to distinguish micro and macroorganisms, although
> such a distinction is relative. Both the presence and absence of
> lamination are lawful phenomena based on the fundamental physical and
> biological/biogeochemical principles."
>
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/lpi/scholz.pdf>
>
>
>
> Introduction
>
> "At all scales of observation, problems often arise when trying
> to distinguish between biological and inorganic features in the ancient
> rock record. Stromatolites, defined as laminated biosedimentary fabrics
> formed by the trapping and binding of sediments and/or
> precipitation of minerals by microorganisms (Walter 1977),
> are sometimes impossible to distinguish from finely laminated sediments
> formed by inorganic processes"
>
http://geology.asu.edu/jfarmer/pubs/pdfs/taphon.pdf>
>
>
>
>
> Michael C. Storrie-Lombardi
> NASA Astrobiology Institute
> Jet Propulsion Laboratory
>
> "The statistical analysis of stromatolites
> presented here is based on the adoption of an approach
> known to the Complexity research community as the
> Compression and Diffusion (CD) method [1].
>
http://www.kinohi.org/pdf_files/NAI2003_Complexity.pdf>
>
>
>
> USING COMPLEXITY ANALYSIS TO DISTINGUISH FIELD IMAGES
> OF STROMATOLOIDS FROM SURROUNDING ROCK MATRIX
>
>
> "Storrie-Lombardi et al [9] recently described a method by
> which the biogenicity of stromatoloids may be judged using
> complexity analysis. The complexity of a digital file can be
> quantified using lossless compression algorithms which reduce
> file size by identifying redundant information.
>
>
> At this scale the stromatolite images exhibit minimal
> variance in compressibility (17.8ą2.5%) and are
> significantly less compressible than the images of the
> surrounding rock matrix (31.9ą10.2%, p<0.009, student
> T-test). The ? c value computed implies variation
> of a target from the surrounding matrix more than two
> sigma removed from what would be expected from the
> variance attributable to a random, diffusion driven
> system.
>
> This method provides a detection methodology for
> automated search campaigns and a first order analysis for
> the biogenicity of the structures, using the ability of
> the compressibility algorithm to capture the random
> nature of abiotic sediment or the regular nature of a
> biogenically controlled structure."
>
http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2004/pdf/1414.pdf>
>
>
>
>
> A Mossbauer investigation of iron-rich terrestrial
> hydrothermal vent systems: Lessons for Mars exploration
>
> "While a high-temperature origin for terrestrial life is still
> debatable, the high biological productivity and rapid
> mineralization that are typical of thermal spring environments
> make them particularly favorable places for the preservation
> of a microbial fossil record. For this reason, hydrothermal
> deposits are regarded as important targets in the exploration
> for fossil evidence of ancient Martian life"
>
> "Among the stated capabilities of the Mossbauer instrument is the
> ability to detect "nanophase and amorphous hydrothermal Fe
> minerals that could preserve biological materials" (S.W. Squyres,
>
http://astrosun.tn.cornell.edu/athena/mossbauer.html, 1998a).
> Terrestrial hydrothermal springs, including deep-sea vents,
> harbor complex ecosystems that have evolved based on nutri-
> ents and energy supplied by the vent effluent.
>
http://geology.asu.edu/jfarmer/pubs/pdfs/mossbauer.pdf>
>
>
> 4. Siderite as a Component of an Ancient Stromatolite
>
> "Mossbauer spectra at two temperatures of a freshly slabbed
> portion of a 2.09 Ga (Early Proterozoic) hematic chert stro-
> matolite from the Gunflint Iron Formation (PPRG 2443) are
> shown in Figure 26. The high-velocity ferrous peak migrates
> from its position at 100 K to overlap the fifth peak of hematite
> at 19 K. This behavior and the agreement of the splitting pa-
> rameters with those of siderite argue that this sample contains
> a small fraction of siderite. (dominant siderite peak at -1090 cm-I).
> The sample investigated was freshly slabbed for the Mossbauer
> transmission measurement, so the iron carbonate is interior
> to the native stromatolite rock."
>
> (Fig 26 page 16, please compare with blueberry bowl chart)
>
http://geology.asu.edu/jfarmer/pubs/pdfs/mossbauer.pdf>
>
> A Bowl of Hematite-Rich 'Berries'
> Mar 18, 2004
>
> "This graph shows two spectra of outcrop regions near the
> Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity's landing site.
> The blue line shows data for a region dubbed "Berry Bowl,"
> which contains a handful of the sphere-like grains dubbed
> "blueberries."
>
> Blueberry Bowl chart
>
http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/mer2004/rover-images/mar-18-2004/captions/image-19.html>
>
>
>
>
> NASA-JPL May Have Cooked Their Own Goose!
>
> "To make a long story short (I shall over-simplify for sake of
> brevity), there is increasing evidence of the function of
> bacteria in rock-forming and even in some sand-forming processes
> (wherein bacteria serve to nucleate the growth of small silicate
> crystals). On Earth, in formation of spherical concretions,
> bacterial colonies and/or other organic matter infused with
> bacteria nucleate crystalline silica growth. I suspect it would
> likewise be the case where Mars was wet over extended periods."
>
> "In the wet, mushy or 'muddy' environment, the resulting micro-
> concretion slowly grows (sometimes incorporating or
> encapsulating adjacent grains of silt or sand, sometimes simply
> by crystalline growth from colloidally suspended silica
> crystallizing and pushing adjacent silt ahead of its growth,
> sometimes by a combination of the two processes), increasing its
> diameter spherically across time. If conditions for the
> bacterial colony's growth are episodic, one can sometimes see
> (upon slicing the concretion) rather distinct concentric layers
> of growth that formed the concretion, but where conditions for
> growth are constant, the concretion may show a crystalline
> pattern with virtually no concentric layering."
>
http://www.virtuallystrange.net/ufo/updates/2004/mar/m03-035.shtml>
>
>
>
>
> ..........................................
>
>
>
> NASA Technical Memorandum
> WORKSHOP ON
> THE SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS OF
> ASTROBIOLOGY
> FINAL REPORT
>
http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/workshops/societal/societal_report.pdf>
> page 6
> " .... it is extremely important for us to be highly knowledgeable
> about the likely reactions of different constituencies (the press, various
> religious groups, political leaders, and the general public).
> We would be foolish and negligent if we did not study such reactions
> well ahead of time and make state-of-the art preparations for major
> discoveries. Carefully prepared plans should be in place very
> soon, because evidence of extraterrestrial life could be found
> at any time."
>
>
> page 10
> Action Items
>
> "Establish a Steering Committee composed of a small but diverse group of
> astrobiologists, social scientists, and scholars......"
>
>
> page 22
> "Many people still fight the concept of Darwinian evolution, and some
> people may be truly fearful of extraterrestrial life. Some of these people
> may use their political clout to deter astrobiology. For people who
> believe that they were created in God's image, discoveries of other life
> forms could prove devastating and perhaps lead to violent reactions.
> Astrobiology could replace the Cold War as a source of ideas and
> controversies. This could continue for decades."
>
> page 29
> "The discovery may stimulate a worldwide resurgence in religious
activity."
>
> page 31
> "At that point we will not have to undertake lengthy preparations before
> we can collect the information that we need to "manage" contact
> and plan for the post-contact world."
>
> page 36
> "One of the reasons for this is a sense of urgency: confirmation of
extraterrestrial
> life could occur at any time and in any of a number of ways.
> When it occurs, we may have only limited control over the situation."
>
>
> .......................................
>
>
>
> Jonathan
Okay. I forgive you. Please keep posting such news, as poets need
something other than navels and navies to be inspired by.
Alacrity
>
>