<http://esciencenews.com/articles/2012/10/11/fisheries.benefit.400.yea....
tradition> Fisheries in Indonesia benefit from 400-year-old tradition

A new study by the Wildlife Conservation Society and James Cook University
says that coral reefs in Aceh, Indonesia are benefiting from a decidedly
low-tech, traditional management system that dates back to the 17th century.
Known as "Panglima Laot" -- the customary system focuses on social harmony
and reducing conflict among communities over marine resources. According to
the study, reefs benefitting from Panglima Laot contain as much eight time
more fish and hard-coral cover due to mutually agreed upon gear restrictions
especially prohibiting the use of nets.

The study, which appears in the October issue of the journal Oryx, is by
Stuart Campbell, Rizya Ardiwijaya, Shinta Pardede, Tasrif Kartawijaya, Ahmad
Mukmunin, Yudi Herdiana of the Wildlife Conservation Society; and Josh
Cinner, Andrew Hoey, Morgan Pratchett, and Andrew Baird of James Cook
University.

The authors say Panglima Laot has a number of design principles associated
with successful fisheries management institutions. These include clearly
defined membership rights, rules that limit resource use, the right of
resource users to make, enforce and change the rules, and graduated
sanctions and mechanisms for conflict resolution. These principles are the
key to the ability of the institution to reduce conflict among communities,
provide sustainable access to marine resources, and limit the destruction of
marine habitats.

"No-take fishing areas can be impractical in regions where people rely
heavily on reef fish for food," said the study's lead author Dr. Stuart
Campbell of the Wildlife Conservation Society. "The guiding principle of
Panglima Laot was successful in minimizing habitat degradation and
maintaining fish biomass despite ongoing access to the fishery. Such
mechanisms to reduce conflict are the key to success of marine resource
management, particularly in settings which lack resources for enforcement."

However, the institution has not been uniformly successful. In particular,
reef conditions in the adjacent island group of Pulau Aceh were poor
possibly because of destructive fishing and poor coastal management. The
precise causes of this breakdown of the Panglima Laot system are the focus
of current research efforts in the region.

Other work by WCS and James Cook University suggests that fishers who are
poorer and had lower levels of participation in resource management, had
correspondingly lower levels of both trust in local institutions and
involvement in community events. These groups subsequently felt less benefit
from the customary PL system. In these places fishing is largely
uncontrolled.

When the PL system is strong, and motivated by the aim of producing social
harmony, restrictions on gear use by the Panglima Laot in Aceh have direct
conservation benefits such as high coral cover and enhanced fish biomass.

Additional surveys over a wider geographical scale and over a longer period
are required to reveal whether these findings also apply across larger
scales and over time.

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