So researchers charged with policing units and measures, called
metrologists, have come up with several suggestions to redefine the
kilogram. In 2011, the International Committee for Weights and
Measures will try to decide the issue.
One proposal, pushed by an international team called the Avogadro
Project, aims to define the kilogram in terms of a specific number of
silicon atoms. Just how many? That's where the newly created silicon
spheres come in.
Atom spacingOver the next few years, groups in Italy, Belgium, Japan
and the US will try to calculate the exact number of atoms in each
one.
It is no easy task. To determine the volume of each sphere, they will
use optical interferometers to measure its width from 60,000 different
points on its surface.
Meanwhile, X-ray crystallographers will take pictures of the silicon
crystal structure to determine the spacing and density of the atoms.
By multiplying volume by density, each group should produce its own
count of how many silicon atoms make up a kilogram. The important
thing is for those numbers to agree with each other.
So why are you guys still using the inch system (zoll) when measuring small
diameter pipes and fittings ??
While the subject _is_ interesting, it is off-topic, and the subject header
sucks undead donkey dicks. Rather like HVAC, you know.
I wouldn't touch the metric system with a 3.048 meter pole.
--
Aloha, G-Ride
The force that's forcing you to feel like busting up a Starbucks.
Chuckle.
I wouldn't touch the imperial system with a 1 2/3 fathom pole.
And so your brain will continue to struggle with stupid fudge factors
when doing any real world maths. I seriously never got why people are
so fixated on imperial units. In science and engineering, the SI
units are just soooo much better.
Al
The fucking space shuttle is engineered in this archaic crap system. Blows
my mind.
It's that damned Gaspode...
No doubt. Imperial units are for mouth breathers. An utterly out-moded way
of dealing with the world.
And space shuttles.
Al
> When I first visited England (in 1964) most people could
> not imagine they would ever understand a decimal system,
> now they hardly remember the imperial units :-)
The youth of today, that they do not know Lsd (Libra-solidus-denarius
to you) anymore....
Now listen up, here is the short version:
In Britain the pound Sterling is the central unit of money. Prior to
decimalization the pound was divided into twenty shillings and each shilling
was divided into twelve pennies or pence. Although this system seems odd,
having a pound divided into 240 equal parts does mean that the pound can be
exactly divided into halves, thirds, quarters, fifths, sixths, eighths,
tenths, twelfths, fifteenths,
sixteenths, twentieths, twenty-fourths, thirtieths, fortieths,
forty-eightieths, sixtieths, eightieths, and one-hundred-and-twentieths. A
decimal system allows only halves, quarters, fifths, tenths, twentieths,
twenty-fifths, and fiftieths.
Amounts of money are written in various ways. The pound is represented, as
it still is, by a £ sign, the shilling by a 's' and the penny by a 'd' (for
'denarius', a Roman silver coin which was also used as the name for the
English silver penny). So the meaning of £3-4s-6d is fairly obvious. But
amounts below a pound are also written '12/6' meaning 12s-6d or '10/='
meaning ten shillings. An amount such as 12/6 would be pronounced 'twelve
and six' as a more casual form of 'twelve shillings and sixpence'. From the
late eighteenth century a
shilling was popularly called a 'bob' as in 'it cost three bob'. But you
would only use that for whole shillings so it would be 'three bob' or 'three
and eight' but never 'three bob and six'.
A guinea is £1-1s-0d (which is £1.05) and could be written as '1g' or '1gn'
or, in the plural, '3gs' or '3gns'. It is considered a more gentlemanly
amount than £1. You pay tradesmen, such as a carpenter, in pounds but
gentlemen, such as an artist, in guineas. It is a tradition in the legal
profession that a barrister is paid in guineas but keeps only the pounds,
giving his clerk the shillings. The guinea can also be divided exactly into
many different amounts - halves, thirds, quarters, sixths, sevenths, ninths,
fourteenths, twenty-firsts, twenty-eighths, thirty-sixths, forty-seconds,
sixty-thirds, eighty-fourths, and one-hundred-and-twenty-sixths. One useful
factor is that a third of a guinea was exactly seven shillings.
The coinage reflects the principal divisions of the money and adds some of
its own. A gold coin worth £1 is called a sovereign and the half sovereign,
also in gold, is worth ten shillings. These coins were first minted in 1819
as a response to the rather uncertain value of earlier gold coins. Both were
current throughout Victoria's reign. A crown is a silver coin worth 5/=-
though much more common is the half-crown worth 2/6 or exactly one eighth of
a pound. The shilling is also a silver coin as are the sixpence and the
threepence (usually pronounced and sometimes spelled 'thruppence'). The coin
is sometimes called a thrupp'ny bit. Silver coins called groats worth four
pence were also minted and are sometimes called Joeys (a term also used in
the mid-twentieth century for threepenny bits when they were no longer made
of silver).
Half-groats and silver pennies are not in circulation but are still minted
for a tradition known as Maundy Money where the Monarch gives poor people in
a parish a groat, a threepence, a half groat and a penny. The number of poor
people favoured in this way is the same as the number of the monarch's
years. The tradition still goes on, although now the number of people
honoured is as many men and as many women as the monarch's years and they
each get the same number of pence as the monarch's years. For example, in
1998 the 74-year-old Queen Elizabeth II gave out 74 pence (seven and a bit
sets of a groat,
a thruppence, a half-groat and a penny) of Maundy money to each of 74 men
and 74 women in Portsmouth. The sets come in an official little purse and
some recipients immediately sell the sets at considerable profit to waiting
dealers.
Lower value coins are made of copper (bronze from 1860). The penny is
accompanied by the halfpenny (pronounced hape-nee and sometimes written
ha'penny) and the farthing, worth a quarter of a penny. Half farthings were
also minted for some of Victoria's reign but were unpopular because of their
small size. Smaller coins - one third and one quarter farthings - were
minted mainly for use in some British colonies. For most people the penny is
still the central coin of their currency and is used in words like
'penn'orth' meaning a penny-worth
of something as in 'I'll take a penn'orth of tobacco' and also as in 'it's a
good penn'orth, sir' meaning it is good value for your penny. These coins
are referred to as 'coppers' as in 'It cost a few coppers'. Not to be
confused with the slang meaning of 'a copper' from the early Victorian
period of 'a policeman'.
The Victorians introduced one new coin intended as the first step towards a
decimal system of coinage. A two shilling coin, exactly a tenth of a pound,
was first minted in 1849. It was called a florin and it was minted for
nearly 120 years until 1968 when, in preparation for decimalisation, a coin
of the same size became the new ten pence piece. The florin is also called
the two-shilling-piece or the two-bob-bit. It did not oust the popular half
a crown, usually called a half-crown, worth 2s-6d, which also remained until
decimalisation. Even in the 1960s auctioneers at country sales would move
the bidding on in half-crowns. The bid between five and ten shillings was
always 'three half-crowns'. A double florin was minted in 1887 but was not
popular. Guineas were not minted after 1813. In the eighteenth century half,
third, and quarter guineas were also minted. Two and five guinea coins
belong to an earlier age.
Got that?
Quite simple really....
Now, can I tell you about cricket?
I think the kilogram should be expressed in something more useful and
common like cocaine.
JohnN
> A guinea is £1-1s-0d (which is £1.05) and could be written as '1g' or '1gn'
> or, in the plural, '3gs' or '3gns'. It is considered a more gentlemanly
> amount than £1. You pay tradesmen, such as a carpenter, in pounds but
> gentlemen, such as an artist, in guineas. It is a tradition in the legal
> profession that a barrister is paid in guineas but keeps only the pounds,
> giving his clerk the shillings. The guinea can also be divided exactly into
> many different amounts - halves, thirds, quarters, sixths, sevenths, ninths,
> fourteenths, twenty-firsts, twenty-eighths, thirty-sixths, forty-seconds,
> sixty-thirds, eighty-fourths, and one-hundred-and-twenty-sixths. One useful
> factor is that a third of a guinea was exactly seven shillings.
This actually explains something I've always been hazy about. In "A
Hard Day's Night" when the bill gets presented for the evening at the
casino, "Norm" burts out; "A hundred and eighty pounds!" To which the
concerige replies; "Guineas, sir!"
I didn't realize there was a real difference in the coins, I thought
the guy was just being snobbish.
Oh....Yeah Shua....right......NOT.....
> Quite simple really....
Give me change for a dollar please......
That's simple....for the simple minded.....that includes all money changers.
How much is a person worth in dollars, if one weighs 150 English Pounds?
>
> Now, can I tell you about cricket?
No thanks.....ole bloke.....
P.s.....
I like that header change.....
~>
Twonky......
Hybrid Angel/Messenger
"And Cain knew his wife"
<The missing link for inherited intelligence in the evolved, is here.>
Cain interbred with us, the Neanderthal...and made us what we are
today. A modern, premeditating, cold blooded, murderous, intelligent
race....of savages......
That should make the history books.....and win a Pulitzer Prize...
Ya..... And 2 feet ;-)
>I think the kilogram should be expressed in something more useful and
>common like cocaine.
>JohnN
Now THAT'S funny.
>> The kilogram is the only remaining standard of measurement tied to
>> a single physical object: a 120-year-old lump of platinum and
>> iridium that sits in a vault outside of Paris, France. But the mass
>> of this chunk of metal is slowly changing relative to the 40-odd
>> copies kept by other countries, and no one knows why or by how
>> much.
>> [...]
>I think the kilogram should be expressed in something more useful and
>common like cocaine.
Well, seriously, I thought it was defined in terms of pure water,
like:
1 cc = 1 milliliter = 1 gram of pure water at 1-degree C at sea level,
and to raise it 1 degree C would require 1 calorie of heat.
A quick search seems to indicate a more complex relationship; e.g.:
http://www.sengpielaudio.com/calculator-milligram.htm
...states that:
"1 gram (g) of water has a volume of 1 milliter (mL); that is 1 cm3
(cubic centimeter) at a temperature of 3.980C and an air pressure of
1013.25 hPa."
So much for simplicity.
Spencer Hunter, Tucson, AZ.
gopher://www.u.arizona.edu:80/hGET%20/%7Eshunter
( http://www.u.arizona.edu/~shunter/ )
Cricket comprises a game played by 11 men a side (though the women's game is
coming along nicely, too). The object is to score more runs than the
opposing team. The team that does this are the winners. I'm not going too
fast for you, am I?
Now for the basic rules:
You have two sides, one out in the field and one in. Each man that's in the
side that's in goes out, and when he's out he comes in and the next man goes
in until he's out. When they are all out, the side that's out comes in and
the side that's been in goes out and tries to get those coming in, out.
Sometimes you get men still in and not out. When a man goes out to go in,
the men who are out try to get him out, and when he is out he goes in and
the next man in goes out and goes in. There are two men called umpires who
stay all out all the time and they decide when the men who are in are out.
When both sides have been in and all the men have out, and both sides have
been out twice after all the men have been in, including those who are not
out, that is the end of the game!
Major international matches between countries, called Test Matches, always
have two innings per side, so that each team goes in and can be all out
twice. These games often go on for five days; when played in England, they
traditionally end in a draw with no result decided because of rain.
(This is why, of course, Americans find the game of cricket totally
incomprehensible and also why far more people around the world play cricket
than play baseball! So take that, uncouth Yanks, neener neener).
Cricket should not be confsued with baseball, an American version of a sport
known elsewhere in the world as "Rounders" played exclusively by little
girls.
And yes, it's true, they do stop playing for lunch and tea.
/pedant mode on/
Cricket doesn't have rules - it has laws.
Cricket, like the metric system, is gay.
I'm still trying to figure out if you, as a renowned goat humper, are gay,
perverted, or both. After all, you do look rather ... gayish
http://on.pasoschweiz.de/
Is that goats or women ... again, the dictionary fails you. Yes, most
women are like goats when in pursuit of marital bliss and a good lusty
shearing,, but, on the other hand, most goats prefer Chuckweasel as their
mate..
So you 'aspersed' them, 'humped' them...What's the difference?
You have proved that you aren't gay because you only bang
female goats.
Good for you Chet.
And, Ignoramus, are still a goat humper.
Fuck you, Tequila Titz ... NOT !!!