On Fri, 25 May 2012 16:35:07 -0400, MarkA <nob...@nowhere.invalid>
wrote:
An interesting study of Civil War combat is the evolution of tactics
and battlefield formations over the course of the war.
What you wrote is accurate for the early war period. Officers from
West Point and VMI were trained in Napoleonic doctrine, and formations
were used as you describe above.
While it seems rather insane to us who've learned of modern
battlefield tactics, there was a certain logic to what they were
doing. One of the most problematic aspects of battle in that period
was command and control during the din of battle, and keeping soldiers
in tightly packed formations made controlling them easier. Loss of
control on the battlefield is one of the worst things that can happen
to an army and can rapidly lead to disaster, so it was deemed worth
trading a certain level of causalities in order to maintain firm
control over the troops.
Commanders clung to such formations in part because they didn't really
know anything else in the early war period, and, as you mentioned
above, hadn't come to grips with the increased lethality of Civil War
era weaponry.
However, the increased lethality of the weapons of the time wasn't
lost on the average soldier and by the time of the battle of Antietam,
troops were taking matters into their own hands as much as possible,
and one begins to see units building breast works and utilizing cover
for protection when ever they had the opportunity.
This was even more pronounced by the battle of Gettysburg, and by the
time of the siege of Richmond, one is seeing full on trench warfare,
with soldiers on both sides digging in to maximize their protection.
So, the meme that Civil War commanders and soldiers were stuck in the
past and unable or unwilling to adapt to the new battlefield reality
is somewhat inaccurate. It took time, and was partially driven from
the bottom up rather than the top down, but they did modify their
tactics to meet the reality of the battlefield conditions.
>As there were no antibiotics at that time, and the wounds tended to be
>heavily contaminated, massive infections were common, even with a
>relatively minor wound. That is why amputations were necessary: if
>amputation of a wounded limb was not performed soon after the injury,
>gangrene would occur, which spreads very rapidly, and is invariably fatal.
What you wrote is a bit incomplete.
You're correct that infection was a major problem, but the real reason
for the high number of amputations wasn't to prevent infection, it was
because the large caliber bullets of civil war ammunition (.69 caliber
- almost 3/4 of an inch!) tended to shatter bone so completely that
healing was impossible, leaving amputation the only option. If the
bullet struck bone, the necessity of amputation was almost a
certainty.
For many civil war wounds, amputation would still be the only option
today.
>The doctors of the Civil War era did have access to narcotics, such as
>morphine, but there was nothing like general anesthesia, or even local
>anesthesia, and supplies of morphine were often limited. So, as you said,
>it was usually a matter of getting the patient as relaxed as possible with
>alcohol and morphine, having a couple of big guys holding him down,
>giving him something to bite on, and getting the amputation done as
>quickly as possible.
This is somewhat inaccurate.
Both ether and chloroform were known by the time of the Civil War,
their military use having been pioneered during the Crimean War by
British and French surgeons. It didn't take long for Civil War
surgeons to realize the efficacy of general anesthetic and knowledge
of their desirability spread through both armies rather quickly.
For Union armies, the actual use of general anesthetics spread rapidly
as the north had the both the industrial base to produce them and the
shipping capacity to import them when needed. So, sufficient supplies
of chloroform (preferred over ether for some reason I'm unaware of) to
meet the military's needs were generally available to Union surgeons
by the mid-war period.
The horror stories one reads about holding down a patient while sawing
off their limbs mostly come from Confederate accounts. The South had
limited capacity to produce such chemicals internally and were unable
to import them in the necessary quantities due to the blockade. There
was some supply on hand at the start of the war from civilian
stockpiles, but the demands of the military rapidly exhausted these. A
Confederate soldier was very lucky indeed if the surgeon who hacked
off his leg happened to have some chloroform on hand.
The South had similar difficulty in obtaining opiates, so for a
Confederate soldier, pain relief was very rudimentary or non-existent.
I've never come across anything about local anesthetics in the Civil
War period, but I would be surprised if at least cocaine wasn't known
and in use to some extent.