By Monika Kupper and Huw Jones
BBC Timewatch

Gravestones helped identify the site as a gladiator graveyard

Scientists believe they have for the first time identified an ancient
graveyard for gladiators.

Analysis of their bones and injuries has given new insight into how they
lived, fought and died.

The remains were found at Ephesus in Turkey, a major city of the Roman
world, BBC Timewatch reports.

Gladiators were the sporting heroes of the ancient world. Archaeological
records show them celebrated in everything from mosaics to graffiti.

Motifs of gladiators are found on nearly a third of all oil lamps from
Roman archaeological digs throughout the Empire.

But how much did they risk every time they stepped into the arena? Did
they have much chance of getting out alive?

The discovery of what is claimed to be the first scientifically
authenticated gladiator graveyard has given researchers the opportunity
to find out.

'Strict rules'

The Ephesus graves containing thousands of bones were found along with
three gravestones, clearly depicting gladiators.

Two pathologists at the Medical University of Vienna - Professor Karl
Grossschmidt and Professor Fabian Kanz - have spent much of the past
five years painstakingly cataloguing and forensically analysing every
single bone for age, injury and cause of death.

They found at least 67 individuals, nearly all aged 20 to 30. One
striking bit of evidence is that many have healed wounds.

The team examined the remains

More details

To Kanz and Grossschmidt, this suggests they were prized individuals
getting good and expensive medical treatment. One body even shows signs
of a surgical amputation.

And the lack of multiple wounds found on the bones, according to the
pathologists, suggests that they had not been involved in chaotic mass
brawls. Instead, it points to organised duels under strict rules of
combat, probably with referees monitoring the bouts.

But there was also evidence of mortal wounds. Written records tell us
that if the defeated gladiator had not shown enough skill or even
cowardice, the cry of "iugula" (lance him through) would be heard
throughout the arena, demanding he be killed.

Final blow

The condemned gladiator would be expected to die "like a man" remaining
motionless to receive the mortal blow.

The pathologists discovered various unhealed wounds on bones that showed
how these executions could have taken place. And these are consistent
with depictions on reliefs from the time showing a kneeling man having a
sword rammed through down his throat into the heart. A very quick way to
die.

It was basically the final blow, in order to release them
Prof Fabian Kanz, Medical University of Vienna
Tell-tale nicks in the vertebrae or other bones suggest at least some of
the bodies suffered this fate.

A number of skulls were also found to have sets of up to three holes at
odd intervals, consistent with a blow from a three-pronged weapon such
as a trident.

"The bone injuries - those on the skulls for example - are not everyday
ones, they are very, very unusual, and particularly the injuries
inflicted by a trident, are a particular indication that a typical
gladiator's weapon was used," says pathologist Professor Karl Grossschmidt.

But not all head injuries found were trident wounds. A number of the
skulls showed rectangular holes that could not have been made by any of
the known gladiator weapons. Instead, they suggest the use of a heavy
hammer.

"One possible explanation, which is supported by a number of
archaeologists, is that there must have been an assistant in the arena
who basically gave the gladiator the coup de grace," says Professor Kanz.

"I assume that they must have been very severely injured gladiators,
ones who had fought outstandingly and so had not been condemned to death
by the public or by the organiser of the match, but who had no chance of
surviving because of their injuries. It was basically the final blow, in
order to release them."

'Comfortable' retirement

The work of the Viennese pathologists has been independently reviewed
for the BBC's Timewatch programme by Dr Charlotte Roberts of Durham
University, a leading physical anthropologist.

"I've looked at quite a few hundred Roman skeletons. I've seen examples
of head injuries, healed and unhealed. I've seen evidence of
decapitations," she says.

"But this (new find) is extremely significant; there's nothing been
found in the world at all like it. They've really dispelled quite a lot
of myths about gladiators and how they fought."

Gladiators were mainly prisoners of war, slaves or condemned offenders.

If a gladiator survived three years of fighting in the arena, he would
win his freedom. Those who did often became teachers in the gladiator
school. And one of the skeletons found at Ephesus appears to be that of
a retired fighter.

He was of mature age and because he was much older than the others. The
scientists were able to reconstruct nearly his entire body. His head
showed apparent signs of healed wounds from previous fights and none of
them would have proved fatal.

"He lived quite a normal Roman lifespan," says Professor Kanz. "And I
think most probably he died of natural causes."

Historical records suggest a gladiator's chance of survival was slim,
with some estimates as low as a one in three chance of dying each time
he fought. But it appears one of the Ephesus gladiators at least
survived the odds and had a chance to enjoy his retirement from the arena.