Cocaine Use Spreads Rapidly in the USA
Pastor Dale Morgan
Cocaine Use Spreads Rapidly in the USA*
White powder cocaine no longer just for yuppies
* Story Highlights
* Hispanics make up the majority of federal offenders facing powder
cocaine charges
* Experts: There was a misperception that most powder cocaine
offenders were white
* Data show number of Hispanic users has risen steadily, white users
have dropped
WASHINGTON (AP) -- They were indelible images of the cocaine world of
the 1970s and '80s: Rich yuppies and white suburbanites partying down
with a couple of lines of "blow." Stockbroker Charlie Sheen snorting up
in the limo in "Wall Street." Woody Allen's sneeze in "Annie Hall."
A police dog tries to jump over a load of cocaine on the in Greencastle,
Indiana, in July 1999.
More than 30 years later, the image remains but the reality of coke in
the United States has shifted significantly. Long portrayed as a white
crime, Hispanics now make up the overwhelming majority -- 60 percent --
of federal offenders facing powder cocaine charges.
In fact, data show, more Hispanics than whites or blacks have been
sentenced on federal powder charges as far back as 1992. Law enforcement
officials say that's because federal agents almost exclusively pursue
cocaine traffickers from South America and Mexico instead of
end-of-the-line U.S. consumers.
Until the last decade, when the price of cocaine dropped sharply,
consumers were largely affluent and educated. That fed into the
misperception -- often reported by The Associated Press and other news
organizations -- that most powder cocaine offenders were white, experts say.
"There was a lot of publicity about the white population using it; it
was more of a higher economic status thing," said Dorothy K. Hatsukami,
a behavioral scientist at the University of Minnesota's Masonic Cancer
Center. She co-authored a 1996 study medically challenging federal
sentencing guidelines that penalized black cocaine offenders more
harshly than white ones.
The study cited 1993 data indicating that 69 percent of powder and crack
cocaine users were white, compared with 15 percent black and 13 percent
Hispanic. However, it suggested that far more blacks and Hispanics used
the cheaper crack cocaine than whites.
"Articles in the papers were all related to the jet-setters into powder
cocaine, so that's probably why we were focusing on the white
population," Hatsukami said in an interview this week. "There was a lot
of media focus on whites and powder in the 1980s -- then, it was almost
legitimate to be using powder.
"That's what people did at parties, and people didn't think it was all
that harmful."
The issue of race in cocaine use surfaced again recently with last
winter's U.S. Sentencing Commission vote to ease penalties for crack
cocaine offenders -- more than 80 percent of whom have been black,
according to data between 1992 and 2006. Fewer than 10 percent of crack
offenders are white or Hispanic, the Sentencing Commission data show.
By contrast, the number of Hispanic offenders has risen steadily over
the years, from 40 percent in 1992 to 58 percent in 2006, the data show.
At the same time, the number of white offenders has steadily dropped:
from 32 percent in 1992 to 14 percent two years ago.
Federal drug agents and prosecutors are quick to defend their focus on
leaders of major drug rings and international traffickers -- mostly
blacks and Hispanics -- instead of small-time or individual cocaine
users who are generally charged with state and local crimes.
Last year, for example, federal prosecutors won convictions against 445
people suspected of simply possessing drugs, according to Justice
Department data provided in a study by the Transactional Records Access
Clearinghouse at Syracuse University. The federal government convicted
more than 12,209 -- nearly 30 times as many -- drug traffickers,
manufacturers and distributors during that time, the TRAC study shows.
In the late 1970s and early-to-mid 1980s, cocaine traffic mostly moved
up the Interstate 95 corridor. Colombian traffickers airlifted or
shipped bricks of the drug to Miami, then moved it up the East Coast to
New York, where it was distributed. A kilogram (about 2.2 pounds) then
was usually worth at least $50,000, Drug Enforcement Administration
agent Michael Sanders said.
"That's a chunk of money -- it was a big affluency thing," Sanders said.
"It was pretty much white Americans -- that was the market that was
purchasing it."
Once the feds started cracking down on Miami, much of the traffic moved
to Southwestern states, where Colombians paid Mexicans to smuggle the
cocaine across the border, Sanders said. The price of a kilogram has
since dropped substantially -- to as little as $15,000 in Houston and
New Orleans recently, he said.
By 2000, half of all cocaine traffickers facing federal charges were
Hispanic, U.S. Sentencing Commission data show. Additionally, Hispanics
made up 61 percent of traffickers smuggling in more than 5 kilograms
(about 11 pounds).
"I'm not going to tell you it's not worthwhile to put the user in jail,"
Sanders said. "But we are mandated to dismantle and disrupt major
cartels. That's our ultimate goal."
For the most part, Sanders said, state and local police and prosecutors
are responsible for cracking down on cocaine consumers.
The FBI reports that more than 875,000 whites and Hispanics were charged
with local and state drug abuse crimes in 2006. By comparison, 483,800
blacks were similarly charged.
The data do not detail how many Hispanics alone were charged because the
statistics only look at differences in race, not by ethnicity, said FBI
researcher Nancy Carnes.
In recent years, the big-time distributors have started sending cocaine
traffic to Europe.
"It's a market that's been largely untapped -- up until now," Sanders said.