毛子给的一句话解释汇总。好像出了考纲了。大家自己考虑。
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国概名词解释
1.The Thames River
The Thames River is the second largest and most important river in
Britain. It is 336 KM long, rising in southwest England and flowing
through England and out into the North Sea. It flows rather slowly,
which is very favorable for water transportation.
2.The High Landers
They are the Scots who live in the mountainous regions of the Highlands
in Northern Scotland. They are a proud, independent and hardy people
who maintain their strong cultural identity. They mainly live by
farming sheep in mountain areas or fishing on the coasts and islands.
3.The British Commonwealth 英联邦
The British Empire was replaced by the British Commonwealth or the
Commonwealth of Nations in 1931.It is a free association of independent
countries that were once colonies of Britain. Member nations are joined
together economically and have certain trading arrangements. The
Commonwealth has no special powers. The decision to become a member of
the Commonwealth is left to each member nation. At present there are 50
members counties within the commonwealth
(1991).是曾为英国殖民地，但现在已经独立构成的自由联合体。
4.Cockney伦敦佬
A cockney is a Londoner who is born within the sound of Bow Bells-the
Bells of the church of St. Mary-LeBow in east London
5.Eisteddfodau
festivals of song and dance and poetry celebrated by the welsh through
the year. By this way the welsh keep the welsh language and welsh
culture alive.
6.The Maritime Climate 海洋性气候
The type of climate when winter is mild, not too cold and summer is
cool, not too hot, and it has a steady reliable rainfall throughout the
whole year.
7.The English Channel
A Channel that separates Britain from the rest of France is quite
narrow. A channel tunnel under this channel was built in 1994 to join
the two countries together.
8.The Chunnel英吉利海峡隧道
In 1985 the British government and French government decided to build a
channel tunnel, which is called “Chunnel”, under the Straits of
Dover so that England and France could be joined together by road. The
Chunnel was open to traffic in May 1994.
9. London smog----In 1952, the sulphur dioxide in the four-day London
smog, an unhealthy atmosphere formed by mixing smoke and dirt with fog.
It left 4000 people dead or dying. Since then most cities in Britain
have introduced “clean air zones” whereby factories and households
are only allowed to burn smokeless fuel.
10.British isles
The British Isles is made up of two large islands and hundreds of small
ones. The two large islands are Great Britain and Ireland.
11.Stonehenge: 巨石阵
It is a circular group of large standing stones on Salisbury Plain,
Wiltshire, regarded as one of the most important monuments纪念碑 of
its kind in Europe, and very popular with visitors.
12.Thomas Becket
he was English churchman and statesman. he became Chancellor of England
under Henry II in 1155.he was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in
1162.
13.Geoffrey Chaucer
He was an important English poet in the fourteenth century. His best
known is The Canterbury Tales, which describes a group of pilgrims
traveling to Canterbury to visit Thomas Becket’s tomb. Because he was
the first important English poet to write in English. He has been known
as the “Father of English Poetry”.
14.Joan of arc:圣女贞德
she was a national heroine of France during the hundred year’s war,
she successfully led the France to drive the English out of France.
15.lollards:罗拉德派
they were poor priests and traveling preachers who were john wyclif’s
followers. They played an important role in the mental preparations for
the peasant uprising of 1381.they preaching the equality of men before
god.
16.The Puritans清教徒
The Puritans were wealthy, well-educated gentlemen. They wanted to
purify the Church of England and threatened with religious persecution,
the Puritans leaders saw the New world as the a refuge provided by God
for those He meant to save.
17.Julius Caesar
He was a great Roman general. In 55BC and 54BC,he invaded Britain
twice. Because of the resistance of the British people, he withdrew
with hostages and prisoners. That's the beginning of the Roman
invasion.
18.The Hardrian's Wall
It was one of two great walls built by the Romans to keep the Picts out
of the area they had conquered.
19.Heptarchy七王国
During the Anglo-Saxon's time, Britain was divided into many kingdoms,
among which there were seven principal kingdoms of Kent, Essex, Sussex,
Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria. They were given the name
of Heptarchy.
20.St.Augustine
In 597,Pope Gregory I sent St.Augustine to England to convert the
English People to Christianity.He was very successful in converting the
king and the nobility. He was the first archbishop of Canterbury.
21.Witan 贤人会议
Witan was the council or meeting of the Wiseman. It was created by the
Anglo-Saxons to advise the king.It's the basis of the Privy Council
which still exists today.
22.Alfred the Great
Alfred was a strong king of Wessex. He defeated the Danes and reached a
friendly agreement with them. He founded a strong fleet and is known as
"The father of the British navy". He reorganized the Saxon army, making
it more efficient. He also translated books and established schools.
All this earned him the title "Alfred the Great".
23.William the Conqueror
William was Duke of Normandy. He landed his army in Oct.1066 and
defeated king Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas
Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the
feudal system in England.
24.The battle of Hastings
In 1066,King Edward died with no heir, the Witan chose Harold as king.
William, Duke of Normandy, invaded England. On October 14, the two
armies met near Hasting. After a day's battle, Harold was killed and
his army completely defeated. So this battle was very important on the
way of the Roman conquest.
25.The Danelaw 施行丹麦法的地区
By the middle of the ninth century, the Vikings and the Danes were
posing a threat to the Saxon kingdom of Wessex whose capital was
Winchester. Alfred, King of Wessex, was strong enough to defeat the
Danes and came to a relatively friendly agreement with them in 879.The
Danes gained control of the north and east of England(-"the
Danelaw"),while Alfred would rule the rest.
协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区），而阿尔弗雷德统治其他地区。
26.Norman Conquest
The Norman Conquest of 1066 is perhaps the best-known event in English
history. William the conqueror confiscated almost all the land and gave
it to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule with a
strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely
established in England.
27.Domesday Book
It is a book compiled by a group of clerks under the sponsorship of
King William the First in 1086. The book was in fact a property record.
It was the result of a general survey of England. It recorded the
extent, value, state of cultivation, and ownership of the land. It was
one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the
full feudal system in England. Today, it is kept in the Public Records
Office in London.
28.The Black Death
It is a modern name given to the dearly bubonic plague, an epidemic
disease spread through Europe in the fourteenth century particularly in
1348-1349. It came without warning, and without any cue. In England, it
killed almost half of the total population, causing far-reaching
economic consequences.
29.the divine rights of kings君权神授
the theory that a king rules with the authority of god.
30.The Wars of Roses (考过)
the name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House
of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized
by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of
Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Field in 1485 and put ht country
under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism
received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.
31.the Spanish Armada:西班牙无敌舰队
the fleet sent to invade England by Philip II of Spain in 1588.
32.The Glorious Revolution of 1688
In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II.
James was brought up in exile in Europe, was a Catholic. He hoped to
rule without giving up his personal religious vies. But England was no
more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years ago. So the
English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant
king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William
landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no
bloodshed, nor any execution of the king. This was known as the
Glorious Revolution.
33.The Gunpowder Plot of 1605火药阴谋案
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 was the most famous of the Catholic
conspiracies. On Nov. 5,1605, a few fanatical Catholics attempted to
blow King James and his ministers up in the House of Parliament where
Guy Fawkes had planted barrels of gun-powder in the cellars. The
immediate result was the execution of Fawkes and his
fellow-conspirators and imposition of severe anti-Catholic laws. The
long-term result has been an annual celebration on Nov. 5, when a
bonfire is lit to turn a guy and a firework display is arranged.
34.Blood Mary
It is the nickname given to Mary I, the English Queen who succeeded to
the throne after Henry VIII. She was a devout Catholic and had so many
Protestants burnt to death that she is remembered less by her official
title Mary I by her nickname Blood Mary.
35.rotten boroughs衰败选区
a parliamentary constituency which possessed the right to elect members
of parliament even though its population had dwindled or was
nonexistent.议会选民区都有权利去选举议会的成员即使它的人口已经下降或是不存在。
36.Mrs Pankhurst
british suffragette,she founded the women’s social and political
union, she died a month before women gained full voting equality with
men.
37.the league of nations国际联盟
an international organization of 1920—1946 set up after the first
world war to promote international cooperation and to achieve
international peace and security.
38.the blitz闪电战
an air attack,particularly the London blitz of 1940—1941.the world is
from the German “blitzkrieg”
39.the Beatles
one of britain’s most influential pop groups, first performing in
1959 in Liverpool.
40.Thatcherism
The election of 1979 returned the Conservative Party to power and
Margaret Thatcher became the first woman prime minister in Britain. Her
policies are popularly referred to as state-owned industries, the use
of monetarist policies to control inflation, the weaking of trade
forces unions, the strengthening of the role of market forces in the
economy, and an emphasis on law and order.
包括国有工业私有化，用货币政策控制通货膨胀，削弱工会，加强市场力量在经济中的作用，强调法律与秩序。
41.balance of payments收支平衡
it is the difference between the money from exports and the cost of
imports.
42.John Maynard Keynes
he was an influential British economist. Keynes maintained that
governments should use fiscal policy to stabilize the economy.
43.visible trade and invisible trade
visible trade is trade of goods such as machines while invisible trade
is trade of services such as banking and tourism.
44.European union欧盟EC stands for European community .EC is now
called European union(EU).it is an organization of 15 western European
countries that promotes cooperation among its members.
45.Monetarist policies(货币主义政策)
Since the American economy was plagued by stagflation, in the early
1980s, the traditional Keynesian theory (传统的凯恩斯理论)was
replaced by new monetarist, which sought to fight inflation by
increasing supply and reducing demand, On one hand ,taxes were cut to
increase economic dynamism. On the other hand, interest rates were
raised to reduce the supply of money.
增加供应，减少需求来打击通货膨胀。一方面，减少税收增加经济活力；另一方面，增加利率减少货币支出。
46.The Trade Union Act of 1871
It legalized the trade unions and give financial security. It meant
that in law there was no difference between money for benefic purposes
and collecting it to support strike action.
使工会合法化，并给其财政保障。这意味着从法律上而言，为福利募集资金与为罢工募集资金毫无二至。
47.Agribusiness农业产业
The new farming has been called “agribusiness”, because it is
equipped and managed like an industrial business with a set of inputs
into the processes which occur on the farm and outputs or products
which leave the farm
48.British disease
The term “British disease” is now often used to characterize
Britain’s economic decline.
49.Constitutional monarchy
It is a political system that has been practised in Britain since the
Glorious revolution of 1688. According to this system, the Constitution
is superior to the Monarch. In law, the Monarch has many supreme
powers, but in practice, the real power of monarchy has been greatly
reduced and today the Queen acts solely on the advice of her ministers.
She reigns but does not rule. The real power lies in the Parliament, or
to be exact, in the House of Commons.
50.Privy Council枢密院
A consultative body of the British monarch. Its origin can be traced
back to the times of the Norman Kings. After the Glorious Revolution of
1688, its importance was gradually diminished and replaced by the
Cabinet. Today, it is still a consultation body of the British monarch,
Its membership is about 400, and includes al Cabinet ministers, the
speaker of the House of Commons, the Archbishops of Canterbury and
York, and senior British and Commonwealth statesmen.
51.Common law
the traditional unwritten law of England, based on custom and the
decisions of judges over a period of years rather than on written laws
passed by parliament.
英国的不成文法，以法官的判断和习惯为依据，而不以议会的成文法为依据。
52.the state opening of parliament
the official opening of a new session of parliament, usually at the end
of October or beginning of November, or after a general election.
53.The Civil list 英国王室费(考过)
an annual allowance, approved by parliament, made to the sovereign and
members of the royal family for the expense involved in carrying out
their public duties.
议会每年一次的津贴补助对君主和皇家成员在行使公共职务时的花费。
54.the civil service公务员(考过)
the body of state officials that help s the government.
55.life peer终身贵族
a person who is given a peerage贵族地位 that is not handed of to
his or her descendants, usually as a reward for public service.
56.acquittal无罪裁决
acquittal broadly means that the individual is released or discharged
without any further prosecution for the same act or
transaction.是意味着被指控者无罪开释，并再也不可就这件特定罪行被指控。
57.cross-examination
the questioning of a witness, by a party or lawyer other than the one
who called the witness, concerning matters about which the witness has
testified during direct examination.
58.The Crown Court刑事法庭
A criminal court that deals with the more serious cases and holds
sessions in towns throughout England and Wales. It is presided over
either by a judge from the High Court of Justice or a local full-time
judge.
59.probation缓刑
a scheme whereby a criminal offender is placed under the supervision of
a probation officer for a period of between six months(12months in
Scotland) and three years.
60.capital punishment死刑
the execution of a criminal by hanging. capital punishment also known
as the death penalty.
61.the metropolitan police force
the police force responsible for London, with its headquarters at new
Scotland yard.
62.The National Health Service英国国民保健制度
It is a very important part of the welfare system in Britain. It is a
nationwide organization based on Acts of Parliament. It provides all
kinds of free or nearly free medical treatment both in hospital and
outside. It is financed mainly by payments by the state out of general
taxation. People are not obliged to use this service. The service is
achieving its main objectives with outstanding success.
63.national insurance 社会保险
the sum levied on all working people by the state as an insurance
against sickness and unemployment.
64.general practitioner(GP)
a doctor who is not a specialist but who has a medical practice in
which he treats all illness.
65.social worker
a person employed by a local authority or a voluntary organization to
give practical aid and advice to people in need.
66.the salvation army救世军
a world-wide Christian organization founded by William booth,in1865.it
giving practical aid and spiritual comfort to the poor and needy.
67.Comprehensive schools
Comprehensives schools take pupils without reference to ability or
aptitude and provide a wide-ranging secondary education for all or most
of the children in a district.
68.Reuters
It was founded in 1851 by the German, Julius Reuter. It is now a
publicly owned company, employing over 11000 staff in 80 countries. It
has more than 1300 staff journalists and photographers.
69.grant-maintained(GM)Schools有公费保证的学校
they are state schools outside local education authority control. there
are no tuition fees at these
schools.由国家学校以外的当地教育机构控制，在这些学校是免费的。
70.eleven-plus
an examination formerly used to select school pupils at about, the age
of 11 for an appropriate secondary
education.一种考试对11岁孩子选择适当的中等教育。
71.BBC
the british broadcasting corporation, the UK organization responsible
for making an transmitting of its own television and radio programs.
72.Rupert murdoch
australian-born us newspaper publisher. He became a us citizen in 1985.
73.the british museum
the national museum of archaeology and ethnography in Bloomsbury
,London.考古学和人种学。
74.Pilgrims Thanksgiving Day
The Pilgrims in 1620, 201 of them sailed to the New World in a ship
called Mayflower. The first winter after their arrival was very cold
and when spring came, half of them were dead. Then the Indians came to
their help and taught them how to grow corn. They had a good harvest
that year. So they invited the Indians and held the first Thanksgiving
celebration in America to give thanks to God.
75 The Bill of Rights----In 1789, James Madison introduced in the House
of Representatives a series of amendments which later were drafted into
twelve proposed amendments and sent to the states for ratification. Ten
of them were ratified in 1791 and the first ten amendments to the
constitution were called the Bills of Rights because they were to
insure individual liberties.
76Family Doctor----In order to obtain the benefits of the NHS a
person must normally be registered on the list of a general
practitioner, sometimes known as a “family doctor”. The family
doctor gives treatment or prescribes medicine, or, if necessary,
arranges for the patient to go to hospital or to be seen at home by a
specialist.
77.The Celts----The Celts came to Britain in three main waves. The
first wave were the Gales, the second wave were the Brythons and the
Belgae came about 150BC. The Celts were practised farmers. The Celtic
tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh,
And their languages are the basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. They
religion was Druidism.
Ireland(爱尔兰)
1、republic of Ireland—the republic of Ireland is an independent
country situated in western Europe.it occupies four-fifths of the
island of Ireland. Its capital is Dublin. the republic of Ireland is
also known as Eire in Irish.
3、Irish Catholicism—Ireland is one of the most catholic countries
of Europe. Catholicism is an integral and pervasive influence on
national life. today 93.1%of the Irish population are Roman
Catholics.about half the Catholic bishops in the United States are of
Irish origin.
4、Easter uprising of 1916—the Easter uprising took place in April
1916.a group of nationalists seized the Dublin general post office and
declared the independence of Ireland. after a week of fighting,the
rebellion was suppressed by the British army and most of its leader
executed.
5、Anglo-irish treaty—from 1918—1921 there was fighting between
the Irish republican army and the British government. in 1921 the
British signed the Anglo-Irish treaty. the British government agreed to
organize a partition of Ireland. the southern part of Ireland gain
dominion status as the irish free state,while the northern part would
remain a part of the United kingdom.
6、Fianna fail----it is the largest political party in Ireland. its
historic principles are neutrality, promotion of Gaelic and strong
support for a united Ireland. its new economic polices include support
for the EC, a high lever of public expenditure to reduce unemployment
and full employment.
7、Fine Gael----one of the two major parties in Ireland. it changed
its image from a conservative party to a socially progressive party
since the 1960s.it advocates a program of expanded social services, but
is less in favor of promoting Gaelic than fianna fail is.
8、James Joyce----the most well –known Irish writer of the 20th
century. his main works include Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist As
A Young Man and Ulysses. his innovations in language and style have
deeply influenced 20 th century writing.
9、Irish or irish gaelic---it is a Celtic language.
10、Ulysses ---James Joyce’s masterpiece. The novel describes the
events of one day in the lives of several people in Dublin and explores
their sub-conscious minds.
11、Irish Famine---Irish Famine refers to the widespread starvation of
Irish peasantry which followed the effects of potato crop failure in
the mid-19th century. It was one of the reasons that Ireland suffered a
lot of the loss of population.
12、Irish Republican Army (IRA)---The Irish Republican Army (IRA) is
an anti-British military force established in the early 20th century.
Since the Irish Civil War, IRA has remained a force to be reckoned
with对付 in Irish politics. In recent decades IRA continues to demand
that the Republic of Ireland should be united with the six countries
that from Northern Ireland.
美国部分
1.Amerigo Vespucci---Amerigo Vespucci, a navigator, proved that the
land was not India, but a new continent. Therefore, the land was named
America after.
2.the Mississippi---the Mississippi has been called "father of waters"
or "old man river", the mississippi and its tributaries drain one of
the richest farm areas in the world. it is the most important river in
the world.
3.Hispanics---it stands for the Spanish-speaking population of the
united states. these people mainly center in new Mexico, California and
Texas. there are three major Hispanic groups historically having the
great influence on the us.they are Chicanos, the Puerto Ricans and the
Cuban Americans.
4.WASPS---WASPS are the mainstream Americans, referring to the white
Anglo-Saxon protestants.
5.baby boom--baby boom refers to the higher birth rate between 1946 and
1964.
6.the great lakes---the great lakes are the most important lakes in the
united states. They are lake superior, lake Michigan, lake Huron, lake
Eire and lake Ontario.
7.Ellis island---Ellis island was an important immigration reception
spot in the 1890 and at the turn of the century.
8."the great compromise"---"the great compromise" of July 16,giving
each state an
equal vote in the Senate but making representation in the House
reflect the size of each state's
population."大妥协",即参议院中各州有相同的选举权,而众议院代表应按各洲人口比例产生.
9.the Emancipation Proclamation---during the civil war, Lincoln issued
the Emancipation Proclamation to get more support for the union at home
and abroad. It granted freedom to all slaves.
10.no taxtation without representation---that is ,without their
representatives taking part in decisionmaking, they had no obligation
to pay
taxes.没有代表权不交税，就是说他们如果对殖民地的事务决策没有代表权，他们将没有义务缴纳税金。
11.the Chinese Exclution Act---it was passed by the u.s congress in
may1882,it stopped Chinese immigration for ten
years.排华法案在1882年5月由美国国会通过，它
10年内禁止中国移民入境。
12.Indentured servants---indenture servants refer to some immigrants
who has to work for a fixed term for their masters to repay the
cross-Atlantic fare and
debts.契约佣工，指一些移民必须要在一个限定的时期里为他们的雇主工作来偿还他们横渡大西洋的费用和债务。
13.boston tea party(考过)---in 1773,when ships of tea reached Boston
and the governor was determind to see that tea was legally protected in
its distribution, several dozen Boston residents dressed as Indians
boarded the ships at night and threw $75,000 worth of tea into the
harbor. this came to be known as the "Boston tea party".
14.continental divide---it is an imaginary line that separates streams
that flow into the pacific ocean from those that flow into the
Atlantic.
15.federalists---they were those who demanded a strong national system
and who later struggle hard for the ratification of the
constitution.联邦制拥护者就是指那些要求建立坚固的国家体系，之后又为宪法的通过全力奋斗的人。
16.the gettysburg address---it refers to the short speech president
Lincoln made when he dedicated the national cemetery at Gettysburg. He
ended the speech with “the government of the people, by the people,
for the people, shall not perish from the
earth”.葛底斯堡（地址），指林肯在阵亡将士墓落成仪式上发表的一个简短的演说
17.the ku klux klan
the kkk was the first organized in 1866 and then reformed in 1867.the
kkk terrorized and attacked not only blacks, but also progressives,
labor union organizers communist or socialist party members.
18.muckrakers---muckrakers were reform-minded journalists who made
investigation and exposed the dark sides of the
society.黑幕揭发者,是指那些调查和揭露社会黑色的一面的富有改革思想的记者.
19.intolerant nationalism---that is, not allowing views, opinions or
beliefs different from the main trend of views or
beliefs.偏执国家主义,是不允许不同于主流的那些观点和信仰等存在.
20.the red scare---the red scare ,on November 7,1919 and January
2,1920,the justice department lauched two waves of arrests, over 4,000
suspected radicals and communists were arrested.
红色恐惧，在1919年12月7日和1920年1月2日，司法部发动了两次抓捕活动，大约4000名被怀疑是激进分子和共产党的人被逮捕。
21.the progressive movement---the progressive movement refers to the
movement demanding the goverment regulation of the economy and social
condition.进步运动，指调整经济和社会状况的运动。
22.overload---at the first summit ,it was decided that a large-scale
attack on the south of France would be launched in May,1944,which was
codenamed
overload.霸王行动，在第一次首脑会议上，决定在1944年5月向法国南部发动大面积进攻，代号为霸王行动。
23.The New Deal----In order to deal with the Depression, President
Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of
New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The
New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of
American economy.
24.the truman doctrine---that is,the united states would support any
country which said it was fighting with
communism.杜鲁门主义，是说美国将支持任何与共产主义做斗争的国家。
25.the marshall plan---that is, in order to protect western Europe from
possible soviet expansion, the united states decided to offer western
European countries economic
aid.马歇尔计划，是为了保护西欧免遭苏联的扩张，美国决定提供西欧国家经济援助。
26.the smith act---it was passed by congress, made it unlawful for any
group to advocate or teach the violent overthrow of government in the
united
states.史密斯法案,是由国会通过,宣布任何主张或传播暴力颠覆政府的组织为非法行为.
27.the civil rights act of 1964---it outlawed discrimination not only
in public housing, but also in employment on the basis of race, color,
religion, sex or national origin.
28.the poverty line---it is based on the income that households need to
eat adequately without spending more than a third of their income on
food.贫困线，是以一家人能够足
够吃饱的收入不超过他们在食物三分之一的收入。
29.poverty---it is the lack of enough income and resources to live
adequately by community
standards.贫穷，在社会标准下缺乏足够的收入和来源去生存。
30.monopoly---that is ,one company or a cooperation group of companies
controls the supply of a product or service for which there is no close
substitute.
31.oligopoly
that is,a small number of companies dominate an industry. in the united
states ,the auto mobile and computer industries are
oligopolies.求过于供的市场情况，一小部分公司占据一个工业，美国现在是汽车和计算机业是这种情况。
32. checks and balances
this is a major principle of the American governmental system by which
each branch of the goverment exercises a check on the actions of the
others.制衡制度,是
美国政府的一个主要措施,政府的各部门都可以制止和检查其他各部门的行为.
33.winner-take-all
this is to say,the candidate who receives the most votes wins
everything.
34. the free enterprise system
the united states economy is based largely on a free enterprise system.
in such a system, individuals and companies are free to make their own
economic
decisions.自由市场经济,美国的经济以自由市场经济为基础,在这个系统下,个人和公司可以自由行使自己的经济决定权.
35. the federal system
it is a system of government in which power is divided by a written
constitution between a central government and regional, or
subdivisional governments.
36.separation of powers
it refers to the principle that the national government is split into
three branches: legislative, executive and judicial.
37. private school
a private school is a school that is controlled by an individual or by
an agency other than a state ,a subdivision of a state or the federal
government.
38.school district
it is a special district for the provision of local public education
for all children in its service
area.地区学校，是一个特殊的地区以提供给服务范围内的所有孩子当地公共教育的供应。
39. global education
it refers to the study of complex problems and issues of a world wide
nature.
40. poor richard's almanac
it was wrote by Benjamin Franklin, it was modeled on the sort of
farmers annual calendar widely sold at the
time.穷里查年鉴，它是本杰明福兰克林创作，它收集每年的谚语。
41.transcendentalism
it was a movement that emerged in the 1830s and 1840s among American
youth intellectuals which emphasized man's potentiality for goodness
creativity,and
self-development.超验主义，它强调人的内在价值，创造性和自我发展。
42. jazz
jazz is a blend of african musical tradition carried over by black
slaves and european classics.
43.knickerbockers era
in the early part of the 19th century, New York city was the centre of
American writing. its writers were called "knickerbockers" and the
period from 1810 to 1840 is known as the "knickerbockers era" of
American
literature.灯笼裤时代,(纽约人时期),在19世纪早期,纽约城是写作中心,它的作家被成为纽约市人,从1810
到1840这个时期被称为纽约市人时期.
44. father's day
father's day falls on the third Sunday in June and children honor their
fathers in some
special way.
45.mother's day
mother's day falls on the second Sunday in May. this is a day on which
children honor their mothers, give them gifts, or perhaps take them a
restaurant for dinner.
46. congressional medal of honor
this is the highest U.S military decoration, awarded in the name of
congress to members of the armed forces for gallantry and bravery
beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy.
荣誉勋章,是美国军事最高荣誉,授予那些与敌人英勇作战并在战争中战死的战士们.(翻译不是太准确)
47.UNICEF
United nations international children's emergency funds was founded in
December ,1946,for the purpose of providing relief for children in
war-torn
countries.联合国国际儿童应急基金,在1946年12月建立,目的给那些国家在战争中的儿童.提供的基金.
48. Great Canyon
The Great Canyon is an enormous gorge carved by the Colorado River in
northwestern Arizona.
49. New England
New England refers to the northeastern six states of the US. They are
Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and
Connecticut. New England is sometimes called the birthplace of America.
50.Hispanic Americans
Hispanic Americans refer to the Spanish-speaking population of the US.
The Hispanic Group includes Mexican-Americans, Puerto-Ricans,
Cuban-Americans and so on.
51. Chicanos
Chicanos are Mexican-Americans who make up the largest group of the
Hispanic Group.
52.Puerto Ricans
Puerto Ricans are the second largest of Hispanic Group in the US.
53.Federalist Papers
The newspapers of New York City carried 85 letters to the public ,
later came to be called the Federalist Papers, which are regarded as
the best explanation of the Constitution as well as an important work
on political theory.
54.The First Continental Congress
In 1774, the First Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, which
encouraged Americans to refuse to buy British goods, and organized
colonial militia units.
55.Manifest Destiny
The major implications of Manifest Destiny are that the founding of the
US is inevitable, that the expansion of American territory is
legitimate, and that the spread of American democracy is the task of
American people who were chosen to the Lord’s work.
56.The Black Thursday
The Black Thursday refers to Oct 24 1929 when the stock market crash
happened. Ten of millions of shares were dumped and billions of dollars
of paper profits were wiped out within a few hours. It signaled the
beginning of the Great Depression.
57.New Frontier
In the 1960s, US president John. F. Kennedy named his program the New
Frontier, promising civil rights for blacks, federal aids to farmers
and education, medical care for all and abolition of poverty.
58.Port Huron Statement
In 1962, a group of radical students met in Port Huron, Michigan to
form the Students for a Democratic Society. In their platform, the Port
Huron Statement, they condemned racism, poverty, powerful corporation
and the Cold War.
59.NOW
NOW is the acronym of the National Organization for Women. It was a
reform organization and battled for the equal rights of women in
partnership with men.
60.Counterculture
Counterculture was a movement of revolt against the moral values, the
aesthetic standards, the personal behavior and the social relations of
conventional society.
61.American Corn Belt
The American Corn Belt is in the Mid-West. It stretches from Ohio to
eastern South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas. It covers Northern
Missouri, Southwestern Minnesota, and almost all of Iowa, Indiana, and
Illinois.
62 American Cotton Belt
The American Cotton Belt follows the Coastal Plain from Southern
Virginia to Texas and parts of the Southern Piedmont.
63Three giants in American automobile industry
Three major corporations, called three giants---General Motor, Ford and
Chrysler, represent the American automobile industry.
64.Electoral College
In the US, the people of each state don’t vote directly for the
president: they select presidential electors, equal to the number of
the Senators and Representatives each states has in Congress. The
electors of all 50 states and the District of Columbia (538 persons)
comprise the Electoral College.
65 US presidential inauguration
In the US the presidential term of four years begins on Jan 20. The
president starts his official duties with an inauguration ceremony held
on the steps of the US Capitol. The president takes an oath of office,
administered by Chief Justice, which is followed
by an inauguration address.
66 community college
Community college emerged in the US in the early 1900s, as a two-year
college to meet the need of economic expansion and rapid rise in
immigrants. It provides general career and adult education.
67 new basics
The new basics were proposed as the compulsory basic courses to be
completed by American high school students. They include four years of
English, three years of mathematics, science, and social studies and a
half year of computer science.
68 Knickerbockers
In the early 19th century, New York City was the center of American
writing. It’s writers were called “Knickerbockers”.
69 Leaves of Grass
Leaves of Grass was American poet Walt Witman’s masterpiece. Through
the poems, Witman praised the ideas of equality and democracy and
celebrated the dignity, self-reliant spirit and the joy of the common
man.
70 Harlem Renaissance
Harlem is Northeastern part of New York City where black people were
concentrated and where black writers wrote freely. In the 1920s, Black
Literature developed into an upsurge known as the Harlem Renaissance.
71 Halloween
In the US, Halloween falls on Oct 31. It’s a nighttime children’s
day and a time for frightening costumes, masks, parties, games and
tricks--- all for fun.
72 independence Day
Independence Day (July 4) is American’s most important patriotic
holiday and the birthday of the nation.
73.The Great lakes----The Great Lakes are the five lakes in the
northeast. They are Lake Superior which is the largest fresh water lake
in the world, Lake Michigan (the only one entirely in the U.S.), Lake
Huron, Lake Eire and Lake Ontario. They are all located between Canada
and the United States expect Lake Michigan.
74.Uncle Tom’s Cabin----It was a sentimental but powerful antislavery
novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. It converted many readers to
the abolitionist cause.
加拿大部分
1.treaty of paris in 1763---the seven years’ war ended with the
signing of the treaty of Paris in 1763.by the treaty of Paris, new
France with its 65,000settlers was ceded割让 to Britain.
2.Constitutional act of 1791---Britain divided the old province of
Quebec into two parts, lower Canada(modern Canada) and upper
Canada(modern Ontario),each with its own legislature.立法机构。
3.Act of union in 1840---联合法案 recommended that the two Canadas
be united in one province.
4.FTA and NAFTA---it stands for the Canada-united states free trade
agreement signed by the two countries,which came into effect in 1989.
5.Canadian Shield加拿大地盾---The Canadian Shield covers almost
half of Canada. It is a semicircular半圆的 band of rocky highlands
and plateaus around Hudson Bay from the northern shores of Quebec to
the Arctic shores of the Northwest Territories. It is a region of
hills, lakes, and swamps.
6.Mackenzie River---Mackenzie River is one of two principal river
systems in Canada. It flows between the Canadian Shield and the Rocky
Mountains in west Canada. It is the second largest river system of
North American.
7.Loyalist---he first British settlers in Canada were American
refugees, who refused to fight against the British Army in the American
War of Independence, because they felt they were more English than
American. They called themselves Loyalists. Their settlements laid the
base of English-speaking Canada.
8.Canadian Prairie---Canadian Prairie is the Canadian section of the
Great Plains of
North America. Great stretches of level and fertile grassland are found
here. This region is the center of rich wheat belt. Wheat farming and
cattle and sheep grazing are important here.
9.British North America Act---The British North America Act is an act
passed by the British parliament in 1867 to set up the Dominion of
Canada, uniting Canada, New Bruck and Nova Scotia under a federal
government.
10.Meech Lake Accord---In 1987 Canada’s top politicians reached an
argument, offering Quebec special status within the country and
privileges to unilaterally promote its French culture and language. The
agreement was called Meech Lake Accord. It failed because of the strong
opposition from Canada’s English-speaking majority.
11.the Inuit--- The Inuit, also called the Eskimo, is the native people
of Canada who came from Asia in prehistoric times. The word Inuit means
“the people ” in their own language, whereas Eskimo is an Indian
word meaning “eaters of raw flesh”.吃生鱼的人
12.Group of Severn七人画派---The Group of Severn was a group of
Canadian painters. They appeared in the early 20th century. The group
was the first to express a pictorial nationalism and a Canadian
Impressionism.表现了绘画的民族主义和加拿大的印象主义。
13.Les Jeunesses Musicals du Canada加拿大青年音乐学会---JMC
was founded in 1949 to spread musical culture and promote the musical
development of young Canadians. Today JMC has over 100,000 members.
14.Quiet Revolution----Ever since 1763, when France lost its empire in
North America to England, French Canadians have struggled to preserve
their language and culture. In the early 1960s French Canadians became
more vocal in their protests. In particular, they complained that were
kept out of jobs in government and in some large businesses because
they spoke only French. which was called “Quiet revolution”.
15.Multiculturalism----The term multiculturalism was coined in Canada
in the late 1960s. It was in official use in Australia by 1973. In
other words, under multiculturalism migrant groups are able to speak
their own language and maintain their own customs. Multiculturalism as
a policy recognizes that social cohesion is attained by tolerating
differences within an agreed legal and constitutional framework.
Australia （澳大利亚）
1.the land down under---Australia lies in the southern hemisphere. it
is almost halfway around the world from England.that’s why from the
European point of view Australia is down under.
2.outback内地---in Australia is the areas that are far away from
towns and cities are called the outback,especially the desert areas in
central Australia.(考过一句话)
3.muliticulturalism多元文化主义---it is a theory that it is
beneficial to a society to maintain more than one culture within its
structure. it also refers to the policy based on this theory.
4.school of the air---it is an educational system in which lessons are
transmitted by radio and children learn their lessons through a radio
system.
5.built environment ---it was built by the people, and it was changed
by the people.
6.dreaming梦幻时代---this is the mythical神话past of the
Australian aborigines. it is also the basis of their religious beliefs
and creation stories.是一个表现想象力及创造力的时期。
7.convict system囚犯制度---it is the system of imprisoning convicts
in a penal colony, especially in a penal labour settlement.
8.eureka stockade尤里卡围桩---a number of goldminers armed
themselves behind a stockade of wooden slabs厚板and raised a new
Australian flag. this event is often referred to as the eureka
stockade.
9.Australian bush灌木丛---it refers to an area of land covered with
natural bushes and trees which has never been farmed and where there
are very few people.
10.the Anzacs---The Anzacs refers to Australian and New Zealand Army
Corps. They joined British and French forces to fight the Turks at
Gallipoli during WWⅡ. Although they later withdrew, the Gallipoli
Campaign was seen as a noble defeat. The Anzacs Day (April 25) has
remained Australia’s most important holiday.
11.ACTU澳大利亚工会理事会---it stands for Australian council
of trade unions, it is the main organizational body of the trade-union
movement in Australia.
12.White Australian Policy---The White Australian Policy refers to the
Immigration Restriction Act of 1901. According to the policy, only
European, especially British and Irish, were allowed to migrate to
Australia. When they settled in Australia, all migrants should
assimilate 吸收themselves into white society.
13.Marvellous Melbourne----After the gold rush in 1850s and 1860s,
there was an important revolution in transport, especially with the
network of tram and railway systems. This changed the pace of urban
life and the appearance of the city and soon people were calling the
city “Marvelous Melbourne”. But by the 1890s outsiders were calling
the city “Marvelous Melbourne” because of the bad smell of the
city.
14.Murray---Murray is Australia’s longest river. It forms the major
part of the boundary between the States of New South Wales and
Victoria. It enters the sea in South Australia.
15.Tasmania---Tasmania is the smallest of the Australian States. It is
an island lying south of the southeastern corner of the Australian
mainland. It is often called the holiday Isle. It’s capital is
Hobart.
16.Australian Capital Territory---Shortly after the forming of
federation in 1901, the Australian Capital Territory was mapped out of
the states of New South Wales to be the site. Canberra is the capital
of Australia.
17.Snowy Mountains Project---The Snowy Mountains Project, a major
development project, was set up in 1949 by the Chifley government. The
aim was to trap Snowy Mountains river waters, and direct the water into
the Murrumbidgee and Murray Rivers through dam and tunnels. It would
provide electricity and water for irrigation.
18.double dissolution双重解除---A double dissolution is the
dissolving of both Houses of parliament by the Governor-General at the
request of Prime Minister. This occurs when a bill has been passed by
the House of Representatives and rejected by the Senate and after three
months have elapsed, again passed by Representatives but rejected by
the Senate. Then a general election may be called to solve the
deadlock.
19.the Accord---Between 1983 and 1993 there were seven agreements
between the Labor government and the ACTU. They are mainly concerned
with economic and social politics such as wage politics. These
agreements are known as the Accord.
20.Australian Labor Party---Australian Labor Party was formed at the
time of Federation in 1901 and is the oldest of the Australian parties.
Since 1910 it has been the largest single party in terms of electoral
support.
21.Makaratta Treaty---During the 1983 election campaigns Bob Hawke
promised that if he was elected, a treaty would be signed to recognize
that the Aboriginal people were the original owners of the Australian
Continent. Makaratta is an Aboriginal word meaning “the end of a
dispute and the start of normal relatoions”.
22.Mabo Judgment---In 1992 the High Court of Australia passed a
decision which has become known as the Mabo Judgment. The decision
recognized that the people of Murray Island in Torres Strait held and
continued to hold native title to their land. Mabo was the name of the
Aborigine who brought the case to the court and fought for it until
death.
最高法院决定承认Murray岛的人民继续保持他们自己领土的国家头衔。
23.Waitangi Day----In 1840 the first official governor, William Hobson,
was sent to negotiate with Maori leaders. In 1840 Hobson, representing
Queen Victoria, and some Maori chiefs, signed the Treaty of Waitangi.
Modern New Zealand was founded. The anniversary of the signing,
February 6, is celebrated as New Zealand National Day, Waitangi Day,
and is a national holiday.